This document discusses various types of environmental pollution including water, air, soil, noise, light, radioactive and thermal pollution. It defines each type of pollution and provides their sources and effects on plants and ecosystems. Soil pollution occurs from chemical spills and leaks, contaminating the soil and making it unsuitable for agriculture. Noise pollution comes from vehicles, construction machinery and other human sources, and can interfere with plant pollination. Light pollution prevents zooplankton from controlling algae blooms. Radioactive pollution from minerals and nuclear accidents can weaken plant seeds and cause mutations. Thermal pollution from power plants and industry raises water temperatures, reducing dissolved oxygen and increasing toxicity, disrupting aquatic ecosystems.

1. ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
Presented By:
Patel Jinal R.
M.SC. SEM-2(Botany)
Paper CBO-405
Department of life sciences,
H.N.G.U., Patan.

2. Contents:-
 DEFINITION OF POLLUTION
 KINDS OF POLLUTION
 SOIL POLLUTION
 NOISE POLLUTION
 LIGHT POLLUTION
 RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
 THERMAL POLLUTION
• SOURCES,EFFECT ON PLANTS AND ECOSYSTEM

3. DEFINITION OF POLLUTION
• Any changes in the environment which results
in its harmful effect is called “pollution”.
• An unwanted change in the environment
which involves the physical,biological and
chemical changes involving air, water and soil
which affects the human life in one way or the
other.

4. KINDS OF POLLUTION:-
Water pollution
Air pollution
Soil pollution
Noise pollution
Light pollution
Radioactive pollution
Thermal pollution

5. SOIL POLLUTION
SOIL POLLUTION occurs when
chemical are released by spill
or underground leakage
among the most significant
soil contaminants are
hydrocarbons, heavy metals,
pesticides and chlorinated
hydrocarbons.

6. SOURCES OF SOIL POLLUTION
1. Industrial Activity:
Industrial activity has been the biggest contributor to
the problem in the last century, especially since the
amount of mining and manufacturing has increased. Most
industries are dependent on extracting minerals from the
Earth.
2. Agricultural Activities:
Chemical utilization has gone up tremendously since
technology provided us with modern pesticides and
fertilizers. They are full of chemicals that are not produced
in nature and cannot be broken down by it. As a result,
they seep into the ground after they mix with water and
slowly reduce the fertility of the soil.

7. 3. Waste Disposal: Finally, a growing cause for concern is
how we dispose of our waste. While industrial waste is sure
to cause contamination, there is another way in which we are
adding to the pollution. Every human produces a certain
amount of personal waste products by way or urine .
4. Accidental Oil Spills: Oil leaks can happen during storage
and transport of chemicals. This can be seen at most of the
fuel stations. The chemicals present in the fuel deteriorates
the quality of soil and make them unsuitable for cultivation.
and feces.
5. Acid Rain: Acid rain is caused when pollutants present in
the air mixes up with the rain and fall back on the ground.
The polluted water could dissolve away some of the
important nutrients found in soil and change the structure of
the soil.

8. EFFECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION ON
PLANTS:-
• The ecological balance of any system gets affected
due to the widespread contamination of the soil.
Most plants are unable to adapt when the chemistry
of the soil changes so radically in a short period of
time. Fungi and bacteria found in the soil that bind it
together begin to decline, which creates an
additional problem of soil erosion.
• The fertility slowly diminishes, making land
unsuitable for agriculture and any local vegetation to
survive. The soil pollution causes large tracts of land
to become hazardous to health. Unlike deserts,
which are suitable for its native vegetation, such
land cannot support most forms of life.

9. NOISE POLLUTION
DEFINITION:-
“Noise is define as any undesirable human or
machine created noise which disturbs the activity
or balance of human or animal life”

10. What is Noise?
• In simple terms, noise is unwanted sound.
Sound is a form of energy which is emitted by a
vibrating body and on reaching the ear causes
the sensation of hearing through nerves.
• Sounds produced by all vibrating bodies are
not audible. The frequency limits of audibility
are from 20 HZ to 20,000 HZ.

11. SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION:-
• Traffic Noise: Automobile revolution in urban
areas are proved to be a big source of noise
pollution. Increase in traffic has given rise to
traffic jams, where the repeated hooting of
horns by drivers create noise pollution. Air
crafts creates serious problems in big cities
like Mumbai & Delhi
• Heavy truck, buses, trains, motorcycles, jeeps,
other vehicles are responsible for traffic noise

12. • Industrial And Construction Machinery Noise:
Factory equipments, generators, drills, road rollers,
and similar machinery also make lot of noise.
• Public address System:- Public system contribute
in its own ways towards noise pollution by using
loud speakers for religious functions, birth,
marriage, election for commercial advertising
• Household:- The household activities will
contribute for indoor noise pollution domestic
gadgets like pressure cookers, A.C, Vacuum
cleaners, mixers, washing machines are major
source of noise at house hold level.

13. EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION ON
PLANTS:-
• Scrub jays avoid noisy sites, preventing them
from doing the important job of dispersing pine
tree seeds.
• - Some hummingbirds flock to noisy areas,
possibly helping them pollinate more flowers in
those places.
• In turn, noise pollution is altering the
landscape of plants and trees, which depend
on noise-affected animals to pollinate them
and spread their seeds.

14. • Some plants do worse in noisy areas, a study
found, while others seem to do better,
depending on how the community of
creatures around them changes.
• Either way, the ripple effects can be far
reaching and long lasting, especially for trees,
which often take decades to grow from
seedlings into adults.

15. LIGHT POLLUTION
Light pollution,also
known as photo
pollution or luminous
pollution,is
excessive,misdirected
or obtrusive artificial
light. Pollution is the
adding of added light
itself ,in anslogy to
added sound, carbon
dioxide etc.

16. SOURCES OF LIGHT POLLUTION
Electronic Advertising Boards and Commercial
Centers:
• Many of the large electronic sign boards in the
cities and on highways are lit up by powerful
lights that focus on the boards from below.
Lights end up reflected upwards off the boards.
City Parks, Airports, public places:
• Many of these areas use many old-fashioned
lights that are not shielded and have a lot of it
emitting light upwards.

17. Night Sports grounds:
• Floodlights that light stadiums and other
places of sports often contribute to light
pollution as the powerful lights end up
upwards. These include the large light posts
on the car parks.
Streetlights and car lights:
• In some cities, hundreds of miles of powerful
streetlights stay on all night.

18. EFFECTS OF LIGHT POLLUTION ON
PLANTS:-
• Light pollution around lakes prevent zoo plankton
like daphnia from consuming surface algae. This
causes the algae colonies to bloom. The lake
becomes stratified due to eutrophication.
• Night blooming flower depend on nocturnal
insect for pollination. However, light pollution
interferes with ability of these insect to navigate.
Therefore in intense light they lose their ability to
be potential pollinators. As a result species of night
flowering plant are register decline.

19. EFFECTS OF LIGHT POLLUTION ON
ECOSYSTEM:-
Light pollution is especially threatening to nocturnal wildlife. It
adversely effects the physiology of plants and animals.
• Light pollution around lakes impedes zooplanktons from
consuming surface algae which leads to algal blooms that may
disrupt plant life and lower the quality of water.
• Light pollution is also linked to change in migratory patterns of
birds
• Light pollution around beaches and river shores may effect
predatory-prey roles and mating and hunting habits of pelagic
organisms. For example, sea turtles hatch when its dark and
the hatchlings use the light over the water to return to the
ocean. Light from the buildings on the beaches draws
hatchlings away from the water. In this way, millions of sea
turtles die every year in Florida.

20. RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
• The radioactive pollution is defined as the physical
pollution of air, water and the other radioactive
material.
• The ability of certain materials to emit the proton,
gamma ray and electrons by their nuclei is known as
the radioactivity.

21. Sources of Radioactive Pollution:
• The natural sources of radiation may be:
1. Radioactive minerals;
2. Cosmic rays;
3. Radio nuclides.
1. Radioactive Minerals:
• The minerals containing Uranium- 235 (U235), Uranium-238
(U238), Thorium-232 (Th232), Plutonium- 239 (Pu239) etc. are
capable of emitting energetic radiations causing pollution.

22. 2. Cosmic Rays:
The cosmic rays containing highly energetic
particles reach the surface of the earth causing
pollution. The intensity of cosmic rays depends on
latitudes and altitude of the place. The intensity is
maximum at the poles and minimum at the
equator.
3 .Radio nuclides:
The unstable radio-nuclides in the atmosphere can
be splitted up into smaller parts emitting energetic
radiation. The smaller radio-nuclides enter into the
body of organism along with air during respiration.

23. EFFECTS OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
ON PLANTS:-
 Natural radiation is often beneficial to plant
growth. It is necessary for many plants to receive
some form of non-ionizing radiation.
 Radiation that produces light in order for
photosynthesis to occur is a positive effect that
radiation has on plant life.
 However, according to the Environmental Literacy
Council, ionized radiation that occurs from nuclear
material may result in weakening of seeds and
frequent mutations.

24. For instance, a nuclear plant, called Chernobyl
in Russia leaked in 1986 that caused excessive
amounts of radiation pollution in that region.
 A huge cloud of radiation was formed which
resulted in a massive amount of destroyed
plant life; particularly pine trees in that area.
High doses of radiation can be devastating to
the environment.

25. THERMAL POLLUTION
• Thermal pollution is
defined as the addition of
excess of undesirable
heat to water thereby
making it harmful to
man, animal or aquatic
life.
• Thermal pollution may
also cause significant
departures from nor
activities of aquatic
communities.

26. SOURCES OF THERMAL POLLUTION:
• The following sources contribute to thermal
pollution.
1. Nuclear power plants
2. Coal fired plants
3. Industrial effluents
4. Domestic sewage
5. Hydro-electric power

27. 1. Nuclear power plants: Nuclear power plants
including drainage from hospitals, research
institutions, nuclear experiments and
explosions, discharge a lot of heat that is not
utilized along with traces of toxic radio
nuclides into nearby water streams.
2. Coal-fired power plants: Coal fired power
plants constitute a major source of thermal
pollution. The condenser coils in such plants
are cooled with water from nearby lakes or
rivers. The resulting heated water is
discharged into streams thereby raising the
water temperature by 15C.

28. 3. Industrial effluents: Industries like textile, paper,
pulp and sugar manufacturing release huge
amounts of cooling water along with effluents into
nearby natural water bodies. The waters polluted
by sudden and heavy organic loads result in
severe drop in levels of dissolved oxygen leading
to death of several aquatic organisms.
4. Domestic Sewage: Domestic sewage is
discharged into rivers, lakes, canals or streams
with minimal treatment or without any treatment.
These wastes have a higher organic temperature
and organic load.

29. 5. Hydro-electric power: Generation of
hydroelectric power sometimes leads to
negative thermal loading in water systems.
Apart from electric power industries, various
factories with cooling requirement contribute to
thermal loading.

30. EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION ON
ECOSYSTEM:-
• Reduction in dissolved oxygen: Concentration
of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) decreases with
increase in temperature.
• Increase in toxicity: The rising temperature
increases the toxicity of the poison present in
water. A 10C increase in temperature of water
doubles the toxicity effect of potassium
cyanide, while 80C rise in temperature triples
the toxic effects of o-xylene causing massive
mortality to fish.

31. • Interference in biological activity:
Temperature is considered to be of vital
significance to physiology, metabolism and
biochemical processes that control respiratory
rates, digestion, excretion, and overall
development of aquatic organisms.
Temperature changes cause total disruption to
the entire ecosystem.
• Interference in reproduction: In fishes, several
activities like nest building,
spawning,hatching, migration and
reproduction depend on optimum
temperature.

32. • Direct mortality: Thermal pollution is directly
responsible for mortality of aquatic organisms.
Increase in temperature of water leads to
exhaustion of microorganisms thereby
shortening the life span of fish. Above a
certain temperature, fish die due to failure of
respiratory system and nervous system failure.

33. REFERENCE:-
•Ecology and environmental science
S.V.S.Rana
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