4. HEALTH PROBLEM
Risk factor
• Before disease
actually occurs
Screening
• After occurrence
of disease but
before symptoms
appear
C/P
• Symptom &
Signs of a
disease
Complication
• Consequence of
the disease
6. HBM can explain:
• People's perception.
• Behavior towards it [susceptible].
Illness
• Severity.
• Seriousness.
Realize
• Demographic & psychological V.
• Perception of benefits & barriers.
Health Motivation
7. BACKGROUND
Theorists:
(1950’s) Group of social psychologists
Trying to explain why people were not participating in
disease detection programs. (TB Screening)
11. PERCEIVED SEVERITY
Belief in the extent of harm that can result from the
acquired disease or harmful state of a particular
behavior.
SEVERE
(death)
12. PERCEIVED BENEFITS
Belief in the advantages of the methods suggested for
reducing the risk or seriousness of the disease of
harmful state from a particular behavior.
13. PERCEIVED BARRIERS
Concern that the new behavior will take too much
time.
Their belief could be actual or imagined.
20. CONSTRUCTS & APPLICATIONS
Perceived
susceptibility
How likely is it I will get
swine flu?
Perceived
severity
Perceived
benefits
How bad would it be if I
did?
What do I gain by
getting the shot?
21. CONSTRUCTS & APPLICATIONS
Perceived
Barriers
Is it available-
what’s the cost?
Cues to
Action
Self Efficacy
Posters, Emails,
commercials
I am confident I can
be healthy
22. HBM IN HEART CONDITION
Chest pain sometimes affect performance
(Perception) of risk & its seriousness
Middle aged male with stressful life
Changing risky behavior
Demographic & social variables
Motivating health behavior
23. Perception of benefits
Realize they adopt a healthy behavior (enjoy life, carry work & not get ill)
Perception of barriers
A friend or a doctor warned him that he is at increasing risk to become
ill
Cues for Action
Work commitments reduce time for sports social events &
fast food eating
24. STAGES OF CHANGING HEALTH BEHAVIOR
Action
Maintenance
Relapse
Contemplation
Commitment
Exit
Maintain safe
life
Pre-contemplation
38. React
Doing nothing Self treatment Consulting
Feel
Worried or angry Blaming himself Blaming others
Think
Is it self-limiting? Is it serious? Is it very serious?
Patient has symptom
(Pain … Disfigurement …malfunction )
39. Only Minorityof the
patients visit their physicians
Majorityof the
patients are in the
community
The Tip of The Iceberg
40.
41. • I am a patient
• I am weak
• I need help
It is not easy to show your weakness
Why patients may deny their Illness?
42. PRESENTATION OF SYMPTOMS
Evaluation of symptoms that require further action (illness behavior).
Explore seriousness through
Severity Familiarity of symptoms Duration of frequency
Interpretation of ill health symptom.
Perceiving any change or deviation of body functions.
43. VARIABLES INFLUENCE ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
Visibility of
symptoms & signs.
Extent to perceive
as serious.
Extent to disrupt
normal life.
Persistence &
frequency.
Personal tolerance.
Available
knowledge &
cultural
assumptions
towards symptoms.
Needs to denial or
compete with
illness.
Interpretation of
symptoms (stigma).
Understanding of
health providers.
Availability of
suitable health
service.
45. A CHRONIC PROBLEM!!
Hippocrates once wrote that
patients often lied about taking
their medicine.
Adherence to medication was a big
problem then, and still is today.
Hippocrates of Cos
(ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC) Greek:
Ἱπποκράτης
46. PATIENT COMPLIANCE
(ADHERENCE OR CAPACITANCE)
Patient compliance describes the degree to which a patient
correctly follows medical advice.
Most commonly, it refers to medication or drug compliance,
but it can also apply to other situations such as medical device
use, self care, self-directed exercises, or therapy sessions
47. PATIENT’S COMPLIANCE
Adherence to the advice of health care professionals
Preventive health
behavior
Keeping medical
appointments
Self care actions Taking
medications as
directed
48. PATIENT’S INCOMPLIANCE
Almost 50% of prescribed medications have health
impacts.
Doctors may be effective with only with 55-60% of pts.
Pts may become ill due to non adherence.
10-25% of hospital admission due to non
adherence
49. CATEGORIES OF MEDICATION NON-ADHERENCE
NO PRESCRIPTION
PRIMARY
• INTENTIONAL
• UNINTENTIONAL
SECONDARY
50. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ADHERENCE
1st
• Pts has to understand what they are really asked
to do.
2nd
• Pts must remember what they are told.
3rd
• Pts must be satisfied with the doctor &
consultation.
