1. The document defines different types of pollution including air, land, water, and marine pollution. It describes causes such as burning fossil fuels, industrial waste, agricultural and residential waste. 2. Examples of effects are respiratory illnesses, acid rain, skin cancer from contaminated soil, and death of aquatic animals. Solutions proposed include using renewable energy, reducing waste, and improving waste management. 3. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gas emissions trapping heat in the atmosphere. It is exacerbating weather events and sea level rise, threatening communities and ecosystems. Reducing energy consumption and switching to renewable energy can help address the problem.

2. 1. Define the terms: pollution, pollutants, air
pollution, land/soil pollution, water
pollution, marine pollution.
2. Describe the causes/sources of air
pollution, land pollution, water pollution
and marine pollution;
3. Discuss the impacts of the different types
of pollution on the environment;
4. Explain how air pollution leads to increasing
atmospheric temperatures;
5. Discuss ways of reducing pollution.

3. WHAT IS POLLUTION?
 The presence in or introduction into the
environment of a substance which has
harmful or poisonous effects.
 It is the addition of any substance (solid,
liquid, or gas) or any form of energy (such
as heat, sound, or radioactivity) to the
environment at a rate faster than it can be
dispersed, diluted, decomposed, recycled,
or stored in some harmless form.
 It is also called environmental pollution.

4. TYPES OF POLLUTION
 The major kinds of pollution are air
pollution, water pollution, and land
pollution.
 There is also marine pollution, which is a
kind of water pollution.

5. Land pollution the
deposition of solid or
liquid waste
materials on land or
underground in a
manner that can
contaminate the soil
and groundwater,
threaten public
health, and cause
unsightly conditions
and nuisances.

6. THE CAUSES/SOURCES OF LAND POLLUTION:
• Overcrowded landfills: Each household
produces tonnes of garbage each year.
Garbage like aluminium, plastic, paper, cloth,
wood is collected that are not recycled,
become a part of the landfills and cause land
pollution.

7.  Agricultural activities (Farming): Farmers often
use toxic fertilizers and pesticides to get rid of
insects from their crops. Overuse of these
chemicals result in contamination and
poisoning of soil.
 Mining activities: Chemicals used during
mining are released into the soil, poisoning it.
Trees and other plants are removed when an
area is being mined, and after mining, holes
and scars are left on the land surface.

8.  Industrialization: Manufacturing releases
chemical wastes from factories that are often
improperly disposed into landfills or water
bodies and contaminates soil.
 Sewage treatment: Large amount of solid waste
is left over once the sewage has been treated at
sewage treatment plants . The leftover material
is sent to landfill site which end up
contaminating soils.

9. EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION:
 Soil pollution is another form of land pollution,
where the upper layer of the soil is damaged.
 The land when contaminated with toxic
chemicals and pesticides lead to problem of
skin cancer and human respiratory system.
The toxic chemicals can reach our body
through foods and vegetables that we eat as
they are grown in polluted soil and in turn
affect human health.

10.  Solid wastes such as cans, bottles, tyres,
which are improperly disposed of are
unsightly and unhygienic. They attract flies
and mosquitoes which spread diseases such
as malaria and gastro-enteritis.
 When landfills (garbage dumps) are burned,
this leads to air pollution. They also become
home for rodents and mice (rats) which in
turn transmit diseases.

11. SOLUTIONS FOR LAND POLLUTION:
1. Make people aware about the concept of
Reduce, Recycle and Reuse.
2. Reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers in
farming.
3. Pass laws that have severe penalties, to
regulate the disposal of solid waste.
4. Consumers must use biodegradable products
instead of plastic

12. Water pollution is
the contamination of
water bodies, usually
as a result of human
activities. Water
bodies include for
example lakes,
rivers, oceans,
aquifers and
groundwater.

13. CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION:
1. Industrial waste from factories.
2. Sewage and waste water that travel through the
drains, reaching rivers.
3. Agricultural wastes and chemicals such as
chicken and pig wastes and pesticides and
fertilizers.
4. Solid wastes such as bottles, cans, tyres, old
vehicles, plastics, old fridges and stoves and dead
animals that are dumped in rivers and seas.

14. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION:
 Death of aquatic (water) animals such as fish,
crabs and shrimps, as the pollutants reduce
the oxygen levels in water.
 Diseases such as cholera and typhoid when
people use water contaminated by sewage and
other pollutants.

15. SOLUTIONS FOR WATER POLLUTION:
1. Sewage treatment plants should be properly
constructed and regularly maintained so that
sewage does not enter water bodies.
2. Industries should create storage tanks to
remove chemicals from industrial wastes before
disposing of them in water.
3. Strict laws with heavy penalties should be put in
place for all forms of water pollution.
4. Public education, through the media, to prevent
individuals from dumping in water bodies.

16.  This is the entry into the ocean of harmful
substances such as chemicals, particles, oil
industrial, agricultural, and residential waste,
through human activities.

17. CAUSES OF MARINE POLLUTION:
 Discharge of sewage and garbage into the sea.
 Solid waste like bags, plastic bottles dumped
into the oceans from land.
 Factories dump their waste products into
coastal waters.
 Farmers using large amounts of artificial
fertilizers and pesticides, which are washed out
of the soil, into the rivers and find their way
down to the sea.
 Oil spillage from oil tankers and oil refineries.

18. EFFECTS OF MARINE POLLUTION:
Death of aquatic (water)
animals:
Fish, crabs, birds and sea
gulls, dolphins are killed by
pollutants in their habitat.

20. Disruption of food-chains:
Pollutants such as lead and mercury are
eaten by tiny animals. Later, these animals
are consumed by fish and shellfish, which
are later eaten by human.

21. SOLUTIONS TO MARINE POLLUTION
1. Oil producing countries should have systems
in place to prevent and deal with oil spills.
2. Sewage treatment plants should be properly
constructed and regularly maintained so that
sewage does not enter water bodies.
3. Industries should create storage tanks to
remove chemicals from industrial wastes
before disposing of them in water.

22. This is the
introduction into the
Earth’s atmosphere
of harmful or
excessive quantities
of substances
including gases and
particles such as
dust, causing
damage to living
organisms and the
environment.

23. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION:
1. Burning of Fossil Fuels such as coal and
petroleum by factories and oil refineries,
releases gases such as sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxide into the air.

24. 2. Pollution emitting from vehicles including
trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes cause
immense amount of pollution.

25. 3. Agricultural activities: Ammonia from animal
wastes is one of the most hazardous gases in
the atmosphere. Insecticides, pesticides and
fertilizers in agricultural activities emit harmful
chemicals into the air.
4. Mining operations during which dust and
chemicals are released in the air causing
massive air pollution.

26. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION:
1. Respiratory and heart problems such as
asthma and pneumonia.
2. Acid Rain is caused when harmful gases like
nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides that are
released into the atmosphere during the
burning of fossil fuels, combine with water
droplets during rainfall causing the rain to
become acidic. Acid rain can cause great
damage to human, animals and crops.

27. 3. Depletion of Ozone layer: Ozone exists in
earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for
protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV)
rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the
presence of chlorofluorocarbons and hydro
chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone
layer becomes thin, this allows harmful UV rays
through the atmosphere. This can cause skin and
eye related problems, affect crops and
contributes to increase in global temperatures.
4. Global warming

28. SOLUTIONS FOR AIR POLLUTION:
 1. Conserve energy: Switch off fans and lights when you
are going out. Large amount of fossil fuels are burnt to
produce electricity. You can save the environment from
degradation by reducing the amount of fossil fuels to be
burned.
 2. Understand the concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
 3. Increase use of clean energy resources (renewable
energy): Clean energy like solar, wind and geothermal.
 4. Use energy efficient devices: CFL lights consume less
electricity. They use less electricity and therefore help
you to reduce pollution by consuming less energy.

29. Definition of global warming:
Global warming is the gradual increase in the
earth's average temperature caused by high
levels of carbon dioxide and other gases in the
atmosphere.
Definition of climate change:
This is the long-term changes in the weather
patterns in a region.

30. Use the information from the following video to
answer the questions below:
1. What is the main cause of global warming? –
[write your answer as a paragraph]
2. How is global warming affecting the following:
◦ Weather
◦ Health
◦ Food/crops
◦ Ocean
3. What are 2 ways in which we can combat
global warming?

31.  • Temperatures are rising world-wide due to
greenhouse gases trapping more heat in the
atmosphere.
 • Droughts are becoming longer and more extreme
around the world.
 • Tropical storms becoming more severe due to
warmer ocean water temperatures.
 • Sea levels are rising, threatening coastal
communities aquatic ecosystems.

32.  • Overall, glaciers are melting at a faster rate.
 • Sea ice in the Arctic Ocean around the
North Pole is melting faster with the warmer
temperatures.

33. END