The document discusses the environmental hazards of air pollution, including its harmful effects on human health, plants, and materials, and highlights major environmental issues like acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming. It outlines the sources of air pollution, including both natural and anthropogenic factors, and presents various control measures to mitigate these risks. Key pollutants and their impacts on health and the environment are detailed, along with preventative strategies for managing air quality.

1. Environmental Hazards:
Air pollution
BY
Miss. Zade Manasi S.
M.Pharm 1ST Year Sem II
Department Of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance
Bharati Vidyapeeth College Of Pharmacy, Kolhapur.

2. Content:
• Introduction
• Air pollution
• Harmful effect of air pollution
• Environmental effects
1. Acid rain
2. Ozone depletion
3. Global warming
• Sources of air pollution
• Air pollution control measures

3. INTRODUCTION
• An environmental hazard is a substance, a state or an event
which has the potential to threaten the surrounding natural
environment/ adversely affect people’s health, including
pollution and natural disasters such as storms and
earthquakes.
• Any undesirable change in the physical, chemical or
biological features of air, land and water is called pollution.
• Any physical, chemical or biotic component/ agent or non-
living substance that is responsible to bring about an
undesirable change in the environment is called pollutant.

4. AIR POLLUTION
Any atmospheric condition in which substances are present
at concentrations high enough above their normal ambient
levels to produce a measurable effect on man, animals,
vegetation or materials is called air pollution.
•Harmful effects of air pollution:
1. ON HUMAN:
•Around 30-40% of cases of asthma and 20-30% of all
respiratory disease.

5. •effect our health in many ways with both short term and
long term effect.
• Short term effect are: irritation to nose, eye, throat,
bronchitis, headache etc.
•Long term affect are: lung disease, chronic respiratory
problem, damage to heart, brain, eyes etc.
•Eye irritation due to NOx, O3, PAN, particulates.
•Nose and throat due to SO2, NOx etc.
• Gaseous pollutants like H2S, SO2, NO2 and
hydrocarbons cause odor nuisance.

6. •Irritation of respiration tract caused by SOx, NOx, CO,
O3.
•Increase in mortality.
•High conc. of SO2, NO2 and SPM causes bronchitis and
asthma.
• CO and NO react with hemoglobin and reduce O2
carrying capacity of blood.
•Heavy metals like lead can cause poisoning. High conc.
cause damage to liver and kidney.

7. • FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN HEALTH:
• Nature of the pollutants
• Concentration of the pollutants
• Duration of exposure
• State of health of receptor
• Age group of the receptor
2. ON PLANT
• Decrease yield in agriculture.
• Suppressed growth of vegetables.
• Leaf injury and damage to young plants.
• Decreased growth rate and increased death rate.

8. 3. ON MATERIALS
• Corrosion of metals due to SO2 in presence of oxygen
and moisture is converted into H2SO4 acid.
•H2SO4 acid react with limestone, marble and other
building materials to cause deterioration.
•Soiling and eroding of building materials.
•SO2, O3, H2S and aerosols damage protective coating
and paints of the surface.

9. 4. Environmental effects:
•Acid rain
•Ozone depletion
•Global climate change
a)Green house effect
b)Global warming

10. Acid Rain
• Acid Rain is the Precipitation that has a pH of less than that
of natural rainwater.
• Precipitation as rain, snow, or sleet, containing relatively
high concentrations of acid-forming chemicals, as the
pollutants from coal smoke, chemical manufacturing, and
smelting, that have been released into the atmosphere and
combined with water vapour: harmful to the environment.
Causes of acid rain:
1. Natural sources
2. Human sources

12. •Effects of acid rain
1.Trees :
a. The needles and leaves of the trees turn brown and fall
off.
b.Trees can also suffer from stunted growth; and have
damaged bark and leaves, which makes them vulnerable
to weather, disease, and insects.
c. All of this happens partly because of direct contact
between trees and acid rain, but it also happens when
trees absorb soil that has come into contact with acid
rain.

13. 2. Aquatic life:
a. LIFE Lakes are also damaged by acid rain.
b. Fish die off, and that removes the main source of food for birds.
c. Acid rain can even kill fish before they are born when the eggs are laid and
come into contact with the acid.
d. Fish usually die only when the acid level of a lake is high; when the acid
level is lower, they can become sick, suffer stunted growth, or lose their
ability to reproduce. Also, birds can die from eating "toxic" fish and
insects.

14. 3. Buildings:
a. Acid rain dissolves the stonework and mortar of
buildings (especially those made out of sandstone or
limestone).
b.It reacts with the minerals in the stone to form a
powdery substance that can be washed away by rain.
c. Accelerates weathering in metal and stones structures.
d.Eg. Parthenon in Athens , Greece and Taj Mahal in Agra
, India.

15. 4. Harmful to vegetation:
a. Increased acidity in soil.
b.Leeches nutrients from soil, slowing plant growth.
c. Leeches toxins from soil, poisoning plants.
d.Creates brown spots in leaves of trees, impeding
photosynthesis.
5. On human:
a. Respiratory problems, asthma, dry coughs, headaches and
throat irritations.
b.Brain damage, kidney problems, and Alzheimer's disease
has been linked to people eating "toxic" animals/plants.

16. Control measures:
•Use cleaner, Use Coal that contains less Sulphur
."Washing" the coal to reduce Sulphur content .
•Sulphur dioxide can be removed from power stations
chimneys but this process is expensive.
•Use renewable energy like wind power, solar panels,
tidal power, HEP schemes and geothermal energy.
•Less no. of vehicles on road and use public transports.

17. Ozone layer Depletion
•Ozone layer is surrounded by earth about 15 to 40km
above earth surface.
•The layer keeps/ reflects 95% of UV radiation from sun
which is harmful to life on earth.
•Ozone layer depletion refers to the thinning of the ozone
layer, which allows more UV radiation to reach the
earth’s surface.
•Ozone depletion occurs when destruction of the
stratospheric ozone is more than the production of the
molecule.

19. • Causes:
1. Use of CFCs – reason for maximum damage of ozone layer.
2. Nitrogenous fertilizers – release nitrous oxide into
atmosphere.
3. Air transport, rockets and space shuttles – release oxides of
nitrogen, carbon, Sulphur, hydrocarbons and particulate
matter.
4. Nuclear tests.
5. Some violent eruptions from sun also may be responsible
for producing ozone depleting substances.

20. • Consequences:
1.Skin cancer and dangerous malignant melanoma which
occurs in the pigments of body.
2. Cataract formation in eyes
3. Considerable damage to animals
4. Lead to acid rain, photochemical smog, global warming
and climate change.

21. •Control Measures:
1.Limit private vehicle driving
2.Plant more trees and don’t burn plastics
3.Use air conditioning equipment and refrigerators that do
not use CFCs and HCFCs as refrigerants.
4.Ban the use of dangerous nitrous oxide
5.Developing stringent regulations for rocket uses

22. Global Warming
•Global warming is defined as the increase in the earth’s
temperature due to rise use of fossil fuel and industrial
process leading to a build up of green house gases in
atmosphere.
•Gases- carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous-oxide and
chlorofluorocarbon.

23. Causes:
1.Emission of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel
2.Emission of methane
3.Emission of nitrous oxide
4.Deforestation
5.Chemical fertilizer
6.Depletion of ozone layer
7.Green house effect

24. Consequences:
1. Impact on human health:
• Rising temperature in the tropics allow mosquitoes to thrive
causing the spread of diseases like dengue malaria etc.
• Heat waves cause people to die of dehydration or heat stoke.
• Glacier melting, lesser summer stream flows, genus
extinctions and rise in the ranges of disease vectors.
• Various new diseases have emerged.
• Effects the marine life.

25. 2. Change in weather condition:
•Ice melting and rise in sea level and due to this lose of
habitat like polar bear etc.
•Prolonged drought in dry regions.
•Frequent heat waves.
•Serve flooding in wet region.
•Modification in the quantity and pattern of rainfall.
•Boost the occurrence and concentration of severe climate
events, such as floods, famines, heat waves, tornados, and
twisters.

26. •Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
•Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning.
•Change a Light Bulb by CFL.
•Drive Less and Drive Smart.
•Buy Energy-Efficient Products.
•Use Less Hot Water.
•Use the "Off" Switch.
•Plant a Tree.
•Encourage Others to Conserve.
•Use solar energy.

27. Sources of air pollution:
1.Natural
2.Man-made
Air Pollutants:
•Substance dwelling temporarily or permanently in the air.
•Alters the environment by interfering with the health, the
comfort, or the food chain, or by interfering with the
property values of people.
•A pollutant can be solid (large or sub-molecular), liquid or
gas.
•It may originate from a natural or anthropogenic source (or
both).

28. •Classification Of air pollutants:
Pollutants can be grouped into two categories:
1.primary pollutants- which are emitted directly from
identifiable sources. primary pollutants include:
 particulate matter (PM),
 sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide,
and lead.

29. atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take place
among primary pollutants.
primary air pollutants react with one another or with other
chemicals to form secondary pollutants.
 Atmospheric sulfuric acid is one example of a secondary
pollutant. Air pollution in urban and industrial areas is
often called smog.
Photochemical smog, a noxious mixture of gases and
particles, is produced when strong sunlight triggers
photochemical reactions in the atmosphere.
 The major component of photochemical smog is ozone.

30. Major pollutants sources and effects:
•Carbon monoxide
•Carbon dioxide
•Oxides of nitrogen
•Particulate matter
•Hydrocarbons

31. Air pollution Control
Preventive Measures:
•Selection of suitable fuel. (Low Sulphur coal in power
plant, using of CNG)
•Modification in industrial process.
• Selection of suitable site and zoning for industrial unit.
Control Measures:
•When source control not possible some measures taken
to prevent pollution.
•Collecting pollutants by using equipment.

32. •Destroying the pollutants by thermal or catalytic
combustion.
• Changing the pollutants to less toxic form.
The government is trying to remove the use of leaded
petrol, a major cause of air pollution.
 The industrial acts are implemented to control the
harmful emission of gases.
The natural management team work to minimize the
effect of various natural disaster like forest fire, volcanic
eruption that are causes of air pollution.

33. References:
• https://www.slideshare.net/shreyasBR5/environmental-hazards-
135363124
• https://www.slideshare.net/ChandanGupta209/environmental-hazard-
234782908
• https://www.slideshare.net/bibhabasumohanty/air-pollution-14820250
• https://www.slideshare.net/12345ravigarre/ozone-layer-depletion-
232770053
• https://www.slideshare.net/charujaiswal/acid-rain-21418956

34. THANK YOU