The document discusses the processes of mixing, coagulation, and flocculation in water treatment. It defines coagulation as destabilizing particles in water so they can attach to other particles and be removed. Flocculation is the formation of larger particles called flocs. Key factors that affect these processes are mixing conditions, pH, alkalinity, temperature, and turbidity. Common coagulant chemicals like alum and ferric salts are added for coagulation. Flocculation aids like polymers can help form stronger flocs. Proper process control includes monitoring these factors. Rapid mixing distributes coagulants uniformly while flocculation encourages floc formation.
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
L8- Sedimentation aided with coagulation.pptxPRACHI DESSAI
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
1、What is ferric sulphate used for?
ferric sulphate is used in various fields such as dentistry and dermatology. It is thought to stop bleeding by chemically interacting with certain proteins in the blood. Other applications include odorants, solid separators, and water treatment chemicals.
2、what is ferric sulfate used for in water treatment?
Ferric sulfate acts as a coagulant and chemical reaction. Like alum, ferrous sulfate requires alkalinity in water to form the lambda particle iron hydroxide [Fe(OH)3]. When natural alkalinity is insufficient, alkaline chemicals (e.g. soluble salts containing CO-2, OH- ions) should be added.
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
L8- Sedimentation aided with coagulation.pptxPRACHI DESSAI
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
1、What is ferric sulphate used for?
ferric sulphate is used in various fields such as dentistry and dermatology. It is thought to stop bleeding by chemically interacting with certain proteins in the blood. Other applications include odorants, solid separators, and water treatment chemicals.
2、what is ferric sulfate used for in water treatment?
Ferric sulfate acts as a coagulant and chemical reaction. Like alum, ferrous sulfate requires alkalinity in water to form the lambda particle iron hydroxide [Fe(OH)3]. When natural alkalinity is insufficient, alkaline chemicals (e.g. soluble salts containing CO-2, OH- ions) should be added.
The document describes the application of super absorbent polymer. It finds use in diapers, female sanitary napkins, agricultural application as water retainer, etc...
Hydra Bio Accelerator for Land Soil RemediationAmyWhite11
Hydra Bio Accelerator is a beneficial composition to reduce organic pollutants and release oxygen slowly in soil. The product is concentrated, stable and has low soluble properties. For more information: http://grease-eater.co.uk/land-soil-remediation.html
Nanotechnology role in the Long-Term Sustainability of Water Resources 04 May...Ahmed Hasham
Currently nanotechnology plays a vital role in water purification techniques. Nanotechnology is the process of manipulating atoms on a nanoscale. In nanotechnology, nano-membranes are used with the purpose of softening the water and removal of contaminants such as physical, biological and chemical contaminants.
Computerized system validation (CSV) as a requirement for good manufacturing ...Ahmed Hasham
The biopharmaceutical industries has more and more used computers to support and accelrate producing of their
products. Computer systems also are accustomed support routine offer of high quality products to boost production
process performance, scale back production prices, and improve product quality. it's vital that these systems square
measure suitable purpose from a business and restrictive perspective. Regulatory authorities treat a lack of regulatory
computer system compliance as a serious GxP deviation.
Covid-19: risk assessment and mitigation measures in healthcare and non healt...Ahmed Hasham
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the third emerging human coronavirus, leading to fatal respiratory
distress and pneumonia. The disease originated in December 2019 in Wuhan City,
Hubei province, China. As of 23 November 2021, over 258 million cases and 5.1 million deaths
have been reported in more than 222 countries and territories worldwide. The COVID-19 is
under biological hazards group 4 of high risk of spreading to the community with the potential
to overwhelm the health system, especially in resource limited countries. Transmission
of COVID-19 within healthcare and non-healthcare facilities has been recorded. Therefore,
several authorities such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), and other global partners issued guidance to mitigate the
COVID-19 pandemic in these facilities. A global emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic
requires various studies of mitigation measures and risk assessment. The Failure Mode and
Effects Analysis (FMEA) was used as a tool for risk assessment in healthcare and clinical
fields that assigns a numerical value to each risk associated with failure. Therefore, in this
review, the FMEA procedure was used to evaluate the COVID-19 risks and risk groups in
health care and non-healthcare workplaces. Proposed mitigation measures and risk ranking
tools were also summarized. The COVID-19 transmission risk should be theoretically and
practically reduced by applying the best hygienic practices. However, providing safe work
practices must be improved for infection control measures in healthcare and non-healthcare
workplaces. Additionally, it is recommended to reassess the risk of COVID-19 infection from
time to time, especially after vaccines availability.
Selected nanotechnology applications in industrial waste water treatment a r...Ahmed Hasham
Nanotechnology is considered the future of the world in most physics and chemical solutions that cannot
be applied in many scale level. This review aimed to highlight the different uses of nanotechnology in industrial
waste water treatment system because it is very important issue to protect the environment from the different liquid
industrial pollutants. Nanoparticles is defined by some as nanomaterials, and these materials has unusual properties
not present in ordinary materials. Nano, typically employed as a prefix, is defined as one billionth of a quantity or
term that is represented mathematically 10 9-
. Generally, refers to the processes that produces and use matter at the
nanometre level. From the review Nano-technology can be used to minimize the cost, accelerate the process and
improve the efficiency of industrial waste water treatment. Nanoparticles found to be one of the best solution in
the field of industrial waste water treatment.
Process validation-and-critical-regulatory-requirements-in-manufacturing-of-i...Ahmed Hasham
Process validation is the most critical regulatory requirement for licensed biopharmaceuticals and vaccine facilities. It is also considered as an economic issue through understanding and controlling any process and subsequently minimizing the processes failures. The process design (PD), process qualification (PQ) and continued process verification (PV) are the main three stages for industry for process validation. It was defined as the collection and evaluation of data, from the process design stage throughout production, to establishe a scientific evidence that a process is consistently delivering high quality products and in accordance with the principles of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). The challenges of vaccine production process are not limited to its complicated details which may change the validity of the process but also the cross process that still the biggest challenge. Therefore, process validation in biopharmaceutical industries has the high priority specially vaccine production. In conclusion, continuous monitoring and validation of inactivated veterinary vaccines has the great impact on defects, nonconformance decreasing and processes improvement. Also the critical parameters of process validation of inactivated veterinary vaccine manufacturing are highlighted.
Process validation and critical regulatory requirements in manufacturing of i...Ahmed Hasham
Process validation is the most critical regulatory requirement for licensed biopharmaceuticals and vaccine facilities. It is also considered as an economic issue through understanding and controlling any process and subsequently minimizing the processes failures. The process design (PD), process qualification (PQ) and continued process verification (PV) are the main three stages for industry for process validation. It was defined as the collection and evaluation of data, from the process design stage throughout production, to establishe a scientific evidence that a process is consistently delivering high quality products and in accordance with the principles of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). The challenges of vaccine production process are not limited to its complicated details which may change the validity of the process but also the cross process that still the biggest challenge. Therefore, process validation in biopharmaceutical industries has the high priority specially vaccine production. In conclusion, continuous monitoring and validation of inactivated veterinary vaccines has the great impact on defects, nonconformance decreasing and processes improvement. Also the critical parameters of process validation of inactivated veterinary vaccine manufacturing are highlighted.
Poultry Manure (PM) produced in Egypt in huge amount and considered as an environmental problem. Poultry waste can, however, be fermented anaerobically to produce biogas, but its great majority of nitrogen that affects the efficiency and methane ratio of generated biogas. So, the aim of this work to enhance the methane ratio in biogas produced from Poultry Manure using the Dried Bread (DB). 100:0, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 0:100% ratios of DB:PM mixtures has been studied. Biogas yield, C/N ratio, pH, and methane content were studied. The initial pH was 6.43±0.01, 6.85+0.31 6.87±0.56, 6.89±0.23, and 6.95±0.35 respectively; and finally, it was 7.9±0.50, 8.20±0.03, 8.51±0.34, 8.64±0.21 and 8.86+0.25 respectively. While the produced biogas from 100 gm from each mixture was 1180, 1050, 943, 890 and 785 mL respectively with regression coefficient = 0.983. From the obtained results the biogas with high methane content (56%) was produced from mixture of 3:1 DB: PM. The study conclude that Dried Bread can be used to enhance the properties of poultry manure for best biogas quality.)
Nanoparticles as a novel and promising antiviral platform in veterinary medicineAhmed Hasham
Traditional veterinary virus vaccines, such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, have achieved tremendous success
in controlling many viral diseases of livestock and chickens worldwide. However, many recent viral outbreaks caused by
diferent emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to be reported annually worldwide. It is therefore necessary to develop
new control regimens. Nanoparticle research has received considerable attention in the last two decades as a promising
platform with signifcant success in veterinary medicine, replacing traditional viral vector vaccines. However, the feld of
nanoparticle applications is still in its initial phase of growth. Here, we discuss various preparation methods, characteristics,
physical properties, antiviral efects, and pharmacokinetics of well-developed nanoparticles and the potential of nanoparticles
or nano-vaccines as a promising antiviral platform for veterinary medicine.
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
Water pollution is one of the environmental challenges facing the world society. Consequently, the pollutants both domestic and industrial wastewater are identified as an environmental threat. Hydrochar (HC) appears as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to this environmental threat. HC is the solid produced from the wet pyrolysis process for biomass that is rich in carbon in a sub-critical liquid phase, called the Hydro-Thermal Carbonization Process (HTC). This review aims to address the possibility of using HC as the most effective solution to the industrial wastewater. HTC has proven a greater yield than dry pyrolysis (30%-60% wt). To date, HC is listed as a promising lower-cost alternate adsorbent for removing wastewater pollutants. In Egypt for example, only few studies have been published investigating the properties of HC and its environmental applications. In this review, we will shed light on the preparation, characterization, and previous studies on the development and recent applications of HC. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to produce HC at a commercial scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is only few research studies addressing the HC production in the Middle East countries. Therefore, the door is still opened for more research on developing production techniques on HC from different biomass, and implementation in various environmental applications
Evaluation of the levels of haloacetic acids in gharbiya governorate, egypt[#...Ahmed Hasham
The occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) was studied in the drinking water samples from Gharbiya
governorate water treatment plants and its water supply network that served more than 5 million people. Drinking
water disinfection by-products are formed when a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter and/or
bromide/iodide present in a raw water source. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids are the two most prevalent
classes of DBPs and are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as being subject to World
Health Organization guidelines due to their potential health risk. Drinking water samples were collected from 4
sites monthly over one year (2017-2018). The aims of the present study are to investigate the levels of HAAs in
Gharbiya governorate (middle of Delta Egypt) drinking water. monochloroacetic acid ranged from 6.8 to 32.5
µg/L, dichloroacetic acid ranged from 9.8 to 43.7 µg/L, and the trichloroacetic acid ranged from 6.5 to 31.8 µg/L,
the minimum values observed during winter 2018 and the maximum value observed during summer 2017., The
HAAs species values were complying with the Egyptian standard (Ministerial Decree No.458/2007) and as well
as WHO 2012) standards for drinking water
Enhancing the adsorption of disinfection by products onto activated carbon us...Ahmed Hasham
The removal of contaminants from consumable waters by the traditional water treatment techniques is highly difficult. Disinfection of water alludes to the inactivation or pulverization of unsafe living pathogenic beings, which living in the water. Occurrence of disinfection by products (DBPs) during disinfection normally demonstrates lethal impacts on human health. Granular activated carbon (GAC) has the oldest history of decreasing of organic matters, but its role is reducing by time. TiO2 is used to accelerate the removal of the DBPs. TiO2 nanoparticles have good adsorption phenomena on the removal of those organic compounds at various pHs and temperatures and give good results. This study proved that TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the efficiency of GAC to remove DBPs from water. While the elimination of trihalomethanes (THMs), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) using 0.5 g of GAC was determined as 61.7, 69.8 and 83.2% respectively, the elimination of them by 0.1 g of TiO2 nanoparticles :GAC (1:1) was estimated as 100, 96 and 100%, respectively.
The biopharmaceutical industries has more and more used computers to support and accelrate producing of their
products. Computer systems also are accustomed support routine offer of high quality products to boost production
process performance, scale back production prices, and improve product quality. it's vital that these systems square
measure suitable purpose from a business and restrictive perspective. Regulatory authorities treat a lack of regulatory
computer system compliance as a serious GxP deviation. The objective of regulated computer systems includes systems
used to manage data or support descion making subject to review by regulated authorities whether they are being
submitted because its impact on quality or on business. Investments in computer systems supporting the quality controls
to ensure that the process is followed correctly, reducing human error and the need to conduct manual checks,
Standardization of practices to build consistent ways of working, Speed-up of process cycle times by reducing wait times
and by improved scheduling...etc.Computer systems shouldn't be enforced only for restrictive compliance; operational
advantages must always be exploredas well. “U.S. Code of Federal Regulation 21 CFR Part 600, 606, and 610” and “EU
Directive 2003/94/EEC” are the prominent regulations reqested CSV, while “Volume 4 Good Manufacturing Practice
Medicinal Products for Human and Veterinary Use - Annex 11: Computerised Systems” considered the main guidlines for
CSV in biopharmaceutical industries in European Union. This paper aims to provide simplifed guidance on the basic
requireents for computer system validation (CSV) based on the latest regulatory developments and industry trends. In
conclusion, CSV has the great impact on the processes improvement. Also the critical parameters of computer systems
validation for biopharmaceutical indsutries are highlighted.
#AHMED_HASHAM
https://medwinpublishers.com/OAJPR/computerized-systems-validation-csv-in-biopharmaceutical-industries.pdf
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
2. Mixing, coagulation , and flocculation
3/26/2017
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https://eg.linkedin.com/in/ahmed-hasham-mmba-01024b27
Chemist / Ahmed Hasham (Hesham) ahmedhasham83@gmail.com
3. About the presenter
Member of the Board scientists - Egypt.
Member of Scientific Professions Syndicate.
Member of the Arab Society for experts and Safety Professionals.
Member of the International Association of Engineers.
Expert of water and waste water treatment technologies.
Certified trainer in water treatment field .
Certified trainer in Quality Management Systems field.
https://eg.linkedin.com/in/ahmed-hasham-mmba-01024b27
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
3
4. 3/26/2017
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Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Coagulation and flocculation
3. Particulates in source waters
4. Rapid mixing process
5. Enhanced coagulation
6. Coagulant chemicals
7. Flocculation
8. Flocculation aids
9. Factors Which Affect the Coagulant Work
10.Process Control
11.Coagulation/Flocculation Facilities
12.Types of Rapid Mixing Systems
13.Types of Flocculators
5. Coagulation and flocculation
May be described as chemical and physical processes that mix
coagulating chemicals and flocculation aids with water.
The overall purpose is to form particles large enough to be
removed by the subsequent settling or filtration processes.
colloids, suspended material, bacteria, and other organisms an
be removed by coagulation, flocculation , sedimentation, and
filtration.
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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8. Coagulation
Coagulation is the process in which chemicals are added to
water, causing a reduction of the forces tending to keep
particles apart.
Particles in source water are in a stable condition.
The purpose of coagulation is to destabilize particles and
enable them to become attached to other particles so that
they may be removed in subsequent processes.
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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9. Particulates in source waters
Particulates in source waters that contribute to color
and turbidity are mainly clays , silts, viruses, bacteria,
fulvic and humic acids, minerals (including asbestos,
silicates , silica, and radioactive particles), and organic
particulates.
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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10. Rapid mixing process
At pH levels above 4.0, particles or molecules are generally negatively charged.
The coagulation process physically occurs in a rapid mixing process.
Mixing is commonly referred to as flash mixing, rapid mixing, or initial mixing.
The purpose of rapid mixing is to provide a uniform dispersion of coagulant
chemical throughout the influent water.
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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12. Enhanced coagulation
Enhanced coagulation (removal of TOC) can be achieved in most cases
by either:
1. Increasing coagulant chemical dosage.
2. Adjusting the pH during the coagulation reaction.
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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13. Coagulant chemicals
Coagulant chemicals are inorganic or organic chemicals that, when
added to water at an optimum dosage, cause particle destabilization.
Most coagulants are cationic when dissolved in water and include
chemicals such as alum, ferric salts, lime, and cationic organic polymers.
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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14. Coagulant chemicals
The most commonly used coagulants are :
1. Alum (aluminum sulfate), A12(SO4)3 • 14H20. The most common coagulant in the United
States, it is often used in conjunction with cationic polymers.
2. Polyaluminum chloride, AI(OH)x(Cl)y. This is efficient in some waters, requiring less pH
adjustment and producing less sludge.
3. Ferric chloride, FeCl3. This may be more effective than alum in some applications.
4. Ferric sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3. It is effective in some waters and more economical in some
locations.
5. Cationic polymers can be used alone as the primary coagulant or in conjunction with
aluminum or iron coagulants.
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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15. Flocculation
Flocculation is the agglomeration of small particles and colloids to
form settleable or filterable particles (flocs).
A separate flocculation process is most often included in the
treatment train to enhance contact of destabilized particles and to
build floc particles of optimum size, density, and strength.
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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16. Flocculation aids
Flocculation aids are chemicals used to assist in forming larger,
denser particles that can be more easily removed by sedimentation
or filtration. Cationic, anionic, or non-ionic polymers are most often
used in dosages of less than 1.0 mg/L.
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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18. Flocculation Aids
Floc formed in many waters with alum is light and fragile and somewhat
difficult to settle. Polymers and other additives can often help form a floc
that is more efficiently removed by settling and filtration. Typical additives
used for flocculation aids are :
1. High-molecular-weight anionic or nonionic polymers.
2. Activated silica.
3. Bentonite
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19. 19 Factors Which Affect the Coagulant Work
1. Mixing Conditions
2. pH
3. Alkalinity
4. Water Temperature
5. Turbidity
If the alkalinity concentration in the water is not high enough, and
effective floc will not form when either alum or ferric sulfate is used.
Metal salts (alum, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) consume natural alkalinity.
20. 20
Factors Which Affect How Well a Coagulant Work
Each mg/L of alum will consume 0.5 mg/l total alkalinity (as CaCO3).
Each mg/L ferric sulfate will consume 0.75 mg/L total alkalinity (as CaCO3).
Each mg/L ferric chloride will consume 0.92 mg/L total alkalinity (as CaCO3).
It may be necessary to add alkalinity to the water (lime, soda ash, caustic soda) to the
water in order for the metal salts to work properly. The doses should be confirmed with
jar testing.
21. 21
Process Control
These raw water characteristics should be monitored in order to do a
thorough job of chemical selection.
1. Temperature
Low water temperatures slow chemical reactions, causing decreased
efficiency and slow floc formation.
Higher coagulant doses may be required to maintain acceptable results.
2. pH
Extremes can interfere with the coagulation/flocculation process.
The optimum pH depends on the specific coagulant.
22. 22 Process Control
3. Alkalinity
Low alkalinity causes poor coagulation.
May be necessary to add alkalinity (lime, caustic soda, soda ash).
4. Turbidity
Difficult to form floc with low turbidity water, may need to add weighting
agents.
5. Color
Indicates presence of organic chemicals which can react with the
coagulant, and with chlorine to form disinfection byproducts.
24. 24 Coagulation/Flocculation Facilities
Flash Mix - purpose is to distribute the coagulant rapidly and evenly throughout the
water.
Water should be stirred violently for a brief time to encourage the greatest number
of collisions between particles as possible.
Types of Mixers: Mechanical - Pumps and Conduits
Detention time should be 30 seconds or less (Design Criteria).
Flocculation - provides for gentle mixing to encourage floc formation.
Detention time of at least 30 minutes, with a detention time of 45 minutes preferred.
25. Adjustment of pH
Control of pH and alkalinity is an essential aspect of coagulation. The optimum pH
for coagulation varies but is generally within the following ranges for turbidity
removal:
Alum: pH 5.5 to 7.5; typical pH 7.0
Ferric salts: pH 5.0 to 8.5; typical pH 7.5
It can be necessary to adjust the pH of some source waters to achieve optimum
coagulation.
The pH is often lowered by adding carbon dioxide or an acid.
Alum and ferric chloride consume alkalinity and can lower pH
it may be necessary to add caustic soda or lime to raise pH and to offset the
acidity of metal-ion coagulants, even in an enhanced coagulation mode of
operation.
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26. optimum pH for organics removal
Typically, the optimum pH for organics removal with alum is between 6.0
and 6.5, and between 5.5 and 6.0 for ferric coagulants. Often,
polyaluminum chloride can provide organic removal without as significant
a decrease in pH.
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27. Types of Rapid Mixing Systems
Coagulant chemicals can be mixed by several methods, including :
1. Mechanical devices in a dedicated basin
2. In-line blenders
3. Hydraulic methods
4. Air mixing
5. Induction mixing
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29. Types of Flocculators
Mechanical Flocculators. Mechanical flocculators are preferred by most
design engineers because of their greater flexibility in varying G values and
because they have low head loss. Typical arrangements for horizontal
shaft, reel-type flocculators, and vertical paddle units
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30. 30
Types of Flocculation Tanks
Mechanical Flocculators
Paddle wheel Type (vertical and Horizontal Types)
Foil Type Mixing Blade
31. 31 Types of Flocculation Tanks
Hydraulic Flocculators
The axial flow flocculators are typically used because they impart a nearly
constant gradient in each compartment.
Flocculators are designed to have a minimum of three compartments to
provide for tapered (to make smaller gradually) mixing.
The velocity gradient, G is tapered so that it is larger in the first compartment
and less is the other compartments as the floc grows.
35. References
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• water treatment plant design , american water works association edward e, baruth
• http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Domestic
water treat.htm
• http://resources.jorum.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1015