This slide show consists of slides related to air pollution .It consists of sources of air pollution, atmospheric stability , classification of air pollutants and other information.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
This document discusses air pollution, its sources, classification, and impacts on human health and the environment. It provides the following key points:
- Air pollution kills an estimated 7 million people worldwide each year. Many cities in India, including Delhi, are among the most polluted in the world.
- Both natural sources like dust storms and volcanoes as well as anthropogenic sources like vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and biomass burning contribute to air pollution.
- Major air pollutants are particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead. Exposure can cause respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
- National standards have been established in India to monitor six criteria pollut
Air pollution is defined as contaminants in the air that can harm human health, animals, plants or property. Nitrogen oxides are common air pollutants that can irritate lungs and damage lung tissue with both short and long term exposure. They also harm vegetation and materials. Sulfur dioxide is another common pollutant emitted from coal burning. It irritates the respiratory system and harms plants. Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant that can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain and wheezing.
Smog is a form of air pollution that occurs when emissions from burning fossil fuels like coal and oil react with sunlight and moisture. There are two main types of smog: industrial smog, caused by burning coal leading to dark brown air and sulfuric acid; and photochemical smog, caused by sunlight reacting with vehicle emissions in cities to form eye-irritating pollutants. Smog reduces visibility and causes breathing problems for people.
Smog is air pollution that reduces visibility and is caused by a combination of smoke and fog. It forms when pollutants from vehicles, factories, and other sources are released into the atmosphere and remain suspended under certain conditions. There are two main types of smog: sulfurous smog, which results from high sulfur oxide levels from burning coal and causes London-style smog; and photochemical smog, also called Los Angeles smog, which forms from nitrogen oxides and organic compounds reacting in sunlight to create secondary pollutants. Smog has negative health effects like respiratory issues and is a problem in some Pakistani cities due to industrial and transportation pollution.
This document discusses air pollution and ambient air quality standards in India. It defines air pollution and lists the composition of air. It then outlines ambient air quality standards for various pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, lead, and carbon monoxide for different areas. The document also discusses major sources of air pollution including natural sources like volcanic eruptions and forest fires, as well as anthropogenic sources like rapid industrialization, transportation, burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, increased population, and agriculture. It further classifies air pollutants according to origin, chemical composition, and state of matter and provides examples for each classification. Finally, it outlines some common air pollutants and their effects on
This document discusses five main types of pollution: air, water, noise, land, and radioactive. It provides details on air pollution, including its causes from industries, automobiles, and gases, as well as its effects on human health, animals, plants, and the climate. The document also summarizes water pollution as any physical, chemical, or biological change that harms water quality and life, with causes such as industrial and sewage waste. Noise pollution is defined as unwanted sound that can damage hearing and cause health issues depending on loudness, frequency, and duration of exposure.
This document provides an overview of various types of environmental pollution including air pollution, acid rain, greenhouse gases, smog, and their causes and effects. It discusses six major air pollutants regulated by the EPA and sources of air pollution from industries and vehicles. Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels which can damage ecosystems and infrastructure. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and are contributing to global warming, with consequences like sea level rise and effects on human health and agriculture. The document also outlines different pollution control technologies.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
This document discusses air pollution, its sources, classification, and impacts on human health and the environment. It provides the following key points:
- Air pollution kills an estimated 7 million people worldwide each year. Many cities in India, including Delhi, are among the most polluted in the world.
- Both natural sources like dust storms and volcanoes as well as anthropogenic sources like vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and biomass burning contribute to air pollution.
- Major air pollutants are particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead. Exposure can cause respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
- National standards have been established in India to monitor six criteria pollut
Air pollution is defined as contaminants in the air that can harm human health, animals, plants or property. Nitrogen oxides are common air pollutants that can irritate lungs and damage lung tissue with both short and long term exposure. They also harm vegetation and materials. Sulfur dioxide is another common pollutant emitted from coal burning. It irritates the respiratory system and harms plants. Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant that can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain and wheezing.
Smog is a form of air pollution that occurs when emissions from burning fossil fuels like coal and oil react with sunlight and moisture. There are two main types of smog: industrial smog, caused by burning coal leading to dark brown air and sulfuric acid; and photochemical smog, caused by sunlight reacting with vehicle emissions in cities to form eye-irritating pollutants. Smog reduces visibility and causes breathing problems for people.
Smog is air pollution that reduces visibility and is caused by a combination of smoke and fog. It forms when pollutants from vehicles, factories, and other sources are released into the atmosphere and remain suspended under certain conditions. There are two main types of smog: sulfurous smog, which results from high sulfur oxide levels from burning coal and causes London-style smog; and photochemical smog, also called Los Angeles smog, which forms from nitrogen oxides and organic compounds reacting in sunlight to create secondary pollutants. Smog has negative health effects like respiratory issues and is a problem in some Pakistani cities due to industrial and transportation pollution.
This document discusses air pollution and ambient air quality standards in India. It defines air pollution and lists the composition of air. It then outlines ambient air quality standards for various pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, lead, and carbon monoxide for different areas. The document also discusses major sources of air pollution including natural sources like volcanic eruptions and forest fires, as well as anthropogenic sources like rapid industrialization, transportation, burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, increased population, and agriculture. It further classifies air pollutants according to origin, chemical composition, and state of matter and provides examples for each classification. Finally, it outlines some common air pollutants and their effects on
This document discusses five main types of pollution: air, water, noise, land, and radioactive. It provides details on air pollution, including its causes from industries, automobiles, and gases, as well as its effects on human health, animals, plants, and the climate. The document also summarizes water pollution as any physical, chemical, or biological change that harms water quality and life, with causes such as industrial and sewage waste. Noise pollution is defined as unwanted sound that can damage hearing and cause health issues depending on loudness, frequency, and duration of exposure.
This document provides an overview of various types of environmental pollution including air pollution, acid rain, greenhouse gases, smog, and their causes and effects. It discusses six major air pollutants regulated by the EPA and sources of air pollution from industries and vehicles. Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels which can damage ecosystems and infrastructure. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and are contributing to global warming, with consequences like sea level rise and effects on human health and agriculture. The document also outlines different pollution control technologies.
This document discusses air pollution, including its definition, classification, sources, and effects. It defines air pollution as the presence of unwanted particles and gases in the air that can adversely affect humans, plants, structures, and the environment. It then classifies air pollutants based on their origin (primary or secondary), state of matter (gaseous or particulate), and presence in the environment (indoor or outdoor). Common sources of air pollution are discussed, such as vehicles, industry, agriculture, and household activities. The document outlines some of the negative health, environmental, and infrastructure impacts of air pollution. Finally, it provides some potential solutions to control air pollution issues.
: Air pollution is the presence of substances in ambient atmosphere, generally resulting from the activity of man in sufficient concentration, present for sufficient time and cause harmful effect on humans, plants and animals.
The document discusses air pollution, defining it as the discharge of foreign substances into the air that adversely affect air quality and harm human, plant, and animal life. It classifies air pollutants, sources of pollution, effects of pollution, and methods for controlling pollution. Key topics include primary and secondary air pollutants, natural and man-made pollution sources, impacts on health, animals, plants, materials and climate, and devices like cyclone collectors and electrostatic precipitators that can remove particulates from industrial emissions.
This document discusses various types of industrial pollution including water, air, and soil pollution. It describes how industrial pollutants are released into the environment and their harmful effects. Some key effects of industrial pollution mentioned are acid rain, increased cancer and respiratory risks, and contamination of water and soil with toxic chemicals. The document also outlines government measures to control industrial pollution through regulations, pollution monitoring, and encouraging cleaner technologies and practices in industries.
The document discusses the ozone layer and the factors contributing to its depletion. It notes that the ozone layer shields the Earth from UV radiation and was discovered to be depleting in the 1970s due to ozone-depleting substances (ODS) released into the atmosphere. The main ODS that damage the ozone layer are listed. The text then outlines the principal steps in how ODS reach the stratosphere and cause ozone depletion, as well as the human health and environmental effects of increased UV exposure due to ozone layer thinning. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol and domestic policies in countries like the Philippines are mentioned as mitigation efforts to prevent further ozone depletion.
This is the fourth slideshow in a series for Unit 4 VCE Environmental Science. It discusses the factors contributing to air pollution, the sources and sinks and the human and environmental health effects.
1) Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials into the atmosphere that can harm living organisms or damage the environment.
2) There are several main types of air pollution including smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and depletion of the ozone layer. Indoor air pollution from activities like smoking or cooking can also be harmful.
3) Air pollution has negative health effects on humans and ecosystems. Preventative measures individuals can take include using public transportation, carpooling, practicing energy conservation, minimizing pollution sources like burning waste, and choosing recyclable products.
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Atmospheric particulate matter, Sources Of Particulate Matter
Industrial Sources of Particulate Emissions
Types Of Particulate Matter
Important Terms Describing Atmospheric Particles
Particulate Matter And Health
General Methods For Control Of Particulate Emissions
Particulate Collection Mechanism
The Clean Air Act requires EPA to regulate six common air pollutants: particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. These pollutants can harm health, the environment, and cause property damage. Of these, particle pollution and ground-level ozone pose the most widespread health risks. EPA sets standards and tracks emissions and air concentrations of these pollutants, though many still live in areas with unhealthy levels of one or more pollutants.
Air pollution harms human health, plants, animals, and ecosystems. Some pollutants fall to Earth as acid rain, damaging crops, forests, and aquatic environments. Most air pollution comes from burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation, releasing compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. Incompletely burned fuels also release volatile organic chemicals while decomposing garbage emits methane. Air pollution can travel long distances and harm distant environments. It causes breathing issues and cancer in humans as well as global warming effects.
Air pollution
Types of Air pollution
Facts about Air pollution
Causes of Air pollution
Effects of Air pollution
Steps taken by government to control Air pollution
Effects on human health and human life
Future predictions
This document discusses noise pollution from various sources such as road traffic, construction activities, and aircraft. It provides examples of how noise pollution affects communities and individuals. It also presents two case studies, one analyzing traffic noise levels in Kolkata, India that were found to exceed standards, and another describing how military sonar caused the death of beached whales by disrupting their communication. Noise pollution is shown to impact human health and behavior as well as wildlife.
AIR POLLUTION - MY PRESENTATION - JUNE 2013Iana Vee Abila
I hope you find this presentation helpful in your studies in ecology.
***All credits belong to those who provided the documents and photos used in my presentation.
Air Pollution Control Technology (Marble Industry)Saad Farooqi
This document discusses air pollution control technologies used in the marble industry. It describes how cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, and wet collectors work to remove particulate matter from exhaust gases. Cyclones use inertia to remove particles, electrostatic precipitators use charged plates to attract particles, fabric filters work like vacuum bags to trap particles, and wet collectors spray water to capture particles. The document compares the technologies' efficiencies at removing different sized particles and discusses controlling gaseous pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide from the marble industry.
Smog is a type of air pollutant formed by a mixture of pollutants in the atmosphere, consisting of fine particles and ground-level ozone. It was coined in 1905 from the words "smoke" and "fog" to describe London fog. There are different types of smog including industrial, volcanic, and photochemical smog, which is formed through chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in sunlight. Examples of cities that have experienced dangerous smog events include Los Angeles in 1943 and London in the early 1900s. Smog can cause severe health effects like respiratory illnesses and cancer as well as environmental impacts such as reduced visibility and acid rain. Preventive measures include reducing emissions from vehicles, industry
The document discusses air pollution, defining it as contamination of the air indoors or outside. It can be caused by harmful gases, dust, or smoke entering the atmosphere. Air pollution can harm plants, animals, and humans by making air dirty and difficult to breathe. It is classified into visible and invisible types and can be caused by both natural sources like volcanoes and human activities like burning fossil fuels. Major effects of air pollution include respiratory illnesses and heart disease in humans as well as damage to materials and negative impacts on wildlife habitats and health.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its definition, units of measurement, sources, classification of pollutants, types of pollutants, effects on the environment and humans, and actions to control and prevent it. It discusses key topics such as smog formation, temperature inversions, indoor air pollution, health impacts, effects on agriculture/forests, materials, acid rain, ozone depletion, and climate change/global warming. The document is an educational resource that comprehensively addresses the various aspects of air pollution.
this presentaion will tell you about air pollution.. its my first time to upload a ppt. so sorry for the mistakes i have made..but next i will try my best
This document discusses air pollution, including its definition, classification, sources, and effects. It defines air pollution as the presence of unwanted particles and gases in the air that can adversely affect humans, plants, structures, and the environment. It then classifies air pollutants based on their origin (primary or secondary), state of matter (gaseous or particulate), and presence in the environment (indoor or outdoor). Common sources of air pollution are discussed, such as vehicles, industry, agriculture, and household activities. The document outlines some of the negative health, environmental, and infrastructure impacts of air pollution. Finally, it provides some potential solutions to control air pollution issues.
: Air pollution is the presence of substances in ambient atmosphere, generally resulting from the activity of man in sufficient concentration, present for sufficient time and cause harmful effect on humans, plants and animals.
The document discusses air pollution, defining it as the discharge of foreign substances into the air that adversely affect air quality and harm human, plant, and animal life. It classifies air pollutants, sources of pollution, effects of pollution, and methods for controlling pollution. Key topics include primary and secondary air pollutants, natural and man-made pollution sources, impacts on health, animals, plants, materials and climate, and devices like cyclone collectors and electrostatic precipitators that can remove particulates from industrial emissions.
This document discusses various types of industrial pollution including water, air, and soil pollution. It describes how industrial pollutants are released into the environment and their harmful effects. Some key effects of industrial pollution mentioned are acid rain, increased cancer and respiratory risks, and contamination of water and soil with toxic chemicals. The document also outlines government measures to control industrial pollution through regulations, pollution monitoring, and encouraging cleaner technologies and practices in industries.
The document discusses the ozone layer and the factors contributing to its depletion. It notes that the ozone layer shields the Earth from UV radiation and was discovered to be depleting in the 1970s due to ozone-depleting substances (ODS) released into the atmosphere. The main ODS that damage the ozone layer are listed. The text then outlines the principal steps in how ODS reach the stratosphere and cause ozone depletion, as well as the human health and environmental effects of increased UV exposure due to ozone layer thinning. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol and domestic policies in countries like the Philippines are mentioned as mitigation efforts to prevent further ozone depletion.
This is the fourth slideshow in a series for Unit 4 VCE Environmental Science. It discusses the factors contributing to air pollution, the sources and sinks and the human and environmental health effects.
1) Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials into the atmosphere that can harm living organisms or damage the environment.
2) There are several main types of air pollution including smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and depletion of the ozone layer. Indoor air pollution from activities like smoking or cooking can also be harmful.
3) Air pollution has negative health effects on humans and ecosystems. Preventative measures individuals can take include using public transportation, carpooling, practicing energy conservation, minimizing pollution sources like burning waste, and choosing recyclable products.
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Atmospheric particulate matter, Sources Of Particulate Matter
Industrial Sources of Particulate Emissions
Types Of Particulate Matter
Important Terms Describing Atmospheric Particles
Particulate Matter And Health
General Methods For Control Of Particulate Emissions
Particulate Collection Mechanism
The Clean Air Act requires EPA to regulate six common air pollutants: particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. These pollutants can harm health, the environment, and cause property damage. Of these, particle pollution and ground-level ozone pose the most widespread health risks. EPA sets standards and tracks emissions and air concentrations of these pollutants, though many still live in areas with unhealthy levels of one or more pollutants.
Air pollution harms human health, plants, animals, and ecosystems. Some pollutants fall to Earth as acid rain, damaging crops, forests, and aquatic environments. Most air pollution comes from burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation, releasing compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. Incompletely burned fuels also release volatile organic chemicals while decomposing garbage emits methane. Air pollution can travel long distances and harm distant environments. It causes breathing issues and cancer in humans as well as global warming effects.
Air pollution
Types of Air pollution
Facts about Air pollution
Causes of Air pollution
Effects of Air pollution
Steps taken by government to control Air pollution
Effects on human health and human life
Future predictions
This document discusses noise pollution from various sources such as road traffic, construction activities, and aircraft. It provides examples of how noise pollution affects communities and individuals. It also presents two case studies, one analyzing traffic noise levels in Kolkata, India that were found to exceed standards, and another describing how military sonar caused the death of beached whales by disrupting their communication. Noise pollution is shown to impact human health and behavior as well as wildlife.
AIR POLLUTION - MY PRESENTATION - JUNE 2013Iana Vee Abila
I hope you find this presentation helpful in your studies in ecology.
***All credits belong to those who provided the documents and photos used in my presentation.
Air Pollution Control Technology (Marble Industry)Saad Farooqi
This document discusses air pollution control technologies used in the marble industry. It describes how cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, and wet collectors work to remove particulate matter from exhaust gases. Cyclones use inertia to remove particles, electrostatic precipitators use charged plates to attract particles, fabric filters work like vacuum bags to trap particles, and wet collectors spray water to capture particles. The document compares the technologies' efficiencies at removing different sized particles and discusses controlling gaseous pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide from the marble industry.
Smog is a type of air pollutant formed by a mixture of pollutants in the atmosphere, consisting of fine particles and ground-level ozone. It was coined in 1905 from the words "smoke" and "fog" to describe London fog. There are different types of smog including industrial, volcanic, and photochemical smog, which is formed through chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in sunlight. Examples of cities that have experienced dangerous smog events include Los Angeles in 1943 and London in the early 1900s. Smog can cause severe health effects like respiratory illnesses and cancer as well as environmental impacts such as reduced visibility and acid rain. Preventive measures include reducing emissions from vehicles, industry
The document discusses air pollution, defining it as contamination of the air indoors or outside. It can be caused by harmful gases, dust, or smoke entering the atmosphere. Air pollution can harm plants, animals, and humans by making air dirty and difficult to breathe. It is classified into visible and invisible types and can be caused by both natural sources like volcanoes and human activities like burning fossil fuels. Major effects of air pollution include respiratory illnesses and heart disease in humans as well as damage to materials and negative impacts on wildlife habitats and health.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its definition, units of measurement, sources, classification of pollutants, types of pollutants, effects on the environment and humans, and actions to control and prevent it. It discusses key topics such as smog formation, temperature inversions, indoor air pollution, health impacts, effects on agriculture/forests, materials, acid rain, ozone depletion, and climate change/global warming. The document is an educational resource that comprehensively addresses the various aspects of air pollution.
this presentaion will tell you about air pollution.. its my first time to upload a ppt. so sorry for the mistakes i have made..but next i will try my best
The document discusses air pollution and the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It describes the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. It also discusses the global and regional circulation of air and how pollution can be transported across boundaries. Finally, it outlines several major air pollutants like nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, ground-level ozone, and carbon monoxide and their health effects.
The document discusses air pollution and its causes, effects, and classification. It begins by defining air pollution and noting its harmful impacts. It then describes the layers of the atmosphere and composition of air. Major causes of air pollution include industry, vehicles, and natural sources. Air pollutants are classified by origin, state of matter, and source. The document outlines various health, environmental, and economic impacts of air pollution.
- The document discusses environmental health and sanitation. It defines key terms and discusses various components of a sanitary environment including town planning, sanitary housing, ventilation, and air quality. Unsanitary environments can increase disease transmission while proper planning and housing standards promote public health. Air pollution from various sources can damage health, property, and vegetation.
The document discusses various types and sources of environmental pollution with a focus on air pollution. It defines the different types of air pollutants including primary and secondary pollutants. It describes the major sources of air pollution from both anthropogenic and natural sources. It then discusses the impacts of various air pollutants on human health, the environment, and climate change through global warming. It provides details on indoor air pollution, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and remedial measures to control air pollution. The document also discusses national ambient air quality standards in India.
The document discusses air pollution and its causes, sources, classification, effects, and the structure of the atmosphere. It defines air pollution and describes the major layers of the atmosphere. It then covers the causes and sources of air pollution, how pollutants are classified, and the effects of air pollution on human health, vegetation, and animals. Key pollutants and their health impacts are also mentioned.
This document provides an introduction to air pollution presented by Capt. Adib Bin Rashid. It defines air pollution and discusses the types and sources, including the burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities, exhaust from factories and industries, mining operations, and indoor air pollution. Major air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and effects like respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer are explained. Solutions to air pollution like using public transportation and conserving energy are also provided.
This document provides an overview of air pollution. It defines air pollution and discusses its causes such as emissions from industries, vehicles, and burning of fuels. It describes the layers of the atmosphere and how the troposphere is where most air pollution occurs. The major air pollutants are identified as carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter. Examples of different types of airborne particles like aerosols, mist, dust, and smoke are also outlined. The document will continue in the next lecture to discuss the effects of air pollution and methods for its control.
AIR POLLUTION in Environmental and occupational health which comes under Publ...NayanaMR4
Air pollution is caused by substances emitted into the atmosphere from human activities that interfere with human health and the environment. Over 100 air pollutants have been identified including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. Both outdoor and indoor air pollution impact health and can cause respiratory diseases. Meteorological conditions, topography, pollutant type, and emission sources influence how pollutants disperse in the air. The ozone layer protects the Earth from UV radiation but is depleted by ozone-depleting substances, increasing UV levels at the surface. Air pollution is controlled through containment, replacement, dilution, legislation, and international cooperation. Ventilation of indoor spaces brings in fresh air and removes stale air using natural
Air Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that can cause adverse changes in the environment. It takes the form of chemical substance or energy (light, noise or. According to Creilson and Balek 2002); The introduction of harmful particles, biological or chemical molecules into the earth’s atmosphere which alters such environment by affecting the air quality and oxygen content of the air is referred to as pollution.
The troposphere which is an area where the weather can be determined is defined as the lowest layer of the atmosphere which extends from the earth’s surface to a height of about 6-10km. It is in between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Air pollution in the environment has an adverse effect on our daily activities because of weather and climate help in regulating the biospheric, atmospheric and hydrospheric environments.
Amamda and robert air pollution and ozone pptMaria Donohue
Here are multiple choice samples from past AP Environmental Science exams:
1998 Exam:
1. Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect?
A) Gases in the atmosphere allow visible light to pass through but absorb infrared radiation, warming the lower atmosphere.
B) Gases in the atmosphere absorb all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, trapping heat near the surface of the Earth.
C) Gases in the atmosphere reflect most visible light and infrared radiation back into space, preventing warming of the lower atmosphere.
D) Gases in the atmosphere allow most infrared radiation to pass through into space, preventing significant warming of the lower atmosphere.
E) Gases in the atmosphere absorb visible light but allow most infrared radiation to
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, soil, marine, noise, thermal, and nuclear pollution. It provides definitions and descriptions of each type of pollution as well as their causes, effects, and methods of control. Specifically, it focuses on air pollution, describing its history, structure of the atmosphere, types and sources of air pollutants, how pollutants behave in the atmosphere, and examples of air pollution events like the London Smog of 1952. The document also categorizes pollutants as degradable, slowly degradable, and non-degradable and discusses acid deposition as a secondary air pollutant.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, soil, marine, noise, thermal, and nuclear pollution. It provides definitions and descriptions of each type of pollution as well as their causes, effects, and methods of control. Specifically, it focuses on air pollution, describing its history, structure of the atmosphere, types and sources of air pollutants, how pollutants behave in the atmosphere, and examples of air pollution events like the London Smog of 1952. The document also categorizes pollutants as degradable, slowly degradable, and non-degradable and discusses acid deposition as a secondary air pollutant.
This document outlines pollution topics that will be covered in Chapter 5, including definitions of pollution, causes and effects of different types of pollution (air, water, soil, marine, noise, thermal, nuclear), solid waste management, the role of individuals in prevention, case studies, and disaster management related to floods, earthquakes, cyclones and landslides. Section 5.2.1 provides details on the history and sources of air pollution, including key pollutants from industries and vehicles. When pollutants enter the atmosphere, they are transported, transformed through physical or chemical changes, or removed by precipitation. Examples of localized air pollution due to topography and meteorological conditions are also given.
The document discusses several topics related to air pollution and global warming including:
1) It describes different types of air pollution such as smog and their causes.
2) Health effects of air pollution include respiratory diseases and damage to plants and aquatic life.
3) Global warming is caused by increased greenhouse gases from human activities and can lead to issues like rising sea levels and more extreme weather.
4) Solutions discussed include international agreements to reduce emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources.
This document discusses various topics related to air pollution including:
1. It defines air pollution and lists some common air pollutants like nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter.
2. It explains the greenhouse effect and how increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are leading to global warming and rising sea levels.
3. It describes acid rain and how emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides react with water vapor in the air to form acids that fall as acid rain.
This document discusses air pollution and its effects. It begins with a disclaimer regarding copyrighted images and discusses the structure of the atmosphere including layers like the troposphere and stratosphere. It then covers topics like ambient air quality standards in India set by organizations like CPCB and MOEF. It classifies air pollutants based on origin and state of matter. Common air pollutants are discussed like particulate matter from sources like combustion, their properties and health effects. Gaseous pollutants like SO2, NOx, and CO are also described in terms of their sources and impacts on health, environment and structures. The effects of air pollution on human health include both acute and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
The document discusses air pollution and control engineering. It begins with an introduction to the structure and composition of the atmosphere. It then defines air pollution and classifies sources and effects. It discusses effects on human health like respiratory issues and premature death. It also covers effects on vegetation like leaf damage and crops as well as effects on materials like corrosion. The document outlines ambient air quality standards and emission standards. It concludes with descriptions of ambient air sampling and stack sampling to analyze particulate and gaseous pollutants.
Air pollution has existed for centuries, exacerbated by the industrial revolution and rise of automobiles. Some key events in air pollution history include Hippocrates mentioning it in 400 BC, London's Smog of 1952 killing over 4,000, and the Bhopal gas tragedy of 1984 in India. The atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, and is divided into layers including the troposphere containing most air pollution. Primary pollutants such as carbon monoxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulates are emitted directly, while secondary pollutants form through atmospheric reactions. Unchecked air pollution can have severe health and environmental impacts.
Trichogramma spp. is an efficient egg parasitoids that potentially assist to manage the insect-pests from the field condition by parasiting the host eggs. To mass culture this egg parasitoids effectively, we need to culture another stored grain pest- Rice Meal Moth (Corcyra Cephalonica). After rearing this pest, the eggs of Corcyra will carry the potential Trichogramma spp., which is an Hymenopteran Wasp. The detailed Methodologies of rearing both Corcyra Cephalonica and Trichogramma spp. have described on this ppt.
Classification of Clove sizes as planting material to the bulb yield of Garli...Open Access Research Paper
Garlic is one of the highly valued crops in the Philippines. However, low production yield is the main constraint, specifically in the native varieties that could not satisfy the demand. Among the limiting factors are the use of unsuitable clove size as planting materials. The results revealed that clove sizes significantly influenced the growth of garlic. Large clove size and extra-large clove size obtained average plant vigor with ratings of 5.83 and 6.33, respectively. Significant differences were also found in both fresh and dry bulb weights, with the largest clove size yielding the heaviest weights at 19.36g and 16.67g, respectively. Moreover, large and extra-large clove sizes produced the highest number of cloves per bulb with an average of 19.87 and 19.33 respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in yield per plant and yield per hectare. Consequently, large clove sizes employed as planting material increased the vigor, bulb weights, and the number of cloves with no significant effect on the yield. The study showed that planting large clove sizes (2.0-2.50g) is more promising as planting materials of native varieties like Ilocos white.
Exploring low emissions development opportunities in food systemsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Christopher Martius (CIFOR-ICRAF) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
GFW Office Hours: How to Use Planet Imagery on Global Forest Watch_June 11, 2024Global Forest Watch
Earlier this year, we hosted a webinar on Deforestation Exposed: Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery to Investigate Forest Clearing.
If you missed this webinar or have any questions about Norway’s International Climate & Forests Initiative (NICFI) Satellite Data Program and Planet’s high-resolution mosaics, please join our expert-led office hours for an overview of how to use Planet’s satellite imagery on GFW, including how to access and analyze the data.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Nature is our mother. She offers us all facilities to
lead a comfortable and peaceful life. She brings us
rain. She feeds the human beings who are her
children. The plants, trees, bushes and the grains we
grow all belong to nature. Yet man is not grateful to
nature. He pollutes the surroundings and brings
destruction on himself. Man’s ability to manipulate
the environment has today resulted in Several Serious
problems. The most Serious of these problems, is the
environmental pollution
3. • Environmental pollution can be defined as an
undesirable change in the physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of the environment such
changes are caused by Substances that are introduced
into the environment, by human activities.
• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Noise Pollution
• Soil pollution
• Marine pollution
• Thermal Pollution
• Solid waste pollution
4. Air pollution - It may be defined as any atmospheric condition in
which certain substances are present in such concentration that
they can produce undesirable effect on man and his environment.
These substances includes gases (CO2,SO2,NO2,CO,HF,HC etc.),
particulate matters ( smoke, dust, fumes, aerosols etc.) ,
radioactive materials and many others.
6. The concentration of pollutants in the
atmosphere is expressed as:
• Mass concentration: It is the ratio of mass of pollutants to
the mass of air plus mass of pollutants.
• Volume concentration: It is the ratio of Volume of
pollutants to the Volume of air plus volume of pollutants.
• Mass volume concentration : It is the ratio of mass of
pollutants to the volume of air plus volume of pollutants.
• Most of the time concentration of pollutants is
expressed in ppm or microgram per cubic meter
(µg/m3
).
7. Conversion of pollutants Concentration
Conc. in µg/m3
=
ppm conc. x molecular wt. of pollutant x 103
_____________________________________
22.41
at 0o
c and 760 mm of Hg pressure
ppm conc. x molecular wt. of pollutant x 103
_____________________________________
24.51
at 25o
c and 760 mm of Hg pressure
Conc. in µg/m3
=
8. Sources of Air Pollution
Natural – i)Volcanic eruption- poisonous gases- SO2,CO ,H2S etc.
ii) Forest fires-smoke, dust,CO2 and un-burnt hydrocarbons etc.
iii) Natural organic and inorganic decay
iv) Deflation of sand and dust
v) Pollen grains of flowers, weeds , grasses and trees.
vi) Evapotranspiration- CO2
Manmade- i) Rapid Industrialization- CO2,SO2,CO ,NO, H2S etc.
ii)Transportation- NO2,CO,Hydrocarbons,Nitrous oxide
iii) Burning of fossil fuels- CO2, SO2,CO,NO, CH4
iv) deforestation- balance between O2 and CO2 disturbed
v) Increase in population
vi) Agriculture activities
vii) Solid waste disposal
viii) Radioactive fall out
ix) Construction activities
x) Wars
9. Sources of air pollutants
• Stationary sources:
Point sources - industrial stacks
Area sources - open burning, Evaporation losses
• Mobile sources:
Line sources - vehicle, rail engine
Area sources - vehicles on Road
10. Classification of Air pollutants
1. According to Origin-
PRIMARY – emitted directly from source
e.g. i) Particulate matter- ash, smoke, dust, fumes, mist etc.
Mist- liquid droplets smaller than 10µ size formed by
condensation or released from industrial operations.
Fumes – these are solid particles generated by condensation from
gaseous state.
ii) Inorganic gases- SOx, NOx,CO,CO2,HF etc.
SECONDARY – formed by chemical or photochemical
reactions between two or more primary pollutants.
e.g. O3, PAN(peroxy acetyl nitrate), formaldehyde, photochemical
smog etc.
11. 2. According to Chemical Composition-
i)ORGANIC- e.g. Hydrocarbons, esters, aldehydes etc.
ii)INORGANIC- e.g. Sox, Nox, CO,CO2,HF,O3,HCl etc.
3. According to State of Matter
i) NATURAL CONTAMINANTS – e.g. Fog, pollen grains,
bacteria etc.
ii) PARTICULATE MATTER- e.g. Ash, smoke, dust, spray
fumes, mist etc.
12. Meteorology and Air Pollution
• The degree to which air pollutants discharged from various
sources concentrate in a particular area depends largely on
meteorological condition.
The important meteorological parameters that influence air pollution
are classified into primary and secondary parameters.
Primary parameters: i) Wind direction and wind speed
ii) Atmospheric stability
iii) Temperature
iv) Mixing height
Secondary parameters: i) Precipitation
ii) Humidity
iii) Solar radiations
iv) Visibility
13. • Atmospheric stability: In well mixed air which is dry, for every
300m increase in altitude, the temperature decrease by 1.8 oc
.This vertical temperature gradient is know as lapse rate.
• The tendency of atmosphere to resist vertical motion is called as
stability. This stability depends on wind speed and lapse rate.
• The change of air temperature with altitude has a profound
influence on the vertical lift of the air pollutants discharged into
the atmosphere and hence their dispersion and dilution.
• Inversion: The extreme case of stable environment, called an
inversion, occurs when temperature increases with altitude.
Such lapse rate is known as negative lapse rate. Under these
conditions, the atmosphere is very stable and practically no
mixing of pollutants takes place.
14. Types of Inversion
• Radiation Inversion: It occurs at nights,
when the earth loose heat by radiation and
cools the air in contacts with it. The cool air
stratum is covered by warmer air, and
vertical movement is stopped until the sun
worms the lower air, next morning. This
type of inversion is more common in
winter because of longer nights.
• Subsidence Inversion: It occurs at modest
altitude and remain for several days. It
occurs due to sinking or subsiding of air
mass in anticyclones. The air circulating
around the area descends slowly at the rate
of about 1000m per day. As the air sinks ,it
is compressed and get heated to form a
warm dense layer. This acts as a lid to
prevent the upward movement of
contaminants( pollutants).
15. • Advective Inversion: It is formed when
warm air moves over a cold air. The
inversion can be ground based in the former
case or elevated in later case. An example
of advective inversion occurs when hill
range forces a warm land breeze to flow at
high levels and a cool sea breeze flows at
low level in opposite direction.
17. Plume Behaviour
a)Looping: Occurs under super adiabatic condition
with light to moderate wind on hot summer.
b) Neutral: When ambient lapse rate and adiabatic lapse
rate are equal, plume coming out of chimney tends to
rise directly into the atmosphere until it reaches the air
of density similar to that of plume itself.
c)Coning: while it tends to cone ,when wind velocity
is more than 32 km/hr & cloudy skies both during
day and night.
d)Fanning: when lapse rate is –ve, plume get depressed
in presence of very light wind ,as a result of strong
atmospheric inversion.
e)Lofting: It occurs when lapse rate is super adiabatic
above emission source and inversion condition below
the emission source. No downward mixing.
f)Fumigation: It occurs when inversion above emission
source and super adiabatic lapse rate below the stack.
g)Trapping: It occurs when inversion condition are
developed ,both above and below the emission source.
18. Effects of Air pollution
On human health: Exposure to air pollution can cause both acute (short-term) and
chronic (long-term) health effects.
Acute effects are usually immediate and often reversible when exposure to the
pollutant ends. Some acute health effects include eye irritation, headaches, and
nausea.
Chronic effects are usually not immediate and tend not to be reversible when
exposure to the pollutant ends. Some chronic health effects include decreased lung
capacity and lung cancer resulting from long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants.
1. Particulate matter of size 1micron enter into the alveoli of lung and damage lung
tissues.
2. Asbestos fibers may cause cancer to the industrial workers.
3. Lead from automobile exhaust may effect on children’s brain. It also interferes
with the development and maturation of red blood cells.
4. Silicosis a chronic of lung is caused by inhalation of dust containing free silica.
5. Black Lung disease is common among coal miners, while white Lung disease
occurs in texture workers.
6.Acid particulate and aldehydes cause eye, noise and throat irritation.
19. 7. High conc. of CO can cause physiological and pathological changes and
ultimately death. If Conc. of CO increases above 750 ppm, it will cause death.
8.. The combination of CO and haemoglobin leads to the formation of
caroxhaemoglobin ( COHb). The COHb reduces the oxygen carrying of blood.
9. When conc. of CO is more than 100 ppm, most of the people experience
dizziness ,headache and lassitude.
10. Cigarette smoke contains 400 – 450 ppm of CO. hence % age of
caroxhaemoglobin ( COHb) increase in blood of cigarette smokers. Smoking
leads to fertility problem, premature births, spontaneous abortions and deformed
babies.
11. SO2 and SO3 conc. of about 2.5 ppm may cause intense irritation of eyes and
respiratory tract.
12. SO2 inhalation causes the symptoms of bronchitis and other hung disease. If
SO2 concentration increases in air it may leads to lung cancer.
13.Nitric oxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
14. High conc of Nox cause internal bleeding, Pneumonia, lung cancer and
oxygen deficiency. It also causes respiratory, nervous and digestive aliment.
15 Hydro carbons of various types are harmful to health. They may leads to
cancer, irritation of eyes ,nose, throat and respiratory distress.
20. Effect on plant or vegetation
1. The deposition of particulate pollutants containing toxic metal ,make soil
unsuitable for growth of plants.
2. Particulate pollutants after deposition on plant leaves, block the stomata
opening on the leave, thus reduces its growth.
3. Particulate fallout with acid rain, reduces the pH of soil which makes soil
infertile
4. Low conc of SO2 for long period may results in brownish red or bleach
area on leaf.
5. SO2 damage the vegetable crops and affect their growth.
6. At high conc of SO2 ,leaf tissue may die leading to leaf necrosis.
7. High conc of NO2 damage the leaves of the plants and retard the
photosynthetic activity.
8. HC may cause death of flowering plants.
9. Arsenic and ethylene inhibits the growth of plants.
10. Hydrocarbons and photochemical oxidant are injurious to plants ,leading
to chlorosis.
21. Effect on Materials
1.Particulate matter such as soot's, fumes, mist may cause severe damage to
buildings and monument's.
2. Corrosion activity may enhances in presence of particulate matter and
humidity.
3. Particulate matter may cracks and fading in pointed surfaces.
4.Nitric acid causes corrosion to metal surfaces.
5. NO2 may fades textile dyes, NO2 aerosol may damage the nylon fibres
and reduce the strength of cotton and rayon.
6. Ozone in conc. between 0.01 to 0.03 ppm may cause cracking of synthetic
rubber and fibres .
7. Cracking of rubber tyres and other rubbery parts takes due to different air
pollutants.
22. Table 1: Sources, Health and Welfare Effects for Criteria Pollutants.
Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects Welfare Effects
Carbon
Monoxide
(CO)
Colorless, odorless
gas
Motor vehicle exhaust,
indoor sources include
kerosene or wood burning
stoves.
Headaches, reduced mental
alertness, heart attack,
cardiovascular diseases,
impaired fetal development,
death.
Contribute to the formation of
smog.
Sulfur Dioxide
(SO2
)
Colorless gas that
dissolves in water
vapor to form acid,
and interact with other
gases and particles in
the air.
Coal-fired power plants,
petroleum refineries,
manufacture of sulfuric acid
and smelting of ores
containing sulfur.
Eye irritation, wheezing, chest
tightness, shortness of
breath, lung damage.
Contribute to the formation of
acid rain, visibility impairment,
plant and water damage,
aesthetic damage.
Nitrogen
Dioxide (NO2
)
Reddish brown, highly
reactive gas.
Motor vehicles, electric
utilities, and other
industrial, commercial, and
residential sources that
burn fuels.
Susceptibility to respiratory
infections, irritation of the lung
and respiratory symptoms
(e.g., cough, chest pain,
difficulty breathing).
Contribute to the formation of
smog, acid rain, water quality
deterioration, global warming,
and visibility impairment.
Ozone (O3
) Gaseous pollutant
when it is formed in
the troposphere.
Vehicle exhaust and certain
other fumes. Formed from
other air pollutants in the
presence of sunlight.
Eye and throat irritation,
coughing, respiratory tract
problems, asthma, lung
damage.
Plant and ecosystem damage.
Lead (Pb) Metallic element Metal refineries, lead
smelters, battery
manufacturers, iron and
steel producers.
Anemia, high blood pressure,
brain and kidney damage,
neurological disorders,
cancer, lowered IQ.
Affects animals and plants,
affects aquatic ecosystems.
Particulate
Matter (PM)
Very small particles of
soot, dust, or other
matter, including tiny
droplets of liquids.
Diesel engines, power
plants, industries,
windblown dust, wood
stoves.
Eye irritation, asthma,
bronchitis, lung damage,
cancer, heavy metal
poisoning, cardiovascular
effects.
Visibility impairment,
atmospheric deposition,
aesthetic damage.
23. Pollutants Sources Effects on Vegetables
Aldehydes Photochemical reactions The upper portions of Alfalfa etc. will be affected to Narcosis
if 250 ppm of aldehydes is present for 2 hrs duration.
Ozone (O3
) Photochemical reaction of hydrocarbon
and nitrogen oxides from fuel
combustion, refuse burning, and
evaporation from petroleum products.
All ages of tobacco leaves, beans, grapes, pine, pumpkins
and potato are affected. Fleck, stipple, bleaching, bleached
spotting, pigmentation, growth suppression, and early
abscission are the effects.
Peroxy Acetyl
Nitrate (PAN)
The sources of PAN are the same as
ozone
Young spongy cells of plants are affected if 0.01 ppm of PAN
is present in the ambient air for more than 6 hrs.
Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2)
High temperature combustion of coal, oil,
gas, and gasoline in power plants and
internal combustion engines.
Irregular, white or brown collapsed lesion on intercostals
tissue and near leaf margin. Suppressed growth is observed
in many plants.
Ammonia & Sulfur
dioxide
Thermal power plants, oil and petroleum
refineries.
Bleached spots, bleached areas between veins, bleached
margins, chlorosis, growth suppression, early abscission,
and reduction in yield and tissue collapse occur.
Chlorine (Cl2) Leaks in chlorine storage tanks,
hydrochloric acid mists.
If 0.10 ppm is present for at least 2 hrs, the epidermis and
mesophyll of plants will be affected.
Hydrogen fluoride,
Silicon
tetrafluoride
Phosphate rock processing, aluminum
industry, and ceramic works and
fiberglass manufacturing.
Epidermis and mesophyll of grapes, large seed fruits, pines
and fluorosis in animals occur if 0.001 ppm of HF is present
for 5 weeks.
Pesticides &
Herbicides
Agricultural operations Defoliation, dwarfing, curling, twisting, growth reduction and
killing of plants may occur.
Particulates Cement industries, thermal power plants,
blasting, crushing and processing
industries.
Affects quality of plants, reduces vigor & hardness and
interferences with photosynthesis due to plugging leaf
stomata and blocking of light.
Mercury (Hg) Processing of mercury containing ores,
burning of coal and oil.
Greenhouse crops, and floral parts of all vegetations are
affected; abscission and growth reduction occur in most of
the plants.
Table-2: Sources, Effects of Air Pollutants on Vegetables
24. Control of air pollution
• Process change
• Fuel Change
• Installment of control Equipments
Particulate control Equipments: basic mechanisms for removing
particulate matter may be classified as: Gravitational force or
settling, centrifugal force or impaction, Inertia force or impaction,
direct interception, diffusion and electrostatic precipitation.
Gravitational settling chamber Cyclone separator
Fabric filter Electrostatic precipitator
Wet scrubbers etc.
25. Gravitational settling Chamber
• Settling chambers use the force of gravity to remove solid
particles.
• The gas stream enters a chamber where the velocity of the gas is
reduced. Large particles drop out of the gas and are recollected in
hoppers. Because settling chambers are effective in removing
only larger particles, usually greater than 50 micron size. They
are used in conjunction with a more efficient control device. They
offer low pressure drop and requires simple maintenance.
26. Cyclone Separators
• The general principle of inertia separation is
that the particulate-laden gas is forced to
change direction. As gas changes direction,
the inertia of the particles causes them to
continue in the original direction and be
separated from the gas stream.
• The walls of the cyclone narrow toward the
bottom of the unit, allowing the particles to
be collected in a hopper.
• The cleaner air leaves the cyclone through
the top of the chamber, flowing upward in a
spiral vortex, formed within a downward
moving spiral.
• Cyclones are efficient in removing large
particles but are not as efficient with smaller
particles. For this reason, they are used with
other particulate control devices.
27. Fabric filters
• Fabric filters, or bag houses,
remove dust from a gas
stream by passing the stream
through a porous fabric. The
fabric filter is efficient at
removing fine particles (0.5
micron) and can exceed
efficiencies of 99 percent in
most applications.
• Filter bags are usually tubular
or envelope shape having
length of bags varying from
1.8 -9m
28. Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)
• An ESP is a particle control device that uses
electrical forces to move the particles out of the
flowing gas stream and onto collector plates.
• The ESP places electrical charges on the
particles, causing them to be attracted to
oppositely charged metal plates located in the
precipitator.
• The particles are removed from the plates by
"rapping" and collected in a hopper located below
the unit.
• The removal efficiencies for ESPs are highly
variable; however, for very small particles alone,
the removal efficiency is about 99 percent.
• Electrostatic precipitators are not only used in
utility applications but also other industries (for
other exhaust gas particles) such as cement (dust),
pulp & paper (salt cake & lime dust),
petrochemicals (sulfuric acid mist), and steel
(dust & fumes).
29.
30. Wet Scrubbers
• Main advantage is that simultaneous removal of particles
and gaseous pollutants.
31. Control of gaseous pollutants from
stationary sources
• The most common method for controlling gaseous
pollutants is the addition of add-on control devices
to recover or destroy a pollutant.
• There are four commonly used control technologies
for gaseous pollutants:
– Absorption,
– Adsorption,
– Condensation, and
– Incineration (combustion)
32. Absorption
•The removal of one or more selected
components from a gas mixture by
absorption is probably the most
important operation in the control of
gaseous pollutant emissions.
•Absorption is a process in which a
gaseous pollutant is dissolved in a
liquid.
•Water is the most commonly used
absorbent liquid.
•As the gas stream passes through the
liquid, the liquid absorbs the gas, in
much the same way that sugar is
absorbed in a glass of water when
stirred.
33. • Absorbers are often referred to as scrubbers, and there
are various types of absorption equipment.
• The principal types of gas absorption equipment include
spray towers, packed columns, spray chambers, and
venture scrubbers.
• In general, absorbers can achieve removal efficiencies
grater than 95 percent. One potential problem with
absorption is the generation of waste-water, which
converts an air pollution problem to a water pollution
problem.
• Common absorbent used for removal of SO2 gas are –
sodium, ammonia, calcium and magnesium. Other
absorbent are- MgO, CaO, CaCO3,CCl4 and water etc.
34. Adsorption
• When a gas or vapor is brought into contact with a solid,
part of it is taken up by the solid. The molecules that
disappear from the gas either enter the inside of the
solid, or remain on the outside attached to the surface.
The former phenomenon is termed absorption (or
dissolution) and the latter adsorption.
• The most common industrial adsorbents are activated
carbon, silica gel, bauxite, , molecular Sieves and
alumina, because they have enormous surface areas per
unit weight.
• Activated carbon is the universal standard for
purification and removal of trace organic contaminants
from liquid and vapor streams.
35. Carbon adsorption systems are either regenerative or non-
regenerative.
Regenerative system - usually contains more than one carbon bed.
As one bed actively removes pollutants, another bed is being
regenerated for future use..
Non-regenerative systems - have thinner beds of activated carbon.
In a non-regenerative adsorber, the spent carbon is disposed of when
it becomes saturated with the pollutant..
Regenerative Carbon
Adsorption System
Non-Regenerative Carbon
Adsorption System
36. Condensation
Condensation is the process of converting a gas or vapor to
liquid. Any gas can be reduced to a liquid by lowering its
temperature and/or increasing its pressure.
Condensers are typically used as pretreatment devices. They
can be used ahead of adsorbers, absorbers, and incinerators to
reduce the total gas volume to be treated by more expensive
control equipment. Condensers used for pollution control are
contact condensers and surface condensers.
37. In a contact condenser, the
gas comes into contact with
cold liquid.
In a surface condenser, the
gas contacts a cooled surface
in which cooled liquid or gas
is circulated, such as the
outside of the tube.
Removal efficiencies of
condensers typically range
from 50 percent to more than
95 percent, depending on
design and applications.
38. Incineration, also known as combustion, is mostly used to
control the emissions of organic compounds from process
industries.
This control technique refers to the rapid oxidation of a
substance through the combination of oxygen with a
combustible material in the presence of heat.
When combustion is complete, the gaseous stream is
converted to carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Equipment used to control waste gases by combustion
can be divided in three categories:
Direct combustion or flaring,
Thermal incineration and
Catalytic incineration.
39. • Direct combustor is a device in which air and all the
combustible waste gases react at the burner. Complete
combustion must occur instantaneously since there is no
residence chamber.
• A flare can be used to control almost any emission stream
containing volatile organic compounds. Studies conducted by
EPA have shown that the destruction efficiency of a flare is
about 98 percent
40. In thermal incinerators the combustible waste gases pass
over or around a burner flame into a residence chamber
where oxidation of the waste gases is completed.
Thermal incinerators can destroy gaseous pollutants at
efficiencies of greater than 99 percent when operated
correctly.
41. Catalytic Incinerators are very similar to thermal
incinerators. The main difference is that after passing
through the flame area, the gases pass over a catalyst bed.
A catalyst promotes oxidation at lower temperatures,
thereby reducing fuel costs. Destruction efficiencies greater
than 95 percent are possible using a catalytic incinerator.
42. Global effects of air pollution
• Green House effect
• Acid rain
• Global Warming
• Ozone Depletion or Ozone Holes
• Heat Islands
43. • The ozone layer is becoming thin due to the gases
called CFCS. The use of these gases started in 1930s
in refrigerators, air conditioners, and for cleaning of
computers. These gases do not burn and are not
poisonous. However, CFCS are known to spoil the
ozone layer of the atmosphere in a systematic way.
Modern research shows that one molecule of CFCs
can destroy one lakh molecules of ozone.
44. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IS
THE NEED OF THE HOURS
• Students must spread awareness among the people on
“environmental issues such as over use of petrol
vehicles, over use of coal, oil and ground water.
Besides, people must be taught not to pollute water
bodies too. If we do not protect our environment, it
will stop supporting organisms. That would be the
end of human life”