The removal of contaminants from consumable waters by the traditional water treatment techniques is highly difficult. Disinfection of water alludes to the inactivation or pulverization of unsafe living pathogenic beings, which living in the water. Occurrence of disinfection by products (DBPs) during disinfection normally demonstrates lethal impacts on human health. Granular activated carbon (GAC) has the oldest history of decreasing of organic matters, but its role is reducing by time. TiO2 is used to accelerate the removal of the DBPs. TiO2 nanoparticles have good adsorption phenomena on the removal of those organic compounds at various pHs and temperatures and give good results. This study proved that TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the efficiency of GAC to remove DBPs from water. While the elimination of trihalomethanes (THMs), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) using 0.5 g of GAC was determined as 61.7, 69.8 and 83.2% respectively, the elimination of them by 0.1 g of TiO2 nanoparticles :GAC (1:1) was estimated as 100, 96 and 100%, respectively.
Water pollution is one of the environmental challenges facing the world society. Consequently, the pollutants both domestic and industrial wastewater are identified as an environmental threat. Hydrochar (HC) appears as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to this environmental threat. HC is the solid produced from the wet pyrolysis process for biomass that is rich in carbon in a sub-critical liquid phase, called the Hydro-Thermal Carbonization Process (HTC). This review aims to address the possibility of using HC as the most effective solution to the industrial wastewater. HTC has proven a greater yield than dry pyrolysis (30%-60% wt). To date, HC is listed as a promising lower-cost alternate adsorbent for removing wastewater pollutants. In Egypt for example, only few studies have been published investigating the properties of HC and its environmental applications. In this review, we will shed light on the preparation, characterization, and previous studies on the development and recent applications of HC. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to produce HC at a commercial scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is only few research studies addressing the HC production in the Middle East countries. Therefore, the door is still opened for more research on developing production techniques on HC from different biomass, and implementation in various environmental applications
Evaluation of the levels of haloacetic acids in gharbiya governorate, egypt[#...Ahmed Hasham
The occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) was studied in the drinking water samples from Gharbiya
governorate water treatment plants and its water supply network that served more than 5 million people. Drinking
water disinfection by-products are formed when a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter and/or
bromide/iodide present in a raw water source. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids are the two most prevalent
classes of DBPs and are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as being subject to World
Health Organization guidelines due to their potential health risk. Drinking water samples were collected from 4
sites monthly over one year (2017-2018). The aims of the present study are to investigate the levels of HAAs in
Gharbiya governorate (middle of Delta Egypt) drinking water. monochloroacetic acid ranged from 6.8 to 32.5
µg/L, dichloroacetic acid ranged from 9.8 to 43.7 µg/L, and the trichloroacetic acid ranged from 6.5 to 31.8 µg/L,
the minimum values observed during winter 2018 and the maximum value observed during summer 2017., The
HAAs species values were complying with the Egyptian standard (Ministerial Decree No.458/2007) and as well
as WHO 2012) standards for drinking water
In this presentation, application of some parameters of water wwater analysis (i.e., Acidity, Sulfate, Volatile Acid,Nitrogen,greases and oils) , procedure to measure that parameter, environmental significance of that parameter and importance of that parameter in waste water analysis.
COD reduction of aromatic polluted waste water by Advanced Oxidation Process ...Wade Bitaraf
In most petrochemical complexes and oil refineries the wastewater contains the aromatic compounds among which Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) have harmful effects on environment and human health. The present work mainly deals with the UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), UV/H2O2 were tested in batch reactor systems to evaluate the removal efficiencies and optimal conditions for the photodegradation of BTEX in order to wastewater treatment. The efficiency of this method was analyzed by evaluating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as a pollution criterion through the COD reactor. The influence of the basic operational parameters such as initial concentration of H2O2, pH, Temperature, irradiation time and UV amount on the photo degradation of BTEX were also studied. The oxidation rate of BTEX and respectively the reduction rate of COD were low when the oxidation was carried out in the absence of H2O2 or UV light. The addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the degradation, while the excess hydrogen peroxide could quench the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The optimal conditions of suspended slurry with 1.11(g/l) initial concentration of H2O2 and pH value of 3.1 were obtained under three UV lights illumination (6 W). Under the optimal conditions, COD reduction during the initial period of 180 min in UV/H2O2 systems reached about 90%.
Water pollution is one of the environmental challenges facing the world society. Consequently, the pollutants both domestic and industrial wastewater are identified as an environmental threat. Hydrochar (HC) appears as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to this environmental threat. HC is the solid produced from the wet pyrolysis process for biomass that is rich in carbon in a sub-critical liquid phase, called the Hydro-Thermal Carbonization Process (HTC). This review aims to address the possibility of using HC as the most effective solution to the industrial wastewater. HTC has proven a greater yield than dry pyrolysis (30%-60% wt). To date, HC is listed as a promising lower-cost alternate adsorbent for removing wastewater pollutants. In Egypt for example, only few studies have been published investigating the properties of HC and its environmental applications. In this review, we will shed light on the preparation, characterization, and previous studies on the development and recent applications of HC. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to produce HC at a commercial scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is only few research studies addressing the HC production in the Middle East countries. Therefore, the door is still opened for more research on developing production techniques on HC from different biomass, and implementation in various environmental applications
Evaluation of the levels of haloacetic acids in gharbiya governorate, egypt[#...Ahmed Hasham
The occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) was studied in the drinking water samples from Gharbiya
governorate water treatment plants and its water supply network that served more than 5 million people. Drinking
water disinfection by-products are formed when a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter and/or
bromide/iodide present in a raw water source. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids are the two most prevalent
classes of DBPs and are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as being subject to World
Health Organization guidelines due to their potential health risk. Drinking water samples were collected from 4
sites monthly over one year (2017-2018). The aims of the present study are to investigate the levels of HAAs in
Gharbiya governorate (middle of Delta Egypt) drinking water. monochloroacetic acid ranged from 6.8 to 32.5
µg/L, dichloroacetic acid ranged from 9.8 to 43.7 µg/L, and the trichloroacetic acid ranged from 6.5 to 31.8 µg/L,
the minimum values observed during winter 2018 and the maximum value observed during summer 2017., The
HAAs species values were complying with the Egyptian standard (Ministerial Decree No.458/2007) and as well
as WHO 2012) standards for drinking water
In this presentation, application of some parameters of water wwater analysis (i.e., Acidity, Sulfate, Volatile Acid,Nitrogen,greases and oils) , procedure to measure that parameter, environmental significance of that parameter and importance of that parameter in waste water analysis.
COD reduction of aromatic polluted waste water by Advanced Oxidation Process ...Wade Bitaraf
In most petrochemical complexes and oil refineries the wastewater contains the aromatic compounds among which Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) have harmful effects on environment and human health. The present work mainly deals with the UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), UV/H2O2 were tested in batch reactor systems to evaluate the removal efficiencies and optimal conditions for the photodegradation of BTEX in order to wastewater treatment. The efficiency of this method was analyzed by evaluating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as a pollution criterion through the COD reactor. The influence of the basic operational parameters such as initial concentration of H2O2, pH, Temperature, irradiation time and UV amount on the photo degradation of BTEX were also studied. The oxidation rate of BTEX and respectively the reduction rate of COD were low when the oxidation was carried out in the absence of H2O2 or UV light. The addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the degradation, while the excess hydrogen peroxide could quench the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The optimal conditions of suspended slurry with 1.11(g/l) initial concentration of H2O2 and pH value of 3.1 were obtained under three UV lights illumination (6 W). Under the optimal conditions, COD reduction during the initial period of 180 min in UV/H2O2 systems reached about 90%.
ESTIMATION OF CHARACTERSTICS OF WASTEWATERzabby2407
TO KNOW ABOUT WASTEWATER & VARIOUS KINDS OF POLLUTANTS PRESENT IN IT.
CATEGORIES ARE:
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGICAL
RADIOLOGICAL
& ESTIMATION OF VARIOUS POLLUTANTS BY VARIOUS TEST.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning watersacciona
Marina Arnaldos, responsable de desalación de desalación y nuevas tecnologías de ACCIONA Agua, presentó la ponencia “Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning waters for irrigation purposes” en la conferencia anual que la asociación europea de desalación ha celebrado en Roma entre los días 22-26 de mayo de 2016.
Advanced Oxidation Process for Industrial Water Treatment and Waste WaterUus Soedjak
Advanced Oxidation Process for Industrial Water Treatment and Waste Water is a liquid waste treatment technology which utilizes oxidation method using ozone gas. This technology is combined with ultraviolet light
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Treatment of Pretreated Landfill Leachate by Membrane Bioreactor ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Landfill leachate is a liquid that is mainly produced by the rain which falls on the solid waste. The leachate usually contains high concentrations of ammonium, organic matter, toxic compounds and heavy metals, which makes it unsuitable for discharge in natural bodies without any prior treatment. The formation of leachate threatens the groundwater, soil and environment. Land filling is the one of the least expensive method for disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW). In this study, landfill leachate is treated by coagulation and Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) process by using ultrafiltration (UF). The original sample has BOD/COD ratio as 0.603. Coagulation was used as a pretreatment prior to the biological treatment. . It was done by using alum as an coagulant at an optimum dosage of 160 mg/L. Coagulation has proven effective as a pretreatment. But the effluent quality did not meet the general standards for discharge of environmental pollutants. So the effluent after coagulation process was treated by MBR process. In this study, after MBR treatment all the parameters except BOD have met the relevant Indian Standards for discharge as irrigation water.
ESTIMATION OF CHARACTERSTICS OF WASTEWATERzabby2407
TO KNOW ABOUT WASTEWATER & VARIOUS KINDS OF POLLUTANTS PRESENT IN IT.
CATEGORIES ARE:
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGICAL
RADIOLOGICAL
& ESTIMATION OF VARIOUS POLLUTANTS BY VARIOUS TEST.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning watersacciona
Marina Arnaldos, responsable de desalación de desalación y nuevas tecnologías de ACCIONA Agua, presentó la ponencia “Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning waters for irrigation purposes” en la conferencia anual que la asociación europea de desalación ha celebrado en Roma entre los días 22-26 de mayo de 2016.
Advanced Oxidation Process for Industrial Water Treatment and Waste WaterUus Soedjak
Advanced Oxidation Process for Industrial Water Treatment and Waste Water is a liquid waste treatment technology which utilizes oxidation method using ozone gas. This technology is combined with ultraviolet light
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Treatment of Pretreated Landfill Leachate by Membrane Bioreactor ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Landfill leachate is a liquid that is mainly produced by the rain which falls on the solid waste. The leachate usually contains high concentrations of ammonium, organic matter, toxic compounds and heavy metals, which makes it unsuitable for discharge in natural bodies without any prior treatment. The formation of leachate threatens the groundwater, soil and environment. Land filling is the one of the least expensive method for disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW). In this study, landfill leachate is treated by coagulation and Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) process by using ultrafiltration (UF). The original sample has BOD/COD ratio as 0.603. Coagulation was used as a pretreatment prior to the biological treatment. . It was done by using alum as an coagulant at an optimum dosage of 160 mg/L. Coagulation has proven effective as a pretreatment. But the effluent quality did not meet the general standards for discharge of environmental pollutants. So the effluent after coagulation process was treated by MBR process. In this study, after MBR treatment all the parameters except BOD have met the relevant Indian Standards for discharge as irrigation water.
Removal of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons from WaterIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Unsaturated cyclic aromatic compounds that are present at high concentrations in the crude oil, are including benzene, toluene and xylene. They can be an important source of water pollution. Benzo pyrene indicate the presence of these compounds in contaminated water into the environment. These compounds into the environment as a result of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels as a source of natural or man-made. These compounds are highly carcinogenic effects that enter the body through the air or food will be available. The use of columns filled with water from organic absorbent material is highly effective in removing the material. The use of nanoparticles for the removal of these contaminants is very appropriate that these coatings use to extract and measure the batch of hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic of samples of contaminated water. The Nanocomposites can be produced easily and in addition to longevity of good stability as well. Zeolite nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes are from other suitable methods. Carbon nanotubes are a lot of electrons on the surface that can be paired with aromatic pollution. The aromatics as electron acceptor and electron donor sheets of graphene to act as the effective removal of aromatic pollutants play an important role. In this paper the Titania in photocatalytic process use to remove contaminants to harmless by-products and recycling is much better than other known methods.The Cyclodextrin Mesostructured Silica Nanoparticles and magnetic Nano particle are suitable to remove PAHs from water resources too that is very simple to use. Hope that using the nanoparticles have a big change in removal of water and sanitation
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
A Reliable and High Yielding Method for Isolation of Genomic DNA from Ammi MajusSandip Magdum
The developed protocol describes a cheaper, quicker and reliable method for the isolation of pure DNA from medicinal herbs, such as Ammi majus, which produces the secondary metabolites xanthotoxin and berganpectane having immense medicinal importance. Use of CTAB, liquid nitrogen and EDTA in different isolation protocols analyzed for A. majus, all were ended with polysaccharide and protein contamination with low purity of DNA (A260/280=1.3-1.6), revealed a need for method modification for the inexpensive and rapid isolation of pure DNA. Developed reliable and competent protocol isolated enough pure DNA (A260/280=1.81) without following time consuming lengthy steps and hazardous chemicals used in other protocols, which increase experimental costs, risk, and need expertise to perform. The explained protocol requires few chemicals and little time to obtain pure DNA having yield 688 μg/g of A. majus. A higher quantity of isolated DNA obtained from young fresh leaf samples than from either the callus or stem. A. majus is a pharmaceutically important medicinal herb, and the present protocol aids in the analysis and modification of its genes.
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies of rhodamine-b dye onto organoclayInnspub Net
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies were conducted with a dye of Rhoda mine-B (RB) on organoclay (OC). Adsorption of the dye was investigated with an initial dye concentration at pH 7±0.3, 298, 308 and 318 K. The adsorption experiments were carried out isothermally at three different temperatures. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to describe the equilibrium data and the results were discussed in details. The thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy (∆G°), entropy change (∆S°) and enthalpy (∆H°) were calculated for OC. These values showed that adsorption of RB on OC was a spontaneous and endothermic process.
Degradation of Ethanolamine by Fluidized-bed Fenton ProcessOswar Mungkasa
prepared by J. Anotai*,**, C.M. Chen***, L. Bellotindos**** and M.C. Lu*** Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand (E-mail: jin.ano@kmutt.ac.th) ** National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NCE-EHWM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand *** Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia-Nan Univer for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Nanotechnology role in the Long-Term Sustainability of Water Resources 04 May...Ahmed Hasham
Currently nanotechnology plays a vital role in water purification techniques. Nanotechnology is the process of manipulating atoms on a nanoscale. In nanotechnology, nano-membranes are used with the purpose of softening the water and removal of contaminants such as physical, biological and chemical contaminants.
Computerized system validation (CSV) as a requirement for good manufacturing ...Ahmed Hasham
The biopharmaceutical industries has more and more used computers to support and accelrate producing of their
products. Computer systems also are accustomed support routine offer of high quality products to boost production
process performance, scale back production prices, and improve product quality. it's vital that these systems square
measure suitable purpose from a business and restrictive perspective. Regulatory authorities treat a lack of regulatory
computer system compliance as a serious GxP deviation.
Covid-19: risk assessment and mitigation measures in healthcare and non healt...Ahmed Hasham
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the third emerging human coronavirus, leading to fatal respiratory
distress and pneumonia. The disease originated in December 2019 in Wuhan City,
Hubei province, China. As of 23 November 2021, over 258 million cases and 5.1 million deaths
have been reported in more than 222 countries and territories worldwide. The COVID-19 is
under biological hazards group 4 of high risk of spreading to the community with the potential
to overwhelm the health system, especially in resource limited countries. Transmission
of COVID-19 within healthcare and non-healthcare facilities has been recorded. Therefore,
several authorities such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), and other global partners issued guidance to mitigate the
COVID-19 pandemic in these facilities. A global emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic
requires various studies of mitigation measures and risk assessment. The Failure Mode and
Effects Analysis (FMEA) was used as a tool for risk assessment in healthcare and clinical
fields that assigns a numerical value to each risk associated with failure. Therefore, in this
review, the FMEA procedure was used to evaluate the COVID-19 risks and risk groups in
health care and non-healthcare workplaces. Proposed mitigation measures and risk ranking
tools were also summarized. The COVID-19 transmission risk should be theoretically and
practically reduced by applying the best hygienic practices. However, providing safe work
practices must be improved for infection control measures in healthcare and non-healthcare
workplaces. Additionally, it is recommended to reassess the risk of COVID-19 infection from
time to time, especially after vaccines availability.
Selected nanotechnology applications in industrial waste water treatment a r...Ahmed Hasham
Nanotechnology is considered the future of the world in most physics and chemical solutions that cannot
be applied in many scale level. This review aimed to highlight the different uses of nanotechnology in industrial
waste water treatment system because it is very important issue to protect the environment from the different liquid
industrial pollutants. Nanoparticles is defined by some as nanomaterials, and these materials has unusual properties
not present in ordinary materials. Nano, typically employed as a prefix, is defined as one billionth of a quantity or
term that is represented mathematically 10 9-
. Generally, refers to the processes that produces and use matter at the
nanometre level. From the review Nano-technology can be used to minimize the cost, accelerate the process and
improve the efficiency of industrial waste water treatment. Nanoparticles found to be one of the best solution in
the field of industrial waste water treatment.
Process validation-and-critical-regulatory-requirements-in-manufacturing-of-i...Ahmed Hasham
Process validation is the most critical regulatory requirement for licensed biopharmaceuticals and vaccine facilities. It is also considered as an economic issue through understanding and controlling any process and subsequently minimizing the processes failures. The process design (PD), process qualification (PQ) and continued process verification (PV) are the main three stages for industry for process validation. It was defined as the collection and evaluation of data, from the process design stage throughout production, to establishe a scientific evidence that a process is consistently delivering high quality products and in accordance with the principles of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). The challenges of vaccine production process are not limited to its complicated details which may change the validity of the process but also the cross process that still the biggest challenge. Therefore, process validation in biopharmaceutical industries has the high priority specially vaccine production. In conclusion, continuous monitoring and validation of inactivated veterinary vaccines has the great impact on defects, nonconformance decreasing and processes improvement. Also the critical parameters of process validation of inactivated veterinary vaccine manufacturing are highlighted.
Process validation and critical regulatory requirements in manufacturing of i...Ahmed Hasham
Process validation is the most critical regulatory requirement for licensed biopharmaceuticals and vaccine facilities. It is also considered as an economic issue through understanding and controlling any process and subsequently minimizing the processes failures. The process design (PD), process qualification (PQ) and continued process verification (PV) are the main three stages for industry for process validation. It was defined as the collection and evaluation of data, from the process design stage throughout production, to establishe a scientific evidence that a process is consistently delivering high quality products and in accordance with the principles of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). The challenges of vaccine production process are not limited to its complicated details which may change the validity of the process but also the cross process that still the biggest challenge. Therefore, process validation in biopharmaceutical industries has the high priority specially vaccine production. In conclusion, continuous monitoring and validation of inactivated veterinary vaccines has the great impact on defects, nonconformance decreasing and processes improvement. Also the critical parameters of process validation of inactivated veterinary vaccine manufacturing are highlighted.
Poultry Manure (PM) produced in Egypt in huge amount and considered as an environmental problem. Poultry waste can, however, be fermented anaerobically to produce biogas, but its great majority of nitrogen that affects the efficiency and methane ratio of generated biogas. So, the aim of this work to enhance the methane ratio in biogas produced from Poultry Manure using the Dried Bread (DB). 100:0, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 0:100% ratios of DB:PM mixtures has been studied. Biogas yield, C/N ratio, pH, and methane content were studied. The initial pH was 6.43±0.01, 6.85+0.31 6.87±0.56, 6.89±0.23, and 6.95±0.35 respectively; and finally, it was 7.9±0.50, 8.20±0.03, 8.51±0.34, 8.64±0.21 and 8.86+0.25 respectively. While the produced biogas from 100 gm from each mixture was 1180, 1050, 943, 890 and 785 mL respectively with regression coefficient = 0.983. From the obtained results the biogas with high methane content (56%) was produced from mixture of 3:1 DB: PM. The study conclude that Dried Bread can be used to enhance the properties of poultry manure for best biogas quality.)
Nanoparticles as a novel and promising antiviral platform in veterinary medicineAhmed Hasham
Traditional veterinary virus vaccines, such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, have achieved tremendous success
in controlling many viral diseases of livestock and chickens worldwide. However, many recent viral outbreaks caused by
diferent emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to be reported annually worldwide. It is therefore necessary to develop
new control regimens. Nanoparticle research has received considerable attention in the last two decades as a promising
platform with signifcant success in veterinary medicine, replacing traditional viral vector vaccines. However, the feld of
nanoparticle applications is still in its initial phase of growth. Here, we discuss various preparation methods, characteristics,
physical properties, antiviral efects, and pharmacokinetics of well-developed nanoparticles and the potential of nanoparticles
or nano-vaccines as a promising antiviral platform for veterinary medicine.
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
The biopharmaceutical industries has more and more used computers to support and accelrate producing of their
products. Computer systems also are accustomed support routine offer of high quality products to boost production
process performance, scale back production prices, and improve product quality. it's vital that these systems square
measure suitable purpose from a business and restrictive perspective. Regulatory authorities treat a lack of regulatory
computer system compliance as a serious GxP deviation. The objective of regulated computer systems includes systems
used to manage data or support descion making subject to review by regulated authorities whether they are being
submitted because its impact on quality or on business. Investments in computer systems supporting the quality controls
to ensure that the process is followed correctly, reducing human error and the need to conduct manual checks,
Standardization of practices to build consistent ways of working, Speed-up of process cycle times by reducing wait times
and by improved scheduling...etc.Computer systems shouldn't be enforced only for restrictive compliance; operational
advantages must always be exploredas well. “U.S. Code of Federal Regulation 21 CFR Part 600, 606, and 610” and “EU
Directive 2003/94/EEC” are the prominent regulations reqested CSV, while “Volume 4 Good Manufacturing Practice
Medicinal Products for Human and Veterinary Use - Annex 11: Computerised Systems” considered the main guidlines for
CSV in biopharmaceutical industries in European Union. This paper aims to provide simplifed guidance on the basic
requireents for computer system validation (CSV) based on the latest regulatory developments and industry trends. In
conclusion, CSV has the great impact on the processes improvement. Also the critical parameters of computer systems
validation for biopharmaceutical indsutries are highlighted.
#AHMED_HASHAM
https://medwinpublishers.com/OAJPR/computerized-systems-validation-csv-in-biopharmaceutical-industries.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Enhancing the adsorption of disinfection by products onto activated carbon using ti o2 nanoparticles
1. Int. J. Chem. Technol. 2019, 3 (1), 67-71 Moustafa and Hesham
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.32571/ijct.481482 E-ISSN:2602-277X
67
International Journal of Chemistry and Technology
http://dergipark.org.tr/ijct
Short Communication
Enhancing the adsorption of disinfection by-products onto activated carbon using
TiO2 nanoparticles
Rafat MOUSTAFA1,
*, Ahmed HESHAM2
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
Received: 01 November 2018; Revised: 10 May 2019; Accepted: 11 May 2019
*
Corresponding author e-mail: Rafat.moustafa@outlook.com
Citation: Moustafa, R.; Hesham, A. Int. J. Chem. Technol. 2019, 3 (1), 67-71.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
The removal of contaminants from consumable
waters by the traditional water treatment techniques is highly
difficult. Disinfection of water alludes to the inactivation or
pulverization of unsafe living pathogenic beings, which living
in the water. Occurrence of disinfection by products (DBPs)
during disinfection normally demonstrates lethal impacts on
human health. Granular activated carbon (GAC) has the oldest
history of decreasing of organic matters, but its role is reducing
by time. TiO2 is used to accelerate the removal of the DBPs.
TiO2 nanoparticles have good adsorption phenomena on the
removal of those organic compounds at various pHs and
temperatures and give good results. This study proved that TiO2
nanoparticles enhanced the efficiency of GAC to remove DBPs
from water. While the elimination of trihalomethanes (THMs),
dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA)
using 0.5 g of GAC was determined as 61.7, 69.8 and 83.2%
respectively, the elimination of them by 0.1 g of TiO2
nanoparticles:GAC (1:1) was estimated as 100, 96 and 100%,
respectively.
Keywords: Disinfection by-products, drinking water,
nanoparticles TiO2, THMs.
TiO2 nanopartikülleri kullanılarak
dezenfeksiyon yan ürünlerinin aktif karbon
üzerine adsorpsiyonunun arttırılması
ÖZ
Geleneksel su arıtma teknikleri ile kirletici maddelerin
tüketilebilir sulardan uzaklaştırılması oldukça zordur. Suyun
dezenfekte edilmesi, suda yaşayan, güvensiz yaşayan patojenik
varlıkların etkisizleştirilmesine veya toz haline getirilmesine
yol açar. Dezenfeksiyon sırasında dezenfeksiyon yan ürünlerin
(DBP'lerin) oluşması normalde insan sağlığı üzerinde ölümcül
etkiler göstermektedir. Granül aktif karbon (GAC) organik
maddeleri azaltma da en eski geçmişine sahiptir, ancak onun
rolü zamanla azalmaktadır. TiO2, DBP'lerin uzaklaştırılmasını
hızlandırmak için kullanılmaktadır. TiO2 nanopartikülleri,
çeşitli pH'larda ve sıcaklıklarda bu organik bileşiklerin
uzaklaştırılmasında iyi adsorpsiyon olgusuna sahiptir ve iyi
sonuçlar vermektedir. Bu çalışma, TiO2 nanoparçacıklarının
DBP'leri sudan uzaklaştırmak için GAC'nin etkinliğini
arttırdığını ispatlamıştır. 0.5 g GAC kullanılarak
trihalometanlar (THM'ler), dikloroasetik asit (DCAA) ve
trikloroasetik asit (TCAA)' in eliminasyonu sırasıyla % 61.7,
69.8 ve 83.2 olarak belirlenirken, bunların 0.1 g Ti02
nanopartikülleri:GAC (1:1) ile giderilmesi sırasıyla % 100, 96
ve % 100 olarak belirlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Dezenfeksiyon yan ürünler, içme suyu,
nanopartiküller TiO2, THMs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The disinfection procedure of drinking water plans to
execute as well as inactivate pathogens may have the
unintended outcome of framing disinfection by-products
(DBPs).
1
At the point when the disinfectant free chlorine
is utilized, more than 500 disinfections by- products
(DBPs) have been recognized. Trihalomethanes (THMs)
and haloacetic acids (HAAs) account for a significant
portion of the total DBPs formed in the reaction of free
chlorine with natural organic matter (NOM) in water and
are related with human health concerns.
2
They are
directed in numerous nations according to world health
organization (WHO) regulation. DBP formation can be
overseen in metropolitan drinking water frameworks
through antecedent expulsion and modification of disin-
2. Int. J. Chem. Technol. 2019, 3 (1), 67-71 Moustafa and Hesham
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.32571/ijct.481482 E-ISSN:2602-277X
68
fection parameters.
3
Disinfection parameters that may
affect DBP formation include concentration and type of
disinfectant, pH, temperature and contact time. DBP
precursors, especially those of THMs and HAAs, include
humics (hydrophobic) and other compounds with UV254
absorbance.
4
Upgraded coagulation is the best available
technique that is economically for removal of DBP
precursors (hydrophobic NOM), where coagulation
parameters are acclimated to accomplish greatest DBP
precursor removal.
5
Advanced oxidation processes
combining ozone, H2O2, and/or UV light are also
emerging as effective ways to degrade contaminants in
water including DBP precursors.
6
TiO2 nanomaterial is
promising with its high potential and outstanding
performance in photocatalytic environmental applications
TiO2 photo catalysis has been shown to reduce THM and
HAA formation by degrading DBP precursors and also
by providing disinfection capability.
5
TiO2 absorbs light
and dissipates it through the excitation of an electron to
its conduction band, creating what is termed an
electron/hole pair.
7
The electrons and holes can then
directly degrade NOM in the water or can create reactive
oxygen species (ROS) such as the hydroxyl and
superoxide radicals that can then degrade NOM.
8
TiO2
requires low chemical and energy inputs; needing only
UV light and the TiO2 catalyst. Elimination of NOM and
DBPs from drinking water using photo catalytically
regenerable nanoscale adsorbents has been developed by
Stephanie and others during 2019.
9
2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1. Materials
Pentane 99 % – sodium thiosulfate anhydrous 99%
assay–sulfuric acid 99%. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
99%-Ultra pure water. All chemicals, reagents and
reference materials of THM, HAAs, and inorganic
chemicals used were of high purity grade. They were
obtained from Acuustanderd Co., Riedel Co, Sigma
Aldrich Co. and Fluka Co. GAC purchased from Calgon
Carbon Corporation, particle sizes of 1.18–2.36 mm –
Mexico, TiO2 nano particles purchased from Reinste Co.
-India, 99+%, 20 nm. Activated carbon loaded by
TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by direct mixing in
(1:1) ratio.
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Determination of Trihalomethane (THM)
The THM species (chloroform,
bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and
bromoform) were measured according to EPA method
551
10,11
, sample was collected in 40 ml brown glass
bottle with screw cap, and then 15 ml was discarded from
each sample bottle. A micro extraction technique was
used, for each bottle, 4 ml pentane were added, then the
Sample bottle was shaken for 1 minute, and left for 10
minutes. About 1 ml from the organic upper layer was
transfer into autosampler vial for injection using gas
chromatography Gas chromatography Varian CP- 3800,
split/spitless injector, Electron Captures Detector, CP-
8400 Autosampler, and Galaxie Chromatography Data
System for acquisition and data analysis have Primary
column - CP SIL 5 CB 30 m X 0. 32 mm, 0.25µm film
thickness.12
While the carrier gas was He of 99.999 %
purity. Gas chromatography was performed under the
following condition: - Inlet condition: split mode, initial
temperature 250°C, pressure 33 psi, split ratio 20:100.
The instrument was calibrated by using THM standards
at 8, 16, 32, 48 and 64 µg l-1
to construct calibration
curve.
2.2.2. Determination of Haloacetic Acids (HAAs)
A micro extraction technique with methyl tert-butyl
ether (MTBE) as the extraction solvent, the HAAs
species (Dichloroacetic acid, Trichloroacetic acid) were
measured according to EPA method 552.2, and GC
chromatography was performed under the following
condition: - Inlet condition: split mode, initial
temperature 35°C, pressure 33 psi, split ratio 100:20 and
Carrier gas type Helium.
13,14
The instrument was
calibrated by using HAA standards at 8, 16, 32, 48 and
64 µg l-1
to construct calibration curve.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Standard THM have been prepared equal
concentration from all (Chloroform,
bromodichloromethane, dibrochloromomethane,
bromoform), taken suitable volume as (100 ml) treated
with granular activated carbon (GAC), shacking 20 min
as duration at pH 6.9 and temperature 25°C, filtrated by
micro filter have pore size 0.47 µm, extraction and
injection on the system which determine DBPs, the
removal of DBPs from treated water by using activated
carbon in bench scale experiment found that an increase
of GAC dosage have a significant in DBPs removal.
GAC has been used to adsorb the DBPs from water
using 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 g. as different dose of
adsorbent. The removal of THMs was 18.4, 26.3, 36.5
and 61.7% respectively while the removal of DCAA was
25.3, 31.7, 50.5 and 69.8% respectively and the removal
of TCAA was 27.8, 43.6, 58.9 and 83.2% as shown in
Table 1, Figures 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
Then 1:1 mixture of GAC and TiO2 nanoparticles has
been used to adsorb the DBPs from water using 0.02,
0.04, 0.06 and 0.1 g. as different dose of adsorbent, the
results were as shown in Table 2. The removal of THMs
was 34.8, 50.5, 83.3 and 100% respectively as shown in
Figure 4, while the removal of DCAA was 27.8, 40.2, 63
and 96% respectively as shown in Figure 5, and the
4. Int. J. Chem. Technol. 2019, 3 (1), 67-71 Moustafa and Hesham
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.32571/ijct.481482 E-ISSN:2602-277X
70
Figure 5. Removal % of DCAA using (1:1) GAC + NP TiO2.
Figure 6. Removal % of TCAA using (1:1) GAC + NP TiO2.
removal of TCAA was 32, 49.1, 69.6 and 100%
respectively as shown in Figure 6. It is very clear that
TiO2 nanoparticles improved the efficacy of GAC in
DBPs adsorption, this enhancement of the GAC activity
will reduce the required QTY of GAC to adsorb the
pollutants from the water.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The study proved that addition of TiO2 nanoparticles
improved the efficiency of the GAC to remove DBPs
from water. The maximum removal of THMs, DCAA
and TCAA was 61.7, 69.8 and 83.2% respectfully using
0.5 g of GAC. The full removal of THMs and THAA
was achieved using 0.1 g. (1:1) of GAC:TiO2
nanoparticles, while the same QTY was achieved 96%
removal of DCAA. This due to the properties of TiO2
and its Photocatalysis / surface phenomenon, which
consider a critical step in intervening in the effectiveness
of photodegradation and adsorption of pollutants on the
photocatalyst surface. Even the results of DBPs removal
using 0.1 g. (1:1) of GAC:TiO2 nanoparticles was very
promising we recommend further investigation about
TiO2 nanoparticles residues and its toxicity, also risk
assessment for overall process for large scale
applications.
Conflict of interests
Authors declare that there is no a conflict of interest with
any person, institute, company, etc.
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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3017-7037 (R. Moustafa)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0202-6664 (A. Hesham)