- The document discusses environmental health and sanitation. It defines key terms and discusses various components of a sanitary environment including town planning, sanitary housing, ventilation, and air quality. Unsanitary environments can increase disease transmission while proper planning and housing standards promote public health. Air pollution from various sources can damage health, property, and vegetation.
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
This presentation gives the complete detail of air, air pollution, air pollutants and their types, each pollutant in detail and its causes and effects, acid rain, methods of prevention,smog,acidification,indoor pollution and so on. It is a complete package and I hope it'll be helpful in school! :)
tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ASHA,#DIPHTHERIA,#ICDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Environmental pollutions,several types of environmental pollutions are presen...Anand P P
the main environmental problems are listed out.the pollution causes several problems.different types of environmental pollutions are present .the environmental pollutions causes serious problems in our life
Air Pollution has been one of the biggest problems that the humans have been facing over the years. This is not an issue for some specific country; it is important for people across the world to curb the issues related to air pollution. The Air pollution index has been at all-time highs for quite some time. The effects of air pollution can be severe and very impacting to your overall health.
Humans interact with the environment constantly. These interactions affect quality of life, years of healthy life lived, and health disparities.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Environment, as it relates to health, as 'All the Physical, Chemical, And Biological Factors External to a Person, and all the Related Behaviors.'
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
This presentation gives the complete detail of air, air pollution, air pollutants and their types, each pollutant in detail and its causes and effects, acid rain, methods of prevention,smog,acidification,indoor pollution and so on. It is a complete package and I hope it'll be helpful in school! :)
tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ASHA,#DIPHTHERIA,#ICDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Environmental pollutions,several types of environmental pollutions are presen...Anand P P
the main environmental problems are listed out.the pollution causes several problems.different types of environmental pollutions are present .the environmental pollutions causes serious problems in our life
Air Pollution has been one of the biggest problems that the humans have been facing over the years. This is not an issue for some specific country; it is important for people across the world to curb the issues related to air pollution. The Air pollution index has been at all-time highs for quite some time. The effects of air pollution can be severe and very impacting to your overall health.
Humans interact with the environment constantly. These interactions affect quality of life, years of healthy life lived, and health disparities.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Environment, as it relates to health, as 'All the Physical, Chemical, And Biological Factors External to a Person, and all the Related Behaviors.'
No matter what industry you're in, we have an occupational training class that can help your organization become safer, more efficient and as a result, more profitable.
Routes to Clean Air 2016, Prof. Stephen Holgate, University of SouthamptonIES / IAQM
Talk Title: Every breath we take: the lifelong impact of air pollution
Routes to Clean Air is a two-day conference from the IAQM where academics, professionals and policy makers share their experiences of improving traffic emissions.
This event highlights the importance of public communication and behavioural change surrounding road transport and air quality issues.
A presentation made at the 2015 NC BREATHE Conference by Jason West, PhD of University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill. Sponsored by Clean Air Carolina and partners, the 2015 NC BREATHE Conference was held on March 27, 2015 in Raleigh, NC to bring together air quality researchers, medical and public health professionals, and policymakers to share the latest research on the health impacts of air pollution, the positive health outcomes related to clean air policy-making, and the resulting economic benefits.
about air pollution , definition, types . effects and measures to be taken
environmental & occupational health course, master of community medicine university of Khartoum , batch 2
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Environment
Any things surrounding us & can affect health
Environmental sanitation
Properties & requisites of clean environment.
Environmental health
Protection of human health from hazards of unsanitary environment.
This slide show consists of slides related to air pollution .It consists of sources of air pollution, atmospheric stability , classification of air pollutants and other information.
This is the fourth slideshow in a series for Unit 4 VCE Environmental Science. It discusses the factors contributing to air pollution, the sources and sinks and the human and environmental health effects.
Environmental Hazards:Air pollutionBY
Miss. Zade Manasi S.
M.Pharm 1ST Year Sem II
Department Of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance,Bharati Vidyapeeth College Of Pharmacy, Kolhapur.
1.Content:Introduction Air pollution Harmful effect of air pollution Environmental effects
Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming Sources of air pollution Air pollution control measures
2. Introduction: An environmental hazard is a substance, a state or an event which has the potential to threaten the surrounding natural environment/ adversely affect people’s health, including pollution and natural disasters such as storms and earthquakes.
Any undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological features of air, land and water is called pollution.
Any physical, chemical or biotic component/ agent or non- living substance that is responsible to bring about an undesirable change in the environment is called pollutant.
3. Air pollution: Any atmospheric condition in which substances are present at concentrations high enough above their normal ambient levels to produce a measurable effect on man, animals, vegetation or materials is called air pollution.
Harmful effects of air pollution:
1. ON HUMAN:
Around 30-40% of cases of asthma and 20-30% of all respiratory disease.
4. effect our health in many ways with both short term and long term effect.
Short term effect are: irritation to nose, eye, throat, bronchitis, headache etc.
Long term affect are: lung disease, chronic respiratory problem, damage to heart, brain, eyes etc.
Eye irritation due to NOx, O3, PAN, particulates.
Nose and throat due to SO2, NOx etc.
Gaseous pollutants like H2S, SO2, NO2 and hydrocarbons cause odor nuisance.
5. Irritation of respiration tract caused by SOx, NOx, CO, O3.
Increase in mortality.
High conc. of SO2, NO2 and SPM causes bronchitis and asthma.
CO and NO react with hemoglobin and reduce O2 carrying capacity of blood.
Heavy metals like lead can cause poisoning. High conc. cause damage to liver and kidney.
6. FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN HEALTH:
Nature of the pollutants
Concentration of the pollutants
Duration of exposure
State of health of receptor
Age group of the receptor
2. ON PLANT
Decrease yield in agriculture.
Suppressed growth of vegetables.
Leaf injury and damage to young plants.
Decreased growth rate and increased death rate.
FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN HEALTH:
Nature of the pollutants
Concentration of the pollutants
Duration of exposure
State of health of receptor
Age group of the receptor
2. ON PLANT
Decrease yield in agriculture.
Suppressed growth of vegetables.
Leaf injury and damage to young plants.
Decreased growth rate and increased death rate.
FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN HEALTH:
Nature of the pollutants
Concentration of the pollutants
Duration of exposure
State of health of receptor
Age group of the receptor
2. ON PLANT
Decrease yield in agriculture.
Suppressed growth of vegetables.
Leaf injury and damage to young plants.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
Healthcare organizations including hospitals were founded to give care to those who need it and to keep patients safe.
It is generally agreed upon that the definition of patient safety is…
"DO NO HARM"
Diet does not substitute drugs but it is considered a complementary therapy.
The goals of dietary advice are:
To prevent or manage some medical conditions
To maintain or improve health through the use of appropriate and healthy food choices
To achieve and maintain optimal metabolic and physiological outcome
Malnutrition is poor nutrition due to an insufficient, poorly balanced diet, faulty digestion or poor utilization of foods. (This can result in the inability to absorb foods).
Malnutrition is not only insufficient intake of nutrients. It can occur when an individual is getting excessive nutrients as well.
Adequate diet:
A mixture of food stuffs selected to satisfy the nutritional requirements of the body in quality and quantity. It should be safe and of good taste and smell. It should be suitable for weather age, effort and physiological status of every one.
Nutrition: it is the dynamic processes by which the body can utilize the consumed food for energy production, growth, tissue maintenance and regulation of body functions.
Is the ability to access, assess and apply the best evidence from systematic research information to daily clinical problems after integrating them with the physician's experience and patient's value.
Sample is Group of individuals or things selected from the entire population to be representative to this population.
Each member of the population is called the sampling unit.
Workplace Mental Health (WMH) is a sub-discipline concerned with psychological illness, injury and disability and the role of work as a causal or contributing factor. But, unfortunately, WHO announced that WMH is a ‘Cinderella’ subject. So, it is one of the most urgent demands facing the occupational health services (OHS).
A training workshop that assists researchers in dealing with statistics throughout the research.
It is the science of dealing with numbers.
It is used for collection, summarization, presentation & analysis of data.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. ∗ Environment: any things surrounding us & can
affect health
∗ Environmental sanitation: properties &
requisites of clean environment.
∗ Environmental health: protection of human
health from hazards of unsanitary environment.
Definitions
6. Proper planning of a new district or city or village
before construction
1- Town planning
7. ∗ New city must be classified into industrial, commercial
& residential zones.
∗ Wide streets, parks, green areas
∗ Available health services, fire extinguishing center,
transportation methods.
Basic requirements of planning are:
10. Basic requirements of sanitary building:
1. Far from industrial areas, volcanoes or river floods- quit
place-clean surroundings
2. Made of safe, strong materials & proper foundations to
overcome rains, destruction
3. Privacy: separate house for each family & adequate rooms
in relation to individuals.
4. Adequate ventilation.
5. Adequate lighting.
6. Sanitary water supply.
7. Sanitary waste disposal.
8. Safety measures for prevention of accidents: good
lighting, safe furniture.
11. Question
1- State the criteria for choosing new house?
2- What are the priorities for selecting healthy house
with limited resources?
13. ∗ Increased rate of infection & death
∗ Increased accidents as fire, falls
∗ Increased social problems: addiction, crime
∗ Psychological problems due to lack of privacy &
crowdedness.
Hazards of Slum areas & Unsanitary
housing
14. How can we solve the health problems of slum
areas?
∗ Build new towns in distant areas with all
services
∗ Low renting of houses
∗ Prevent illegal construction of houses without
sanitary water or waste disposal.
∗ Increase working chances to increase
socioeconomic status.
15. Urbanization
Is the process of migration of people from rural to urban areas
for better opportunities of jobs, services & recreation.
Health hazards of urbanization:
1- Over crowdedness, leading to more lowering of socio economic
standard & bad sanitary conditions. (slum areas)
2- Spread of communicable diseases “TB, skin diseases, parasites,
respiratory infections”.
3- Social problems, quarrel, homicides
4- Delinquency, drug abuse, more crimes.
16. ∗ Ventilation: providing and or removing air from a confined
place by natural or artificial means.
Types of ventilation
∗ Natural ventilation
∗ artificial ventilation
3- Ventilation & air sanitation
21. 1. Wind & air movements:
dilution of substances
2. Plants & trees: give O2 &
absorb CO2 (photosynthesis)
3. Rains: dissolve gases & fumes,
settle down suspended dust.
Natural correction of unsanitary air
26. Introduction of one or more pollutants in the
atmosphere.
Or: presence of unwanted material in air in
sufficient amount & for sufficient time to
interfere with comfort of man, or to affect his
health.
Def. of air pollution:
27.
28. 1- Respiration of man, animals & plants (O2 decreases, CO2, temp. &
humidity increase, & expired air may contain microorganisms).
2- Combustion of fuel by transportation vehicles or machines.
3- Fermentation of organic materials in refuse (CO2 increases & foul
smell is produced).
4- Volcanoes & forest fires (fumes & different gases of melted
metals, CO2, CO, ashes & smog after burn of trees).
5- Dust from streets, homes, & agriculture wastes.
6- EMWs from TVs & mobile telephones.
7- Excessive noise especially in cities.
8- Industrial wastes as dust, gases, fumes, & vapors.
Sources of air pollution:
29.
30. They are present in the form of aerosols (solid particles
or liquid droplets suspended in a gaseous medium) such
as dust, pollens, smoke.
Sources: Combustion, industry.
Hazards: Reduce visibility & cause respiratory problems
such as pneumoconiosis (particles less than 2.5 μm).
1- Total Suspended particulate:
31. It is a colorless & corrosive. It dissolves in water present
in the air to form sulfuric acid.
Sources: Volcanic eruption, fuel combustion in industry.
Hazards: Damaging to lungs (aggravation of CLD),
plants & animals.
2- Sulfur Dioxide:
32. It combines with water to form nitric acid, which is
responsible for atmospheric acidification (Acid rain).
Sources: High temperature combustion and action of
bacteria on nitrogen containing compounds in the soil.
Hazards: Acute & chronic respiratory diseases and
property destruction.
3- Nitrogen dioxides:
33. Carbon monoxide: It is highly toxic and results from
incomplete combustion. It has great affinity for
hemoglobin (Carboxy hemoglobin).
Source: Internal combustion engines.
Hazard: Combine irreversibly with hemoglobin leading to
asphyxia.
4- Carbon oxides:
34. *Carbon Dioxide: It is non-toxic in low concentration. Its
increase in concentration contributes to the problem of global
warming.
Source: Mainly respiration but it is balanced by
photosynthesis (bad effect of deforestation) and from fossil
fuel combustion.
Hazards: Increases earth temperature thus producing
undesirable climatic changes.
35. It is responsible for 2/3 of all metallic air pollution.
Sources: Leaded gasoline, lead processing, smelters,
paints and burning materials containing lead.
Hazards: Neurotoxin that causes mental retardation
especially in children.
5- Lead:
36. It is formed by a 2ry atmospheric reaction driven by solar
energy in the form of UV rays (photochemical reaction).
Source: It is formed in the atmosphere.
Hazard: Eye irritation and respiratory impairment.
6- Ozone:
37. They are volatile organic compounds that exist as gases
in the air.
Source: transportation & petroleum refineries.
Hazards: Some are carcinogens.
7- Hydrocarbons:
38. There are also minor industrial pollutants either
because they are present in minor amounts or they
have minor health hazards.
Examples: asbestos, benzene, mercury, noise,
odors, radiation etc.
39. 1. Outdoor pollution (atmospheric pollution):
The wider type of pollution.
It deals with an open & unlimited environment.
It affects more population, living things and property.
2. Indoor pollution:
It deals with limited & mostly closed environments e.g. houses &
work environments.
More hazardous than outdoor air pollution because we spent more
time inside our houses & the concentration of pollutants are much
higher (much tightly closed) than in ambient air.
Other classification of air pollution according
to its site:
43. Air pollution is associated with a higher level of morbidity &
mortality. Pollutants in air can affect mostly the respiratory system,
the skin and the gastrointestinal tract.
• Exposure to air pollutants can cause or exacerbate COPD, BA,
acute respiratory diseases.
• It exacerbates cardiovascular problems and may even cause death
in individuals with impaired coronary circulation.
• Carcinogenic & mutagenic agents cause various hazards to human
health e.g. malignancy & birth defects.
1- Damage to health:
44.
45. ∗ Eye, nose & throat irritation
∗ Bad odor & limited visibility
Due to increase of some pollutants such as
sulfur compounds, dust etc.
Sky or overhead darkening is the result of
either heavy smoke or a mixture of smoke
and fog in most urban areas.
2- Annoyance to senses:
46. Increased temperature, heavy smog cause
automobile & traffic delays, poor visibility,
lethargy, poor concentration & absenteeism from
various establishments.
3- Interference with production:
47. Metal parts of building, roofs & other metal equipment
are usually damaged chiefly by corrosion from acidic
compounds in polluted atmosphere
(SO2 forms with water vapor H2 SO4 also hydrogen
chloride reacts with water vapor to form highly
corrosive droplets of Fog).
4- Property Damage:
48. Cracking of rubber and various forms of electrical
insulation are thought to be caused by ozone (O3).
Deterioration of painted surface is caused by a variety
of air contaminants.
49. The injury to vegetation varies from invisible injury
to growth retardation of various plants, which
depend on the concentration & duration of
exposure to the toxic substance present in air as
Sulfur compounds and ozone.
5- Damage to vegetation:
50.
51. Greenhouse gases (CO2, water vapor, trace amounts of ozone,
nitrous oxide, CFCs), act like the glass pan of a greenhouse i.e.
allowing light, IR radiation and some UV rays to pass through the
troposphere.
The earth surface absorbs much of this solar energy & degraded it
to IR radiation (heat). Some of this heat escapes into space and
some will be absorbed and trapped by the greenhouse gases and
so increase the earth's temperature.
This trapping of heat is called the greenhouse effect and leads to
global warming.
a) Global Warming:
55. The ozone layer, the global sunscreen, is formed by the
interaction of O2 with light & solar energy.
Its presence in the stratosphere keeps about 99% of
harmful UV rays, thus protecting man against sunburn,
eye cataract, cancers and damage to immune system.
It prevents much of the conversion of O2 in the
troposphere to O3 which is harmful to humans.
The elevation of temperature due to the greenhouse
gases lead to the formation of O3 in the troposphere
with all its bad effects.
b) Ozone layer perforation:
56.
57.
58. Smog is a mixture of 1ry & 2ry pollutants that forms when
some of the 1ry pollutants interact under the influence of
sunlight.
Normally, during the day, the sun warms the air which
rises up carrying pollutants away from the surface leaving
a cooler layer with less concentration of pollutants.
Sometimes, weather conditions trap a layer of dense cool
air beneath a layer of less dense warm air, a phenomenon
called thermal inversion and thus prevents ascending of
pollutants away from earth.
c) Smog formation:
59.
60.
61.
62. Due to increased emissions of SO2 & NOx from fuel
combustion, acids form from their reaction with water
leading to formation of acid rain.
This acid rain leads to damage of plants, soil, buildings
etc.
d) Acid Rain:
67. The AQI is an index for reporting daily air quality.
EPA calculates the AQI for 5 major air pollutants regulated by the
Clean Air Act: ground-level O3, particle pollution (particulate
matter), CO, SO2, and NO2.
AQI scale is from 0 to 500. The higher the AQI value, the greater the
level of air pollution and the greater the health concern.
The purpose of the AQI is to help you understand what local air
quality means to your health. The AQI is divided into 6 categories
Air Quality Index (AQI)
68. AQI values are derived from air quality data readings of
pollutants affecting air quality. The index is derived using
the following formula:
Air quality index (AQI) values
AQI values below 100 are generally thought
of as satisfactory.
69. The data readings are recorded in different units of
measure, depending on the type of pollutant.
72. ∗ Indoor is more hazardous due to:
1- we spent most of our time indoor 90% (house-school-
office)
2- high concentration of pollutants( much tightly closed)
than in ambient air.
Which is more hazardous outdoor or
indoor pollution?
73. ∗ Prevent health hazards
∗ Increase human comfort, production
∗ Prevent property damage
∗ Prevent vegetation damage
∗ Protect ozone layer
∗ Prevent global warming, climate changes.
Why we must control the air
pollution problem
74. 1- Outdoor:
∗ Industrial control:
A- adequate zoning of industries in special areas.
B- control at source level:
- substitution of highly toxic by less one.
- modification or changes process or equipment.
- adequate house-keeping & disposal of wastes.
C- particulate removal technique:
- filter removal of particles.
- electrostatic precipitators.
Control of air pollution
75. ∗ Transport control:
- control emission from car (lead free fuel).
- minimize traffic load inside cities (out cities
roads).
∗ Legislation:
- determine degree of pollution.
- continuous monitoring of air pollution.
- preservation of nature air purification (forest,
trees).
76. ∗ Regularly ventilate houses.
∗ Test the level of pollution.
∗ Avoid strong gasoline and solvents in houses.
∗ Grow plants in houses.
∗ Avoid smoking in houses.
∗ Don’t use aerosols spray products.
∗ Heater, stoves are properly installed and maintained.
∗ In factories; workers must used masks & regularly
checked for lung function
2- Indoor air pollution control
77. ∗ Avoid using products containing CFC
∗ Don’t use aerosol spray
∗ Check house appliances that contain ferion such as
refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners
3- Ozone layer
78. Start by yourself, how can you prevent the health
hazards of air pollution?
∗ Cultivation of plants, trees
∗ Decrease use of Freon, pesticides
∗ Sanitary waste disposal
∗ Transport control , decrease
emission of cars
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