about air pollution , definition, types . effects and measures to be taken
environmental & occupational health course, master of community medicine university of Khartoum , batch 2
This ppt contains the information about environmental noise pollution. ppt contains information related to noise pollution, sources of noise pollution, their types, different noise levels, effects of noise pollution on animals as well as on humans and also contains the tips for prevention of noise pollution.
Definition, Composition of atmospheric air, Classification and sources of air
pollutants. Effects of air pollution on human, plant and material, Air pollution control methods, equipment and safety.
Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth's atmosphere, causing disease, death to humans, loss of breath, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, or the natural or built environment. Air pollution may come from anthropogenic or natural sources.
This ppt contains the information about environmental noise pollution. ppt contains information related to noise pollution, sources of noise pollution, their types, different noise levels, effects of noise pollution on animals as well as on humans and also contains the tips for prevention of noise pollution.
Definition, Composition of atmospheric air, Classification and sources of air
pollutants. Effects of air pollution on human, plant and material, Air pollution control methods, equipment and safety.
Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth's atmosphere, causing disease, death to humans, loss of breath, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, or the natural or built environment. Air pollution may come from anthropogenic or natural sources.
Effects of Air Pollution on human beings, plants and animals and Properties. Global
effects-Green house effect, Ozone depletion, heat island, dust storms, Automobile pollution sources and control, Photochemical smog, Future engines and fuels
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
This presentation gives the complete detail of air, air pollution, air pollutants and their types, each pollutant in detail and its causes and effects, acid rain, methods of prevention,smog,acidification,indoor pollution and so on. It is a complete package and I hope it'll be helpful in school! :)
Air Pollution has been one of the biggest problems that the humans have been facing over the years. This is not an issue for some specific country; it is important for people across the world to curb the issues related to air pollution. The Air pollution index has been at all-time highs for quite some time. The effects of air pollution can be severe and very impacting to your overall health.
water pollution control and measurmentRekha Kumari
Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level of water is continually decreasing.
In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any water resources that contain pure water.
The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for future use.
Effects of Air Pollution on human beings, plants and animals and Properties. Global
effects-Green house effect, Ozone depletion, heat island, dust storms, Automobile pollution sources and control, Photochemical smog, Future engines and fuels
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
This presentation gives the complete detail of air, air pollution, air pollutants and their types, each pollutant in detail and its causes and effects, acid rain, methods of prevention,smog,acidification,indoor pollution and so on. It is a complete package and I hope it'll be helpful in school! :)
Air Pollution has been one of the biggest problems that the humans have been facing over the years. This is not an issue for some specific country; it is important for people across the world to curb the issues related to air pollution. The Air pollution index has been at all-time highs for quite some time. The effects of air pollution can be severe and very impacting to your overall health.
water pollution control and measurmentRekha Kumari
Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level of water is continually decreasing.
In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any water resources that contain pure water.
The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for future use.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
shigellosis presentation , communicable diseases lecture, community medicine master , university of Khartoum
contains basic information about the disease, its clinical features and treatment
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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Hot Selling Organic intermediates
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. introduction
Air is essential for life it self, without it
we could survive only a few minutes.
It constitutes immediate physical
environment of living organisms
The atmosphere is layered in to four
distinct which are: Troposphere,
stratosphere, mesosphere, and
thermosphere.
4. What is air
Pollution?
Air pollution consists of gases,
liquids, or solids present in the
atmosphere in high enough
levels to harm humans, other
organisms, or materials
4
5. Cont….
may be defined as any atmospheric
condition in which certain substances
are present in such concentrations that
they can produce undesirable effects on
man and his environment.
6. •Any visible or invisible particle or
gas found in the air that is not part
of the original, normal composition.
7. What is air Pollution?
Air pollutants may be either emitted into
the atmosphere or formed within
atmosphere itself:
Primary air pollutants:
Sources such as factory chimmey or
exhaust pipe.
Secondary air pollutants:
Ex ozone.
9. The main sources of air
pollution are:
(a)AUTOMOBILES:
Motor vehicles are a major source of air
pollution throughout the urban areas.
They emit hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides and
particulate matter.
In strong sunlight, certain of these
hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen may
be converted in the atmosphere into
"photochemical" pollutants of oxidizing
nature.
10. The main sources of air
pollution are:
In addition, diesel engines, when
misused or badly adjusted are capable
of emitting black smoke and
malodorous, fumes.
11. The main sources of air
pollution are:
(b) INDUSTRIES:
Combustion of fuel to generate heat and
power produces smoke, sulphur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides and fly ash.
Petrochemical industries generate
hydrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid and
organic halides.
12. The main sources of air
pollution are:
Many industries discharge carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, ozone,
hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide.
Industries discharge their wastes from
high chimneys at high temperature and
high speed.
13. The main sources of air
pollution are:
(c)DOMESTIC SOURCES :
Domestic combustion of coal, wood or oil is
a major source of smoke, dust, sulphur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
(d) tobacco smoke:
The most direct and important source of air
pollution affecting the health of many
people .
Even those who do not smoke may inhale
the smoke produced by others ("passive
smoking").
14. The main sources of air
pollution are:
(e) MISCELLANEOUS:
These comprise burning refuse,
incinerators, pesticide spraying, natural
sources (e.g., wind
borne dust, fungi, molds, bacteria) and
nuclear energy programmes.
All these contribute to air pollution.
15. NOTE…
Although the Earth's atmosphere extends to several
layers above the surface, it is only the first30 km
that hold the major portion of the atmospheric
gases.
Man is most directly concerned with only the 8-10
km of the atmosphere.
The level of atmospheric pollution at anyone time
depends upon meteorological factors, e.g.,
topography, air movement and climate.
Winds help in the dispersal and dilution of
pollutants.
If the topography is dominated by mountains (or tall
buildings) the winds become weak and calm, and
pollutants tend to concentrate in the breathing zone.
16. NOTE…
The vertical diffusion of pollutants depends
upon the temperature gradient.
When there is a rapid cooling of lower
layers of air (temperature inversion), there
is little vertical motion and the pollutants
and water vapours remain trapped at the
lower levels and the result is "smog".
The "temperature inversion "which is more
frequent in the winter months than in spring
or summer, is a threat to human health.
17.
18. (1) Carbon monoxide
It is colorless , odorless gas , a product
of incomplete combustion of carbon
containing materials, such as in in
automobiles, industrial process, heating
facilities and incinerators
Some widespread natural non biological
and biological sources have also been
identified.
Concentrations in urban areas depend
on weather and traffic density.
19. Effect of CO pollution on the
health:
It causes harmful effect by reducing
oxygeen delivery to body organ , in
extermelly high level it can cause death.
CO’s affinity for Hb is 240–270 times
greater than oxygen and Fetal Hb has
higher affinity for CO , so it competes
with O2 to bind (irreversibly) with
haemoglobin.
20. Effect of CO pollution on the
health:
By this exposure to it reduce the oxygen
-carrying capacity of the blood to the
heart, brain and other organs .
deprives body of O2 causing
headaches, fatigue, MI and impaired
vision.
21. (2) Sulphur dioxide
It is one of the several forms in which sulphur
exists in air.
The others include H2S,H2SO4and sulphate
salts.
Sulphur dioxide results from the combustion of
sulphur containing fossil fuel, and when coal
and fuel oil are burned.
Domestic fires can also produce emissions
containing sulphur dioxide.
Acid aerosol - sulphuric acid (H2S04)is a
strong acid that is formed from the reaction of
sulphur trioxide gas (S03) with water.
22. (3)Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by
combustion.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which has
greater health effects, is a secondary
pollutant created by the oxidation of
NO under conditions of sunlight, or
may be formed directly by higher
temperature
combustion in power plants or indoors
from gas stoves.
23. (3)Nitrogen Dioxide
• reddish, brown gas present in car
exhaust and power plants.
Levels of exposure to nitrogen dioxide
that should not be exceeded (WHO
guideline levels) are respectively 400
μg/m3 (0.21 parts per million (ppm) for
one hour and 150 μg/m3 (0.08 ppm) for
24 hours (WHO, 1987a).
24. (4) Particulate matter :
represents a complex mixture of organic and
inorganic substances.
Mass and composition tend to divide into two
principal groups :
coarse particles larger than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic
diameter, and fine particles smaller than 2.5 µm in
aerodynamic diameter.
The smaller particles contain the secondarily formed
aerosols ,combustion particles and recompensed
organic and metal vapours.
The large particles usually contain earth's crustal
material and fugitive dust from roads and industries.
25. (4) Particulate matter :
Particulate matter of respirable size may
be emitted from a number of sources,
some of them natural (e.g. dust
storms)and many others that are more
widespread and more important (e.g.,
power plants and industrial processes,
domestic coal burning, industrial
incinerators).
26. (5) Ground level ozone
This is formed when pollutants such as
nitrogen oxides and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) react in sunlight .
High levels can cause breathing problems,
reduce lung function and trigger asthma
symptoms.
Ground level ozone can also seriously
damage crops and vegetation.
Ozone is a powerful greenhouse gas and
contributes to global warming both directly
and by reducing carbon uptake by
vegetation.
27. (5) Ground level ozone
The WHO guidelines are 150–200
μg/m3 (0.076–0.1 ppm) for one hour
exposure and 100–200 μg/m3 (0.05-
0.06 ppm) for 8 hour exposures (WHO,
1987a)
28.
29.
30. SMOG
Smog is made up of mixture of those pollutants
in the atmosphere .
• Combination of words smoke and fog.
• There are two types : reducing smog
characterized by sulpher dioxide and
particulate.
• And photochemical smog characterized by
ozone and other oxidants.
31. •1st smog related deaths were in
London in 1873; death of 500 people;
can you imagine how much worse the
atmosphere is now?!
•Limits visibility
•Decreases UV radiation
•Yellow/black color over cities
•Causes respiratory problems and
bronchial related deaths
34. Carbon dioxide:
This is not commonly regarded as an air
pollutant, although man generates enormous
amount of it in combustion process using coal,
oil and gas.
Carbon dioxide is a natural constituent of the
air.
It does not take part in any significant chemical
reactions with other substances in the air.
However, its global concentration is rising
above the natural level by an amount that
could increase global temperature enough to
affect climate markedly
35. Volatile organic compounds:
VOCs are divided into the separate categories of methane
(CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs)
Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which
contributes to enhanced global warming
NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and
xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukaemia
through prolonged exposure .
35
36. Polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) :
are a large group of organic compounds
with two or more benzene rings.
They are formed mainly as a result“ of
pyrolytic processes, especially the
incomplete combustion of organic
materials, as well as in natural
processes such as carbonization.
There are about 500 PAH in the air ,the
best known is BaP.
37. Polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) :
The average total BaP content in the
mainstream smoke of one cigarette was 35 ng
before 1960and 18 ng in 1978/79; modern
low-tar cigarettes give 10 ng BaP .
The concentration of BaP in a room extremely
polluted with cigarette smoke can be 22
ng/m3.
In the past, chimney sweeps and tar-workers
were dermally exposed to substantial amounts
of PAH and there is sufficient evidence that
skin cancer in many of these workers was
caused by PAH.
38. Polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) :
Epidemiological studies in coke-oven
workers, coal-gas workers and
employees in aluminium production
plants provide sufficient evidence of the
role of PAH in the induction of lung
cancer.
Owing to its carcinogenicity, no safe
level of PAH can be recommended.
39. Toxic metals:
Lead
Cadmium
Copper
Those metals are produced from different
factories and can have immediate health
effects and long term effects on human
health
39
43. Monitoring of air pollution
The best indicators of air pollution are :
(1)sulphur dioxide.
(2)smoke and suspended particles:
A known volume of air is filtered through a
white filter paper under specified conditions
and the stain is measured by photoelectric
meter.
Smoke concentration is estimated and
expressed as micrograms/cubic metre of
air as an average level over a period of
time.
44. Monitoring of air pollution
The best indicators of air pollution are :
(1)sulphur dioxide.
(2)smoke and suspended particles.:
A known volume of air is filtered through a
white filter paper under specified conditions
and the stain is measured by photoelectric
meter.
Smoke concentration is estimated and
expressed as micrograms/cubic metre of
air as an average level over a period of
time.
45. Monitoring of air pollution
(c) Grit and dust measurement :
Deposit gauges collect grit, dust and
other solids. There are analyzed
monthly.
(d) Coefficient of haze:
A factor used, particularly in the USA in
assessing the amount of smoke or other
aerosol in air.
46. Monitoring of air pollution
(e)AQI: Air Quality Index
• Indicates whether pollutant levels in air
may cause health concerns or not.
• Ranges from 0 (least concern) to 500
(greatest concern)
47. Types of air pollution
Air pollution can be divided into:
Indoor air pollution (domestic level)
Outdoor pollution
49. Indoor air pollution
Indoor air pollution is one of the most
critical global environmental problems,
probably exposes more people
worldwide to important air pollutants
than does pollution in
outdoor air.
Rural people in developing countries
may receive as much as two-thirds (2/3)
of global exposure to particulates.
50. According to WHO…..
Around 3 billion people still cook and
heat their homes using solid fuels in
open fires and leaky stoves.
About 2.7 billion burn biomass (wood,
animal dung, crop waste) and a further
0.4 billion use coal.
Such cooking and heating produces
high levels of air pollution with a range
of health-damaging pollutants
51. Indoor air pollution
In poorly ventilated dwellings, indoor
smoke can be 100 times higher than
acceptable levels for small particles.
Exposure is particularly high among
women and young children, who spend
the most time near the domestic hearth
53. Pollutants Sources
Sulphur dioxide Coal combustion
Other organic vapours
(benzene, toluene, etc)
Solvents
Adhesives
Resin products
Aerosol sprays
Ozone Electric arcing
UV light sources
Radon & “daughters” Building material
Asbestos Insulation
Fireproofing
Mineral fibres Appliances
54. SMOKY COOKING FUELS
Open fire cooking stoves
produce heavy smoke
containing::
Fine particles
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs)
55. CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
SOURCES
Gas, kerosene, wood stoves
and coal
Fires, fireplaces, furnaces
Leaking chimneys and vents
Room and water heaters
Vehicle exhaust in closed
garage
Tobacco smoke
Any place where combustion is
incomplete
56. SECONDHAND TOBACCO SMOKE
Children whose mothers
smoke:
70% more respiratory problems
Pneumonia and hospitalization
in year 1 is 38% higher
Infant mortality is 80% higher
20% of all infant deaths could
be avoided if all pregnant stop
smoking.
5 times higher risk of sudden
infant death syndrome (SIDS)
57. PESTICIDES
Spraying pesticides at home / school:
Higher concentrations near the floor
Persistence in some surfaces (carpets, soft toys)
Overuse and misuse
Children’s behaviour and inhalation of pesticides
Crawling
Playing close to the floor
Plush toys
Hand-to-mouth
Object-to-mouth
58. MOSQUITO COILS
Household use in
Africa, Asia, South
America
Major active ingredient
– pyrethrins
Long-term exposures
linked to asthma and
wheezing
59. SOLVENTS AND VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Allkanes,, aromattiic
hydrocarbons,, allcoholls,,
alldehydes,, kettones
Sources:
Solvents, fabric softeners, and
cleaning products
Paints, glues, waxes and
polishing materials
Spray propellants, dry
cleaning fluids
Pens and markers
Binders and plasticizers
Cosmetics: hair sprays,
perfumes
60. BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS
Biological pollutants are/were living
organisms:
Animal dander, dust mites, moulds,
infectious agents.
Sources of biological agents:
Water-damaged surfaces and materials
Humidifiers and stagnant water
Water vapour from cooking and showering
Air conditioning systems
Mattresses, upholstered furniture and
carpets
61. Adverse health effect of
indoor air pollutants in health
Acute:
Irritation of the mucous membranes (eyes,
nose, throat)
Cough, wheeze, chest tightness
Increased airway responsiveness to
allergens
Increased incidence of acute respiratory
illness:
"cold", pneumonia, otitis media
Tracheobronchitis Exacerbation of asthma
62. Adverse health effect of
indoor air pollutants in health
Chronic:
Long-term exposure decreases lung
growth
Impairment of pulmonary function
Increased susceptibility to chronic
obstructive lung diseases, including
asthma
Others..
64. Outdoor air pollution
Worldwide it is estimated that 1.3 million
people -- more than half of them in
developing countries -- die every year
from urban outdoor air pollution.
Urban outdoor air pollution is a major
environmental health problem affecting
people in both developed and
developing countries
65. significant decreases in
lung function, inflammation and pain
when breathing.
) chronic bronchitis and
emphysema, as well as people with
heart disease. Exposure can trigger
asthma attacks and cause wheezing,
coughing, and respiratory irritation in
individuals with sensitive airways.
66. irritate the
lungs and lower resistance to
respiratory infections such as
influenza.
effects on
breathing, respiratory illness,
changes in the lung’s defenses, and
aggravation of existing heart disease.
67. Acid Rain or Acid Deposition
a form of precipitation that contains
high levels of sulfuric or nitric
acids, can contaminate drinking
water and vegetation, damage
aquatic life, and erode buildings
68. Effects of outdoor air pollution
(a) Health aspects
(b) Social and economic aspects
69. (a) Health aspects:
The health effects of air pollution are both
immediate and delayed. The immediate
effects are borne by the respiratory system,
the resulting state is acute bronchitis.
If the air pollution is intense, it may result
even in immediate death by suffocation.
The delayed effects most commonly linked
with air pollution are chronic bronchitis,
lung cancer, bronchial asthma,
emphysema, and respiratory allergies.
70. (a) Health aspects:
Lead poisons many systems in the body and
is particularly dangerous to children
developing brain and nervous system.
Elevated lead levels in children have been
associated with impaired neuropsychological
development as measured by loss of IQ, poor
school performance and behavioral
difficulties.
The elderly, children, smokers and those with
chronic respiratory difficulties are most
vulnerable.
71. (b) Social and economic
aspects :
These comprise destruction of plant and
animal life; corrosion of metals; damage
to buildings; cost of cleaning and
maintenance and repairs and aesthetic
nuisance:
Air pollution also reduces visibility in
towns. It can soil and damage clothing.
73. Control and prevention of air
pollution
WHO has recommended the following
procedures for the prevention and
control of air pollution:
74. APPROACHES TO REDUCE
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
1. Eliminate or control the sources of
pollution:
Improved stoves
Clean fuels (kerosene, gas)
Venting stoves for cooking and heating
Regular maintenance of cooking,
heating and cooling systems
75. APPROACHES TO REDUCE
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
2. Ventilation –
building design
Dilute and remove
pollutants through
ventilation with
outdoor air
76. APPROACHES TO REDUCE
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
3. Air cleaning – NOT air fresheners!
Air filters and ionizers may remove
some airborne particles
Gas adsorbing material is used to
remove gaseous contaminants
77. APPROACHES TO REDUCE
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY
Education of:
Children
Family and community
Health care providers
78. APPROACHES TO REDUCE
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
Environment policymaking:
Framework Convention on Tobacco
Control
Clean indoor air regulations
Community actions
Research
79. Control of outdoor air
pollution
(a) Containment:
That is, prevention of escape of toxic
substances into the ambient air.
Containment can be achieved by a
variety of engineering methods such as
enclosure, ventilation and air cleaning.
A major contribution in this field is the
development of "arresters" for the
removal of contaminants.
80. Control of outdoor air
pollution
(b) Replacement:
That is, replacing a technological
process causing air pollution, by a new
process that does not.
Increased use of electricity, natural gas
and central heating in place of coal have
greatly helped in smoke reduction.
There is a move now to reduce lead in
petrol which is a cumulative poison.
81. Control of outdoor air
pollution
(c) Dilution:
Dilution is valid so long as it is within the self-
cleaning capacity of the environment.
some air pollutants are readily removed by
vegetation.
The establishment of "green belts“ between
industrial and residential areas is an attempt at
dilution.
The capacity for dilution is, however, limited
and trouble occurs when the atmosphere is
overburdened with pollutants.
83. Control of outdoor air
pollution
d) Legislation:
e.g., Clean Air Acts, legislation covers such
matters as:
height of chimneys .
powers to local authorities to carry out
investigations, research and education
concerning air pollution
creation of smokeless zones and
enforcement of standard for ambient air
quality.
86. The term ozone hole refers to annual
thinning of the ozone layer observed
yearly over the South Pole areas,
whereby the amount of ozone in the
atmosphere drastically decreases in
local spring
.Since the beginning of the eighties one
notices that this hole is getting deeper
and that the covered surface is getting
larger.
87.
88. The Montreal Protocol was one of the first
environmental agreements to formally
recognize the precautionary principle.
Related actions taken consistent with this
principle have included the preemptive
decision to ban new ozone depleting
substances before they were ever produced
commercially;
89. In 2009, the Montreal Protocol became the
first treaty in history to achieve universal
ratification with 196 governments (Parties).
As a consequence, it can now be said that
the entire global community has legally
committed it self to meeting specific time-
bound targets for the virtual phase-out of
nearly 100 chemicals that have ozone
depleting properties;