Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
Optimum Conditions for the Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution with Bamb...theijes
The performance of two varieties of Bamboo activated carbon (CABC washed and CABC unwashed), produced by chemical activation with ZnCl2, was evaluated through batch adsorption studies for the removal of Cadmium from aqueous solution. The effects of adsorbent dose, initial concentration of cadmium, agitation time, adsorbate p and, particle size were used as variables to obtain the optimum conditions for the removal of cadmium. Results obtained revealed that as the adsorbent dose increased, the amount adsorbed per unit mass decreased indicating that more active sites were utilized at smaller adsorbent dose. Also, the effects of initial cadmium concentration showed that percentage removal rate increased with increase in cadmium concentration due to availability of more metal ions at higher concentrations. Thus, all the carbons achieved at least 82.62% removal at initial Cadmium concentration of 50mg/l. The optimum pH was 5 and 7 for CABC unwashed and CABC washed respectively while the optimum particle size was 50μm for all the carbon tested. Furthermore, CABC unwashed performed better as an adsorbent because it achieved 71.48% removal of Cadmium in 60 minutes, while CABC washed achieved 69.46% removal in 120mins.
This document describes a study that prepared chitosan from waste prawn shells and evaluated its performance as an adsorbent for Remazol Red dye. Chitosan was characterized using various analytical tools and showed good thermal stability. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration on adsorption capacity. Maximum adsorption of 313.4 mg/g occurred at pH 3.0 after 30 minutes. Experimental data fit the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The study demonstrated that chitosan can be effectively used as a low-cost adsorbent for Remazol Red dye removal from wastewater.
The document discusses wastewater management and treatment. It covers the definition of wastewater, sources of wastewater like households and industries, and effects of untreated wastewater like water pollution and health impacts. It then describes the wastewater treatment process which includes physical, chemical, and biological steps. Primary treatment involves screening and grit removal while secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge. The document also discusses Malaysia's laws and policies around wastewater treatment and standards for treated effluent quality.
1. The document examines the adsorptive removal of Acid Blue 45 dye from aqueous solutions using preformed flocs of ferric sulfate, manganese chloride, and manganese sulfate as adsorbents.
2. Batch experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and to develop adsorption isotherm models. The maximum dye removal was 90%, 85%, and 65% for ferric sulfate, manganese sulfate, and manganese chloride flocs, respectively.
3. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer adsorption on homogeneous sites. This suggests preformed floc ad
1) The document examines the effect of two activated sludge preservation methods - pre-aeration and cold storage - on the sludge's adsorption capacity.
2) Batch experiments were conducted using fresh activated sludge as well as sludge that had been pre-aerated for 4 hours, pre-aerated for 24 hours, or cold-stored for 6 hours. Glucose was used as the adsorbate in the experiments.
3) The results showed that pre-aeration increased the sludge's adsorption capacity, while cold storage resulted in a lower adsorption capacity compared to fresh sludge. There was no significant difference between 4-hour and 24-hour pre-aeration.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Removal of Zinc from Synthetic Wastewater by ...IRJET Journal
This document studies the removal of zinc from synthetic wastewater using activated sawdust as an adsorbent. Sawdust was collected and activated through either acid activation using sulfuric acid or base activation using sodium hydroxide. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the optimal process parameters for zinc removal. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and initial zinc concentration were evaluated. Maximum zinc removal of 98.68% for acid-activated sawdust and 99.58% for base-activated sawdust occurred at a dosage of 5g, pH of 5, contact time of 120 minutes, and initial concentration of 10ppm. The results indicate activated sawdust is an
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
Optimum Conditions for the Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution with Bamb...theijes
The performance of two varieties of Bamboo activated carbon (CABC washed and CABC unwashed), produced by chemical activation with ZnCl2, was evaluated through batch adsorption studies for the removal of Cadmium from aqueous solution. The effects of adsorbent dose, initial concentration of cadmium, agitation time, adsorbate p and, particle size were used as variables to obtain the optimum conditions for the removal of cadmium. Results obtained revealed that as the adsorbent dose increased, the amount adsorbed per unit mass decreased indicating that more active sites were utilized at smaller adsorbent dose. Also, the effects of initial cadmium concentration showed that percentage removal rate increased with increase in cadmium concentration due to availability of more metal ions at higher concentrations. Thus, all the carbons achieved at least 82.62% removal at initial Cadmium concentration of 50mg/l. The optimum pH was 5 and 7 for CABC unwashed and CABC washed respectively while the optimum particle size was 50μm for all the carbon tested. Furthermore, CABC unwashed performed better as an adsorbent because it achieved 71.48% removal of Cadmium in 60 minutes, while CABC washed achieved 69.46% removal in 120mins.
This document describes a study that prepared chitosan from waste prawn shells and evaluated its performance as an adsorbent for Remazol Red dye. Chitosan was characterized using various analytical tools and showed good thermal stability. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration on adsorption capacity. Maximum adsorption of 313.4 mg/g occurred at pH 3.0 after 30 minutes. Experimental data fit the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The study demonstrated that chitosan can be effectively used as a low-cost adsorbent for Remazol Red dye removal from wastewater.
The document discusses wastewater management and treatment. It covers the definition of wastewater, sources of wastewater like households and industries, and effects of untreated wastewater like water pollution and health impacts. It then describes the wastewater treatment process which includes physical, chemical, and biological steps. Primary treatment involves screening and grit removal while secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge. The document also discusses Malaysia's laws and policies around wastewater treatment and standards for treated effluent quality.
1. The document examines the adsorptive removal of Acid Blue 45 dye from aqueous solutions using preformed flocs of ferric sulfate, manganese chloride, and manganese sulfate as adsorbents.
2. Batch experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and to develop adsorption isotherm models. The maximum dye removal was 90%, 85%, and 65% for ferric sulfate, manganese sulfate, and manganese chloride flocs, respectively.
3. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer adsorption on homogeneous sites. This suggests preformed floc ad
1) The document examines the effect of two activated sludge preservation methods - pre-aeration and cold storage - on the sludge's adsorption capacity.
2) Batch experiments were conducted using fresh activated sludge as well as sludge that had been pre-aerated for 4 hours, pre-aerated for 24 hours, or cold-stored for 6 hours. Glucose was used as the adsorbate in the experiments.
3) The results showed that pre-aeration increased the sludge's adsorption capacity, while cold storage resulted in a lower adsorption capacity compared to fresh sludge. There was no significant difference between 4-hour and 24-hour pre-aeration.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Removal of Zinc from Synthetic Wastewater by ...IRJET Journal
This document studies the removal of zinc from synthetic wastewater using activated sawdust as an adsorbent. Sawdust was collected and activated through either acid activation using sulfuric acid or base activation using sodium hydroxide. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the optimal process parameters for zinc removal. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and initial zinc concentration were evaluated. Maximum zinc removal of 98.68% for acid-activated sawdust and 99.58% for base-activated sawdust occurred at a dosage of 5g, pH of 5, contact time of 120 minutes, and initial concentration of 10ppm. The results indicate activated sawdust is an
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
The document summarizes a study on using a combined anaerobic-aerobic reactor system to treat textile wastewater. Key findings include:
- Over 84.62% of ammonia nitrogen and about 98.9% of volatile suspended solids were removed by the system.
- Dissolved oxygen, pH, and organic changes were investigated during the nitrification and denitrification processes. Dissolved oxygen and pH were found to have only slight influences on nitrification, and a 10% removal of nitrogen resulted in about a 3% change in pH.
- The system was able to effectively remove nitrogen and organic materials from textile wastewater through the coupled anaerobic and aer
This document summarizes a study on the removal of Safranin dye from aqueous solution using sodium phosphate (NaP) zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash. The study investigated the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of Safranin dye adsorption onto the synthesized zeolite. Characterization techniques including XRF, SEM, XRD and FTIR were used to analyze the zeolite. Batch adsorption experiments showed maximum dye removal of 97.14% at an equilibrium pH of 9.0, adsorbent dose of 5 g/L, and contact time of 180 minutes. Adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data showed best fit
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of zeolite from coal fly ash and its application in removing inorganic and organic pollutants from wastewater. Key points:
- Zeolite was synthesized from coal fly ash via an alkali fusion process followed by hydrothermal treatment. The synthesized zeolite was characterized using various techniques.
- Batch adsorption studies were conducted to investigate the ability of synthesized zeolite to remove heavy metals like copper, cadmium, lead and dye (safranin) from wastewater. Parameters like contact time, dose, pH and concentration were optimized.
- Adsorption isotherm models like Langmuir, Freundlich, Tem
A comparative study and kinetics for the removal of hexavalentAlexander Decker
The document studies the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using low-cost agricultural and timber wastes as adsorbents. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration, and adsorbent dose on chromium adsorption. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were analyzed. Dried rice husk showed the highest maximum adsorption capacity of 16.94 mg/g, followed by orange peels and other adsorbents. Adsorption was greatest at pH 3 and increased with contact time and adsorbent dose but decreased with increasing initial concentration. Kinetic data fitted well to a pseudo-second order model.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
IRJET- Improvement of Sludge Reduction Efficiency of Ozonation by Microbubble...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving the efficiency of sludge reduction through ozonation using microbubble aeration technology and catalysis. It finds that adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a catalyst and using microbubbles generated by a linear mixer pipe can significantly increase the biodegradability and reduce the mass of sludge. Key results include an oil content reduction from 77.48% to 51.7% after ozonation. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) were also reduced, while COD and NH4+ levels increased. The linear mixer pipe was found to be more effective for microbubble generation and sludge treatment than a jet
IRJET- Preparation of Activated Carbon from PolystyreneIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on preparing activated carbon from polystyrene waste. The researchers used polystyrene waste to create activated carbon via pyrolysis followed by thermal activation. They tested the activated carbon produced for characteristics like moisture content, ash content, density, solubility in water and acid, pH, decolorizing power, phenol number, and iron content. Batch experiments showed the polystyrene-derived activated carbon effectively removed pollutants like chloride from water, with around 80-85% removal achieved within 5 hours. The activated carbon produced adsorption properties similar to commercially available activated carbon. The study thus provides an effective way to utilize polystyrene waste through conversion to useful activated carbon.
Screening and acclimation of efficient simultaneous nitrification and denitri...IJERA Editor
Three bacterial strains (YX3, YX4, YX6) capable of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) were isolated from a polluted river. The strains were identified as Pseudomonas species. Initial tests showed the strains could remove over 85% of ammonium and over 87% of nitrate/nitrite under aerobic conditions, indicating SND ability. When exposed to high-ammonia pharmaceutical wastewater, the strains reduced ammonium levels significantly after 3 days of treatment. After 4 months of acclimation, the strains further improved ammonium removal from the wastewater. This suggests the strains have good potential for treating high-ammonia pharmaceutical wastewater via SND.
This document summarizes a study on using Pongamia pinnata seed shell as an adsorbent for removing copper from simulated wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of parameters like pH, initial copper concentration, amount of adsorbent, and contact time on adsorption capacity. Maximum removal of 98.3% was achieved at pH 8. Adsorption decreased with increasing initial copper concentration but increased with greater adsorbent amounts. Equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes of contact time. Column experiments confirmed the adsorption behavior predicted by batch studies.
The menace of wastewater pollution in the 21st century is becoming alarming. Application of the low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment has received more attention this moment in environmental history than never. Therefore, remediating stale foundry wastewater with Activated Carbon, AC-250 is the focus of this study. Wastewater samples were collected from Lamina Foundry, Nitte, Karnataka State, India and were subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis. The analysis identified the prominent heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mg, and Pb) present in the stale foundry effluent, determined their respective concentrations and treated them using the commercially sourced activated charcoal, AC-250. Effects of four (4) factors viz: adsorbent dosage, contact time, stirring speed and pH on the adsorption process during the wastewater treatment were studied. Optimum conditions required for the most efficient treatment of the wastewater and the treatment cost estimates were determined. The AC-250 is found as efficient in adsorption of the heavy metals from foundry wastewater. In some of the cases a 100% removal is possible, especially with Pb. The analysis of the major experiments on effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time rotating speed and pH on the adsorption process, gave the optimum conditions for removal under which the most efficient treatment of the wastewater containing studied heavy metals was possible. For the optimum treatment conditions, an adsorbent dosage of 1 g, a contact time of 120 minutes, a rotating/agitation speed of 350 rpm and a pH value of 6 are established. An average cost of treating 1 litre of stale foundry wastewater is Rs 23 or 0.4 USD. This study therefore recommends AC-250 as an efficient adsorbent at the given optimum conditions for stale foundry wastewater. The reuse of AC-250 via the process of thermal reactivation at 8000C is encouraged as a means of waste management.
Oily wastewater treatment using polyamide thin film composite membraneMedhat Elzahar
This document summarizes a study that used polyamide thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane filtration to treat edible oil wastewater emulsions. The membrane was characterized and its performance was tested for treating wastewater with oil concentrations between 3000-6000 mg/L. Experimental results showed that adding an activated carbon pre-treatment unit prior to the reverse osmosis membrane increased chemical oxygen demand removal from 94% to 99% and permeate flux from 34 L/m2hr to 75 L/m2hr. The reverse osmosis membrane filtration coupled with activated carbon was found to be an effective hybrid technique for removing over 99% of contaminants from high concentration edible oil wastewater.
Plasma - Water and Waste Water Treatment Based on Plasma Technology. Less Chemical, Lower Sludge, Compact and Require Less Space, Support for Mobile Unit, Lower O&M Cost, Green Technology and Environment
This document summarizes a study that investigated using nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) to control sludge bulking in activated sludge treatment systems. The study operated two lab-scale activated sludge bioreactors, dosing one reactor with NZVI over three trials while monitoring the effects. Initial results showed NZVI helped reduce sludge volume index (SVI) and sludge loss, but higher concentrations were needed. The third trial with a 112.5 mg/L dose reduced SVI but increased effluent contaminants and slightly impacted nitrification. Overall, NZVI showed potential for sludge bulking control but more work is needed to minimize side effects on treatment performance.
Defluoridation of drinking water using low cost bioadsorbentsDayal Kurian
This document describes the design and fabrication of a compact household water treatment system for fluoride removal. It identifies fluoride affected areas in Kerala and evaluates the effectiveness of bio-adsorbents like moringa oleifera seed powder, rice husk activated charcoal, and vetiver root for fluoride removal. Studies show rice husk activated charcoal and a composite bed of 75% charcoal and 25% moringa powder achieves over 90% fluoride removal within 30 minutes in a 4cm deep bed. The project culminates in the fabrication of a prototype household system to treat fluoride contaminated drinking water.
This document summarizes a study that determined the concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium in spice samples from eastern Ethiopia using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Spice samples of fenugreek, black cumin, garlic, and ginger were collected and digested using microwave digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Lead, cadmium, and chromium concentrations were then measured. The study found detectable levels of all three metals in the samples tested, with the highest lead level found in ginger and the only detectable cadmium found in fenugreek. Microwave digestion was determined to be the optimal sample preparation method compared to dry and wet digestion based on shorter time and smaller deviations in results.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
The document studies the removal of copper (Cu(II)) ions from aqueous solutions using activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of operating parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time on Cu(II) adsorption. The results showed that adsorption increased with increasing pH up to 5, adsorbent dosage, and contact time up to 25 minutes. Maximum adsorption occurred at initial Cu(II) concentrations less than 100 mg/L using 1.2 g/L of adsorbent. Equilibrium adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, with a maximum ad
Application of response surface methodology for biosorption of reactive dyes ...IJLT EMAS
1. The document describes a study that used response surface methodology to optimize the biosorption of reactive dyes from textile effluent using dead biomass of the fungus Rhizopus arrhizus.
2. Central composite design was employed to determine the optimum conditions of pH, biosorbent dosage, agitation speed, and contact time for maximum dye removal.
3. Under the optimal conditions of pH 2.0, biosorbent dosage of 3 g/L, agitation speed of 80 rpm, and contact time of 60 minutes, 99.6% of dyes were removed from the wastewater.
Removal of chromium (vi) by activated carbon derived from mangifera indicaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL MOMENT FRAMES AGAINST PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSEcivej
Analyzing progressive collapse plays a pivotal role in diagnosing structure stability caused by earthquake,
explosion, car crashes, and fire and so on. In the current research, condition of progressive collapse has
been analyzed in structures which have been designed based on current codes in Iran. For this purpose, a
couple of steel buildings with steel moment frame systems that have many stories and various bay, have
been evaluated. With sudden removal of each column, the possibility of bridging over other elements has
been studied; besides, alternative path method introduced by the UFC 4-023-03 code has been applied in
the assessment process. Results indicate that the beams located on the highest floor do not have a suitable
performance and in case of sudden removal of each of the columns, it will be impossible to bridge overother elements and it will face collapse and progressive collapse in spite of the fact that other members are
resistant against the collapse.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
The document summarizes a study on using a combined anaerobic-aerobic reactor system to treat textile wastewater. Key findings include:
- Over 84.62% of ammonia nitrogen and about 98.9% of volatile suspended solids were removed by the system.
- Dissolved oxygen, pH, and organic changes were investigated during the nitrification and denitrification processes. Dissolved oxygen and pH were found to have only slight influences on nitrification, and a 10% removal of nitrogen resulted in about a 3% change in pH.
- The system was able to effectively remove nitrogen and organic materials from textile wastewater through the coupled anaerobic and aer
This document summarizes a study on the removal of Safranin dye from aqueous solution using sodium phosphate (NaP) zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash. The study investigated the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of Safranin dye adsorption onto the synthesized zeolite. Characterization techniques including XRF, SEM, XRD and FTIR were used to analyze the zeolite. Batch adsorption experiments showed maximum dye removal of 97.14% at an equilibrium pH of 9.0, adsorbent dose of 5 g/L, and contact time of 180 minutes. Adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data showed best fit
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of zeolite from coal fly ash and its application in removing inorganic and organic pollutants from wastewater. Key points:
- Zeolite was synthesized from coal fly ash via an alkali fusion process followed by hydrothermal treatment. The synthesized zeolite was characterized using various techniques.
- Batch adsorption studies were conducted to investigate the ability of synthesized zeolite to remove heavy metals like copper, cadmium, lead and dye (safranin) from wastewater. Parameters like contact time, dose, pH and concentration were optimized.
- Adsorption isotherm models like Langmuir, Freundlich, Tem
A comparative study and kinetics for the removal of hexavalentAlexander Decker
The document studies the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using low-cost agricultural and timber wastes as adsorbents. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration, and adsorbent dose on chromium adsorption. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were analyzed. Dried rice husk showed the highest maximum adsorption capacity of 16.94 mg/g, followed by orange peels and other adsorbents. Adsorption was greatest at pH 3 and increased with contact time and adsorbent dose but decreased with increasing initial concentration. Kinetic data fitted well to a pseudo-second order model.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
IRJET- Improvement of Sludge Reduction Efficiency of Ozonation by Microbubble...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving the efficiency of sludge reduction through ozonation using microbubble aeration technology and catalysis. It finds that adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a catalyst and using microbubbles generated by a linear mixer pipe can significantly increase the biodegradability and reduce the mass of sludge. Key results include an oil content reduction from 77.48% to 51.7% after ozonation. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) were also reduced, while COD and NH4+ levels increased. The linear mixer pipe was found to be more effective for microbubble generation and sludge treatment than a jet
IRJET- Preparation of Activated Carbon from PolystyreneIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on preparing activated carbon from polystyrene waste. The researchers used polystyrene waste to create activated carbon via pyrolysis followed by thermal activation. They tested the activated carbon produced for characteristics like moisture content, ash content, density, solubility in water and acid, pH, decolorizing power, phenol number, and iron content. Batch experiments showed the polystyrene-derived activated carbon effectively removed pollutants like chloride from water, with around 80-85% removal achieved within 5 hours. The activated carbon produced adsorption properties similar to commercially available activated carbon. The study thus provides an effective way to utilize polystyrene waste through conversion to useful activated carbon.
Screening and acclimation of efficient simultaneous nitrification and denitri...IJERA Editor
Three bacterial strains (YX3, YX4, YX6) capable of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) were isolated from a polluted river. The strains were identified as Pseudomonas species. Initial tests showed the strains could remove over 85% of ammonium and over 87% of nitrate/nitrite under aerobic conditions, indicating SND ability. When exposed to high-ammonia pharmaceutical wastewater, the strains reduced ammonium levels significantly after 3 days of treatment. After 4 months of acclimation, the strains further improved ammonium removal from the wastewater. This suggests the strains have good potential for treating high-ammonia pharmaceutical wastewater via SND.
This document summarizes a study on using Pongamia pinnata seed shell as an adsorbent for removing copper from simulated wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of parameters like pH, initial copper concentration, amount of adsorbent, and contact time on adsorption capacity. Maximum removal of 98.3% was achieved at pH 8. Adsorption decreased with increasing initial copper concentration but increased with greater adsorbent amounts. Equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes of contact time. Column experiments confirmed the adsorption behavior predicted by batch studies.
The menace of wastewater pollution in the 21st century is becoming alarming. Application of the low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment has received more attention this moment in environmental history than never. Therefore, remediating stale foundry wastewater with Activated Carbon, AC-250 is the focus of this study. Wastewater samples were collected from Lamina Foundry, Nitte, Karnataka State, India and were subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis. The analysis identified the prominent heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mg, and Pb) present in the stale foundry effluent, determined their respective concentrations and treated them using the commercially sourced activated charcoal, AC-250. Effects of four (4) factors viz: adsorbent dosage, contact time, stirring speed and pH on the adsorption process during the wastewater treatment were studied. Optimum conditions required for the most efficient treatment of the wastewater and the treatment cost estimates were determined. The AC-250 is found as efficient in adsorption of the heavy metals from foundry wastewater. In some of the cases a 100% removal is possible, especially with Pb. The analysis of the major experiments on effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time rotating speed and pH on the adsorption process, gave the optimum conditions for removal under which the most efficient treatment of the wastewater containing studied heavy metals was possible. For the optimum treatment conditions, an adsorbent dosage of 1 g, a contact time of 120 minutes, a rotating/agitation speed of 350 rpm and a pH value of 6 are established. An average cost of treating 1 litre of stale foundry wastewater is Rs 23 or 0.4 USD. This study therefore recommends AC-250 as an efficient adsorbent at the given optimum conditions for stale foundry wastewater. The reuse of AC-250 via the process of thermal reactivation at 8000C is encouraged as a means of waste management.
Oily wastewater treatment using polyamide thin film composite membraneMedhat Elzahar
This document summarizes a study that used polyamide thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane filtration to treat edible oil wastewater emulsions. The membrane was characterized and its performance was tested for treating wastewater with oil concentrations between 3000-6000 mg/L. Experimental results showed that adding an activated carbon pre-treatment unit prior to the reverse osmosis membrane increased chemical oxygen demand removal from 94% to 99% and permeate flux from 34 L/m2hr to 75 L/m2hr. The reverse osmosis membrane filtration coupled with activated carbon was found to be an effective hybrid technique for removing over 99% of contaminants from high concentration edible oil wastewater.
Plasma - Water and Waste Water Treatment Based on Plasma Technology. Less Chemical, Lower Sludge, Compact and Require Less Space, Support for Mobile Unit, Lower O&M Cost, Green Technology and Environment
This document summarizes a study that investigated using nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) to control sludge bulking in activated sludge treatment systems. The study operated two lab-scale activated sludge bioreactors, dosing one reactor with NZVI over three trials while monitoring the effects. Initial results showed NZVI helped reduce sludge volume index (SVI) and sludge loss, but higher concentrations were needed. The third trial with a 112.5 mg/L dose reduced SVI but increased effluent contaminants and slightly impacted nitrification. Overall, NZVI showed potential for sludge bulking control but more work is needed to minimize side effects on treatment performance.
Defluoridation of drinking water using low cost bioadsorbentsDayal Kurian
This document describes the design and fabrication of a compact household water treatment system for fluoride removal. It identifies fluoride affected areas in Kerala and evaluates the effectiveness of bio-adsorbents like moringa oleifera seed powder, rice husk activated charcoal, and vetiver root for fluoride removal. Studies show rice husk activated charcoal and a composite bed of 75% charcoal and 25% moringa powder achieves over 90% fluoride removal within 30 minutes in a 4cm deep bed. The project culminates in the fabrication of a prototype household system to treat fluoride contaminated drinking water.
This document summarizes a study that determined the concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium in spice samples from eastern Ethiopia using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Spice samples of fenugreek, black cumin, garlic, and ginger were collected and digested using microwave digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Lead, cadmium, and chromium concentrations were then measured. The study found detectable levels of all three metals in the samples tested, with the highest lead level found in ginger and the only detectable cadmium found in fenugreek. Microwave digestion was determined to be the optimal sample preparation method compared to dry and wet digestion based on shorter time and smaller deviations in results.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
The document studies the removal of copper (Cu(II)) ions from aqueous solutions using activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of operating parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time on Cu(II) adsorption. The results showed that adsorption increased with increasing pH up to 5, adsorbent dosage, and contact time up to 25 minutes. Maximum adsorption occurred at initial Cu(II) concentrations less than 100 mg/L using 1.2 g/L of adsorbent. Equilibrium adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, with a maximum ad
Application of response surface methodology for biosorption of reactive dyes ...IJLT EMAS
1. The document describes a study that used response surface methodology to optimize the biosorption of reactive dyes from textile effluent using dead biomass of the fungus Rhizopus arrhizus.
2. Central composite design was employed to determine the optimum conditions of pH, biosorbent dosage, agitation speed, and contact time for maximum dye removal.
3. Under the optimal conditions of pH 2.0, biosorbent dosage of 3 g/L, agitation speed of 80 rpm, and contact time of 60 minutes, 99.6% of dyes were removed from the wastewater.
Removal of chromium (vi) by activated carbon derived from mangifera indicaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL MOMENT FRAMES AGAINST PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSEcivej
Analyzing progressive collapse plays a pivotal role in diagnosing structure stability caused by earthquake,
explosion, car crashes, and fire and so on. In the current research, condition of progressive collapse has
been analyzed in structures which have been designed based on current codes in Iran. For this purpose, a
couple of steel buildings with steel moment frame systems that have many stories and various bay, have
been evaluated. With sudden removal of each column, the possibility of bridging over other elements has
been studied; besides, alternative path method introduced by the UFC 4-023-03 code has been applied in
the assessment process. Results indicate that the beams located on the highest floor do not have a suitable
performance and in case of sudden removal of each of the columns, it will be impossible to bridge overother elements and it will face collapse and progressive collapse in spite of the fact that other members are
resistant against the collapse.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW ...civej
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
SOCIAL AND HEALTH FACILITIES: HEALTH POST PLANNING FOR A NEW CONSTRUCTIVE SYS...civej
This paper tries to analyze a planning for Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in developing countries
through a flexible system construction in order to realize a multi-scale prototype adaptable in different
contexts.
While Emergency Medical Assistance (EMA) is delivered in disasters or emergency situations, Primary
Health Care is based on a support as part of overall development constructing as best multi-purpose
facilities that can be adapted as a social for different tasks and activities. With this approach, we examine
the process of building system structure for different functions by adapting the flexible system to the
different countries, areas and settlements.
The aim is to define guidelines for planning health facilities with multi-criteria approach, identifying a
score to the same factors relating to different contexts. This paper describes a new process to define a
program for a flexible, modular and expandable system for health facilities.
MODIFICATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING PIT TO NEUTRALIZE ACIDIC pH OF RAIN WATER civej
Acidification of rain water in urban cities is playing major environmental issues. Acid rain is generally
caused by the formation of sulphuric acid and nitric acid. These sulphur and nitrogen emission are resulted
from different sources like industries, vehicles etc. Rain water is a major source for ground water recharge
in urban and rural India, Government of India has already provided water policies in 1987 and 2002 for
conservation of water with different technology of harvesting. Roof top rain water harvesting is a good
practice to collect rain water and inject it directly in the ground without much contamination. Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF) suggested different design and material selection for rain water
harvesting pits to remove the suspended particles and other impurities, however no provision of controlling
the pH is provided for the acidic rain water. Hence the present study proposes modification in the existing
rain water harvesting pit to neutralize the acidic pH from rain water.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT USING EVERFE2.24& COMPARISION OF RE...civej
In this study analysis of plain cement concrete pavement was done with 3-D mechanistic FEM computer
programme EVERFE2.24. This programme was developed by Bill David, University of Maine,USA. Rigid
pavement is modelled as a flat slab with DLC as base course and subgrade beneath it.
Stresses in rigid pavement at critical location was calculated due to combined effect of axle load and
environmental factor.These results are compared with IRC58-2015&2002.The disparity between results
are analysed and plotted on graph.
This study finds that stressesgiven by IRC58-2015 is up to 42% less than that given by IRC58-2002, and
stresses given by EverFE2.24 is nearly same as given by IRC58-2002.italso highlighted some issues related
to new code of design i.e. IRC58-2015.
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning.
The Effect of the Use of Mineral Additives on Early and Advanced Age Compress...civej
In this study, the effect of using certain proportions of fly ash, Silica fume and milled blast furnace slag
instead of cement on the early and final pressure resistances of the high strength concretes has been
examined. Within the framework of the experiments, Silica fume has been changed in a ratio of 0-10 %,
milled blast furnace slag between 0-50 %, and fly ash between 0-25 % by means of making the usage rates
of the aforementioned three different mineral additives. "Water/Binder" rate, which is known to be an
important parameter in terms of the compressive strength of concrete, has been changed as 0.20, 0.25 and
0.30 in the context of the experiments, and 100x100x100mm cube samples have been taken from the
mixtures generated separately for each mineral additive type. This samples 2, 7, 28, 56 and 90-day
pressure resistance have been tested.
WARM MIX ASPHALT INVESTIGATION ON PUBLIC ROADS-A REVIEWcivej
Warm mix asphalt has been introduced in Europe in 1997 and in the United State 2002. The first trail of
warm mix asphalt has done publically in Europe in 1999, in U.S.A 2004 and in India 2009. Most of
countries like Germany, Norway, France, U.S.A, Canada, China, Korea, South Africa, India and Brazil
have successfully used the WMA construction on public roads after successful laboratory test. The WMA is
more success in U.S.A compare to European countries (EAPA, 2014). The main goal of WMA is to produce
the bituminous mixtures with similar strength, durability and performance characteristics as HMA
substantially reduced the mixing and compaction temperature.
This study focus on history and development of warm mix asphalt in different countries including
advantage and disadvantage of warm mix asphalt. This paper also reviews the warm mix asphalt in India.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OVER THE PAST, PRESENT AND...civej
Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been a grave issue all over the world. The conventional
environment friendly techniques adopted to tackle the matter is turning futile owing to the appalling
increase in the waste generation rate. The resultant environmental and health hazards emphasise the need
for a more rapid solution. An apt and quick response to India’s mounting waste management and energy
demand crisesis the promotion and execution of waste to energy technologies. Although the MSW
composition and characteristics in the past have been unfavourable for the successful implementation of
waste to energy thermal facilities, there have been variations in the waste characteristics of late, in this
regard. Inert fraction which constituted almost 50% of the Indian MSW in the 1970s reduced by 30-40%by
the early 2000s, making energy recovery facilities an economically and environmentally feasible option.
The varying trends in MSW characteristics in India are analysed and its implications on the thermal energy
recovery techniques are investigated.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civej
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form
the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The
compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility.
Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher
cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable
material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its
Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing
its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in
stiffness.
A Laboratory Study on Acid Modified Bituminous Mixes in Comparison for Ruttin...civej
The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on
pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to
develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were
directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this
context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting
characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to
6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of
400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow
parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of
immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin
binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in
laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
Soil Biotechnology to Treat Nazafgarh Drain Water before Disposal into River ...civej
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many
organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not
able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the
waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken
into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the
polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water
recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken
care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can
efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly
and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single
evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and
could be set up within the area of habilitation.
PERFORMANCE AND RATING OF RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDING civej
The green building concept is becoming more and more popular these days because these are considered
as environment friendly building. The government is taking appropriate steps in implementation of green
building concepts by providing increase in Floor area ratio. They are making action plan on climate change on sustainable habitats by proposing smart city concepts. Further in addition to that BEE is putting their effort on appliance labelling programme which helps in appraisal and clearance of large construction projects. Several corporate organizations, institutions and construction companies are now practising green building concept in the construction. There are many green building rating systems in
place. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design ) was developed in response to this need. The GRIHA is considered as Indian National Rating System which have been finalised after incorporating various modifications suggested by a group of architects and experts. United States Green Building Council administered (LEED) as the leading green building rating system which is ranked first among other systems. LEED is contributing heavily in converting the built environment towards sustainable development. The buildings which come under GRIHA are those which are having land area more than 2,500 Sqm. (except for industrial
complexes). These buildings can undergo this certification programme. The GRIHA doesn’t cover buildings having area less than 2500 sqm so the present study focuses on providing a rating system for small residential buildings. By adopting this rating system more and more buildings may be covered fo sustainable development. It gives a boost to nearby surroundings
RESPONSE OF GROUND SUPPORTED CYLINDRICAL TANKS TO HARMONIC LOADINGcivej
Liquid storage tanks such as water distribution systems, petroleum plants etc constitute an important
component of life line systems. Reducing earthquake effects on Liquid Storage tanks, in order to minimize
the environmental and economic impact of these effects, have always been an important engineering
concern. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of cylindrical ground supported concrete water tanks is
investigated. Analyses are carried out on tank models with different aspect ratios using finite element
software ANSYS. The natural frequencies and modal responses are obtained for impulsive and sloshing
modes. An increase of aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.6 causes to increase impulsive natural frequency 3 times
and sloshing natural frequency 2 times for tank filled with water. The response of the tank to the harmonic
loading is also discussed. Deformation and stress response parameters for various frequencies of harmonic
loading were also investigated. The harmonic response of tanks with different fill conditions were studied
for tanks with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.35. For tank of aspect ratio 0.25, the responses variations are not
significant as in the case of tank with aspect ratio 0.35.
DEFINING LOCAL CONCEPT OF URBAN RAIL STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BEST PR...civej
Basically, Rail-transit Oriented Development (ROD) is an integrated high density mixed use rail station
transit area development for improving accessibility to public transport, enhancing pedestrian friendly
environment as well as increasing urban mobility. Many developed countries have applied the concept of
ROD for generating the compact development of rail station area.
Best practices approach is a selective observation towards several cases with various contexts in order to
get generalization of related theories or concept on practices. In this approach, the study is oriented to
some reasons that make cases being successful. There are two basic components of best practices
approach, i.e. source site and target site. This research elaborated some cases in Japan rail station area
development as source sites for best practices. The finding from elaboration of source sites was brought as
a tool for analyzing the target sites, Jabodetabek rail station area.
The result shows different physical and cultural context between Japan and Indonesia cause the developed
countries concept of ROD cannot be fully applied as it is. It needs some adaptation to be applied in
Indonesia.
INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP TRAITS ON TEAM PERFORMANCE AS CORRELATES OF SUCCESS I...civej
The project environment in Nigeria is shifting from traditional practice towards dispersed teams thereby
creating the need to understand leadership attributes that lead to successful project outcomes. This study
assessed the impact of leadership traits on team performance as correlates of success in construction
projects. Like many other management research, the study involve inferential survey. 172 participants
drawn from the different professions in the construction industry selected from 42 mega projects completed
in the last three years in south-south Nigeria were sampled. Twelve collaborative leadership traits drawn
from emotional, managerial competencies were tested against team performance and team spirit stimulants
from the literature. Mean item score was used to evaluate relevance of the traits to collaborative working
while hypotheses were tested using chi square. While the result of the study is not different from literature,
the far reaching implication is that, project team members’ satisfaction translates into successful projects.
Project management’s leadership quest to satisfy the project team must be guided towards collaboration.
The current result has advance significantly the understanding of team leadership attributes for the
research environment and further buttress the need to meet project participants’ mutual objectives for a
successful project.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the removal of nitrate from groundwater using activated carbon prepared from rice husk and sludge from a paper industry wastewater treatment plant. The key findings are:
- Activated carbon from rice husk achieved a maximum nitrate removal of 93.5 mg/g at pH 4 and 4 hours of contact time. Activated carbon from paper industry sludge achieved 79.5 mg/g removal under the same conditions.
- Adsorption was best fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics.
- Increasing the ratio of ZnCl2 used for activation improved adsorption capacity, with a 1:
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Residuos de flores como adsorventes de bajo costoEmiy Nicole
This document describes research on using flower waste (carnation, rose, and daisy stalks) as a low-cost adsorbent to remove Acid Blue 9 dye from water. Batch experiments tested the effect of pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium was modeled using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with better fit to the Freundlich model. Kinetic studies fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Over 90% removal was achieved at pH 2.0 using 15 mg/L initial dye concentration and 4 g/L adsorbent dosage. The flower wastes were characterized and showed potential as an alternative,
International Journal of Engineering (IJE) Volume (2) Issue (4)CSCJournals
This document summarizes an experimental study on treating distillery effluent using an aerobic reactor with sewage sludge as a seed culture. Microorganisms in the sewage sludge were isolated and identified. The reactor was operated at different initial substrate concentrations and samples analyzed over time for COD, TSS, TDS and pH. The first-order and diffusional models best described the kinetic data, showing decreasing rate constants with increasing initial concentration. The Singh model provided a poor fit. Maximum COD removals of 78-88% were achieved.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
This document summarizes a study that aimed to optimize design parameters for biological wastewater treatment of textile dye waste. The study focused on optimizing aeration period, sludge volume index (SVI), and food-to-microorganism ratio (F/M ratio) to increase removal rates of biodegradable substances and improve treatment efficiency. Through experimentation, the study found that an aeration period of 16 hours was sufficient to reduce COD and BOD levels to compliance standards. It also examined the effects of SVI and F/M ratio on treatment performance. The optimized parameters can make the biological treatment process more cost-effective for treating textile wastewater.
This document discusses pesticide residue methodology, including objectives of pesticide residue analysis, steps in the analysis process, and techniques used at each step. The key steps are sampling, sample preparation, extraction, clean-up, identification, quantification and confirmation. Extraction techniques discussed include liquid-liquid extraction, Soxhlet extraction, tumbling, blending, and solid phase extraction. Clean-up techniques aim to remove interfering substances and include liquid-liquid partitioning, adsorption chromatography using various adsorbents, thin layer chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography.
This thesis investigates the potential of microalgae species to biodegrade reactive blue dye. The study aims to identify dominant microalgae species in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia and examine their ability to degrade dye under different conditions. The methodology involves growing microalgae in culture media, identifying the predominant species, and conducting experiments to determine the effect of culturing medium, substrate concentration, and contact time on dye degradation. Preliminary results found the dominant microalgae species to be Scenedesmus sp., Chlorella sp., Synedra sp., and Achnanthidium sp. Growth curves showed higher biomass concentration when cultured in BBM medium compared to BG-11 medium. Further analysis of dye
The document discusses using low-cost walnut shells to remove two common pesticides, carbofuran and chloropyriphos, from aqueous solutions. Walnut shells were treated chemically and thermally to increase their surface area and porosity for effective adsorption. Batch and column adsorption methods were used to study the adsorption of pesticides under different conditions. Adsorption parameters like pH, contact time, concentration, and kinetics were analyzed. The treated walnut shells showed high adsorption capacity of 97-99% within 30 minutes. The adsorption process was found to be dependent on pH. The document also characterized the adsorbent material using SEM, FT-IR, and surface area analysis
The document summarizes research optimizing batch reactor systems to remove organic carbon from wastewater. Four reactors were tested - two anaerobic and two aerobic. The anaerobic reactors achieved an average 83% COD removal, while the aerobic reactors achieved a higher average 93% reduction. Water quality parameters and COD levels over time were monitored. The results indicate that a large-scale aerobic reactor would be most suitable for maximum organic compound removal.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present study is focused on a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) located at Umaraya, District Baroda. Waste water from about thirty five small and medium scale industries majorly comprising of chemical manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries are treated in this CETP. The incoming wastewater was collected and mixed to prepare samples. They were then oxidized by Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) reduction in COD and BOD were observed at different H2O2 and FeSO4 doses to determine the optimum values. Thereafter pretreated wastewater was subjected to filtration with ordinary charcoal and COD and BOD reductions were noted.COD and BOD reduction of 64.35% and 68.57% respectively was achieved by Fenton’s reagent and after filtration the values were well within the disposal standards. The results clearly indicate that conventional system should be replaced by physicochemical process like oxidation and filtration. Index Terms: CETP, COD and BOD reduction, Fenton’s Reagent, Charcoal Filtration
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED WATERMELO...IRJET Journal
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SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EFFLUENT
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
DOI:10.5121/civej.2016.3214 155
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION
TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF
PESTICIDE EFFLUENT
Aswathy Rajan1
, Sanju Sreedharan2
and Dr.V.Babu3
1
Department of Civil Engineering, SSET, Cochin2
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SSET
3
Development Chemist, Hindustan Insecticide Limited, Cochin
ABSTRACT
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
KEYWORDS
DDT, Dicofol, Solvent extraction, Pesticide Effluent, Activated Carbon
1. INTRODUCTION
Pesticide pollution in surface and ground water has become a major problem today. India is the
largest producer of pesticides in Asia and ranks twelfth in the world for its usage. Pesticides can
have many benefits and lead to better crop harvests. They can also help to limit the health dangers
that insects carrying diseases pose to humans. But indiscriminate use of pesticides becomes
harmful to environment as well as to human being. They are persistent organic pollutant and
accumulate in fatty tissues. Proper treatment methods are essential before the discharge of
pesticide containing effluent from industries to yield rapid improvement in water quality and
thereby protect human and aquatic life. For a pesticide manufacturing industry, recovery
processes like solvent extraction is efficient since it recover one or more wastewater constituents.
The recovered chemical value helps to offset the cost of treatment or can even provide a net
benefit [1]. In solvent extraction process, there may be three major operations. First is the
extraction in which the solute is transferred from water to the solvent. The second is the solute
removal stage in which the solute is separated from the solvent and the solvent is recycled to the
extractor. Third is the solvent recovery stage in which the solvent may be removed from the
wastewater raffinate [2]. Adsorption is one of the most effective processes of advanced
wastewater treatment technologies that industry and academic researchers widely employ for
removal of various pollutants. Activated carbon is one among the most widely investigated
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
156
adsorbent in water treatment process [3]. It is a surface based process in which the adsorbate is
held onto the surface of adsorbent by Vander waals forces. It may also occur due to electrostatic
attraction and chemical bonding. It is one of the well-known method used in the removal of
hazardous compounds from polluted waters [4, 5, 6]. But it is too expensive for concentrated
waste water because of high bed loading involved; such cases would require either a large bed
(high capital investment) or frequent regeneration (high operating cost)[1]. Therefore the
combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique could be very effective in
removing pesticides from pesticide containing effluent.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Solvent Extraction
2.1.1. Preparation of Synthetic Effluent
Synthetic effluent containing DDT and Dicofol were prepared from the stock solution of 100 ppm
each. 20.15 ml of 100 ppm standard DDT stock solutions and 4.6 ml of 100ppm standard Dicofol
stock solutions prepared are pipetted in calibrated 5L flask, which was then diluted to the mark
with distilled water to obtain the concentrations 403 ppb and 93 ppb of Dicofol and DDT
respectively. This was used for the study of removal of pesticides using solvent extraction. The
quantification of the pesticides were performed with Agilent Gas Chromatograph (GC) fitted with
electron capture detector [ECD]. Three different solvents selected for the study were Ethylene
dichloride (EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane.
2.1.2. Experimental Procedure
The experimental work for this study was carried out at a lab scale reactor. Synthetic effluent and
solvents were taken in a round bottom flask and was agitated using an agitator. After agitation,
the mixture was transferred to a separating funnel for settling and the solvent occupied upper or
lower layer based on its specific gravity. After providing the necessary settling time, the synthetic
effluent is separated from the solvent and DDT and Dicofol were extracted from this aqueous
solutions using n-hexane .The extracts were then used for quantification of DDT and Dicofol by
gas chromatography using electron capture detector. The solvent can be reused after distillation.
This procedure is same for all the three solvents for optimising the parameters like agitation
speed, effluent to solvent ratio, agitation time and settling time.
2.2. Adsorption
2.2.1. Materials
The granular activated carbon supplied by M/s. Indo German Company, Cochin was used for this
study. These are produced from selected grades of quality coconut shell charcoal so as to have
high density, high surface area and low ash content. Two different type of carbon considered
were: 12 x 40 US MESH and 8 x 30 US MESH.
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
157
2.2.2. Experimental Methods.
The carbon was washed thoroughly with distilled water to remove the fine particles. The washed
carbon dried at 110 ºC for 10 hours and cooled in a desiccator to room temperature was used
Batch experiments were performed using a series of sample bottles of 500ml capacity with glass
stoppers and 100ml of distilled water was taken in each of the bottles. The sample bottles
containing pesticides spiked synthetic water samples of 1000 µg/l concentration and the
adsorbents were shaken on a mechanical shaker at 150 rpm. The experiments are conducted for
duration of 2 hrs and then analysed in gas chromatography for the quantification of DDT and
Dicofol for the selection of suitable adsorbent and for the optimisation of amount of carbon for
the adsorption studies.
Kinetic study was carried out using the same procedure as that of the selection of suitable
adsorbent for the studies but the experiments was carried out with the optimum amount of
adsorbent and conducted for a duration of 24 hrs at room temperature and the samples were
collected every 30 min up to first 120 min, then every 60 min up to 360 min and final sample
were collected at 12 hrs and 24 hrs. Adsorption studies were also conducted for the development
of adsorption isotherms under same experimental condition (pH-6.5, adsorbent size-8 x 30 and
temperature – room temperature). For this, batch experiments were conducted using Erlenmeyer
flasks of 500 ml capacity with glass stoppers used in all the experiments. Pesticides spiked
synthetic water samples of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2 mg/100 ml concentration
were taken in different bottles and optimum amount of carbon was added to each of the bottle.
The sample bottles were shaken on a mechanical shaker at 150 rpm. After required equilibrium
time, the samples were withdrawn from the shaker and extracted for analysis.
Finally, column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent which was treated by solvent
extraction process using the best solvent selected. The column was made of sintered glass which
had diameter of 1.5 cm and 70 cm length. Column was packed with the selected activated carbon
above a perforated supporting grid. The particles were first soaked in distilled water to avoid
entrapping of air bubbles inside carbon particles and agitated until no air bubbles were detected in
the solution. Synthetic effluent was allowed to pass through the column downwards from an
overhead separating funnel of capacity 2 litre. Flow to the column was adjusted by operating a
valve at the bottom of the separating funnel. The flow from the separating funnel was turned on at
time zero and the column was allowed to fill up to the top level of the carbon bed and bottom
valve of the glass column was adjusted to get the desired out flow. The study was conducted by
filling carbon up to a depth of 50 cm and with a fixed flow rate of 1 ml/min. Samples were
collected at regular time intervals and tested for the pesticides present in the solution after
adsorption
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Results of Solvent Extraction Studies
3.1.1. Study on Optimization of Agitation speed
Three different agitation speeds were taken- 50 rpm, 80 rpm and 120 rpm to study the effect of
agitation speed in solvent extraction process. 80 rpm was observed to be the optimum agitation
speed as there was phase separation occurring between the two layers, the formation of emulsion
was less and proper mixing of synthetic effluent and solvent took place.
4. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
158
3.1.2. Study on Optimization of Effluent to Solvent Ratio
The study of synthetic effluent to solvent ratio on the extraction of pesticides from synthetic
effluent was carried out by varying the synthetic effluent to solvent ratios from 10:1 to 10:3. This
study was done at room temperature with optimised agitation speed and other parameters kept
constant.
Figure1. Pesticide concentration corresponding to different volumes of solvent
From figure 1: it was observed that increase in the volumes of solvent increases the extraction of
pesticides from the synthetic effluent and it was found that optimum effluent to solvent ratio for
EDC, MCB and Hexane were 10:2, 10:1.5 and 10:2.5 respectively. After these ratios, extraction
had almost reached the saturation value. Therefore, when effluent to solvent ratio was considered,
MCB was found to be the best solvent as it required only 150 ml of solvent for 1 litre of synthetic
effluent when compared to the other two solvents.
3.1.3. Study on Optimization of Agitation Time
The study of agitation time on the extraction of pesticides from synthetic effluent was carried out
by varying the agitation time from 10 min to 2 hr. This study was done at room temperature with
optimised agitation speed and optimised effluent to solvent ratio and the other parameters kept
constant.
5. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
159
Figure 2. Pesticide concentration corresponding to different agitation time
From Figure 2, it was observed that increase in agitation time increases the extraction of
pesticides. For DDT and Dicofol, optimum agitation time was found to be 45 min when EDC and
MCB were used and 1 hr for hexane. After this time, extraction of pesticides had almost reached
the saturation value.
3.1.4. Study on Optimization of Settling Time
The study of settling time on the extraction of pesticides from synthetic effluent was carried out
by varying the settling time from 10 min to 2 hr. This study was done at room temperature with
optimised agitation speed, optimised effluent to solvent ratio and optimised agitation time. From
Figure 3, it was observed that increase in settling time increased the extraction of pesticides.
Optimum settling time was found to be 1 hr for all the 3 solvents. After this time, extraction of
pesticides had almost reached the saturation value. Percentage removal of Dicofol and DDT using
three solvents with optimised parameters are shown in figure 3.
Figure 3. Pesticide concentration corresponding to different settling time
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Based on the optimisation study using different solvents like ethylene dichloride,
monochlorobenzene and hexane with different parameters like agitation speed, effluent to solvent
ratio, agitation time and settling time, it was observed that monochlorobenzene was found to be
the best solvent with a percentage reduction of 94.54 % and 89.2 % for Dicofol and DDT
respectively, which was higher than that of the other two solvents. Comparison of percentage
removal using three different solvents with optimised parameters is shown in figure 4.
Figure 4. Percentage removal of Dicofol and DDT using three solvents with optimised parameters
3.2. Results of Adsorption Technique
3.2.1. Selection of Suitable Adsorbent
The percentage removal of Dicofol and DDT using activated carbon (8 x 30 US MESH) were
92.61 % and 92.51 % respectively which was higher than that of activated carbon (12 x40 US
MESH ). Therefore, 8 x 30 grade activated carbon was found to be a good adsorbent and was
selected for further studies.
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Figure 5. Percentage of adsorption of pesticides using different forms of activated carbon
3.2.2. Optimisation of Amount of Carbon.
Figure 6.Percentage adsorption of Dicofol and DDT corresponding to different amount of carbon
Optimisation of amount of carbon was done by varying the carbon amount from 0.5 gm to 2.5 gm
and it was observed that 2 gm was found to be the optimum amount of carbon with percentage
removal of 94.67 % and 95.41 % for Dicofol and DDT respectively.
3.2.3. Kinetic Studies
Kinetic studies were done to obtain the equilibrium time. The study was conducted for duration of
24 hours with the influent concentration of 1 mg/l. It was found that the percentage of adsorption
increases with increase in time and equilibrium was reached at 3 hr for both Dicofol and DDT. A
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major part of adsorption took place at 1-3 hr after which removal rate was decreased. . Activated
carbon (8 x 30) removes 99.38 % of pesticides from water in 24 hr of study because of its large
surface area.
Figure 7. Kinetic curve for Dicofol and DDT using activated carbon (8 x 30)
3.2.4. Adsorption Studies
Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to describe equilibrium isotherm of
adsorption process. Values of Freudlich and Langmuir isotherm constants are shown in table 1.
R2
value is statistical measure of how close the data to the fitted regression line. K is constant
indicative of adsorption capacity of the adsorbent (mg/g (L/mg)1/n), 1/n indicates the intensity of
adsorption, C is equilibrium concentration (mg/L)[7]. If n lies between one and ten, this indicates
a favourable sorption process [8]. For Freundlich isotherm model, linear regression
coefficient (R2
) for Dicofol and DDT were 0.9031 and 0.9034 respectively. Since R2
value is near
to unity and n>1, Freundlich model best fits the experimental results
Table 1. Correlation coefficients and constants with respect to adsorption equilibrium models
3.2.5. Column Study
Column study was conducted to evaluate the capacity of (8 x 30) granular activated carbon for
removing pesticides from the synthetic effluent which had been treated by solvent extraction
process using the solvent- MCB. Influent concentration of Dicofol and DDT were 21.975 ppb and
10.044 ppb respectively. Study was conducted for a duration of 24 hrs and at 24 hr, concentration
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of dicofol and DDT were only 3.65 and 1.983 respectively when the allowed limit was 100
microgram and 10 microgram respectively. Adsorption technique alone had a percentage
reduction of 83.39% and 80.25 % for Dicofol and DDT respectively. Hence the activated carbon
(8 x 30) was a good adsorbent and is very efficient in removing pesticides from water. Pesticide
concentration at different stage of treatment is shown in the table 2.
Table 2. Concentration of pesticides after solvent extraction and adsorption technique
3.2.6. SEM Images.
Samples of adsorbent were taken before and after adsorption and were analyzed using a scanning
electron microscope [SEM] in order to confirm pesticides adsorption in activated carbon, The
SEM photographs of adsorbents before and after adsorption are shown in figures 8 and 9. From
the figures, it is clear that there is significant change in the appearance of the adsorbent surface.
Figure 8. SEM image of activated carbon before pesticide adsorption.
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Figure 9. SEM image of activated carbon after pesticide adsorption.
4. CONCLUSION
The present study was conducted for the estimation of removal efficiencies of the pesticides
Dicofol and DDT using solvent extraction and adsorption technique. In solvent extraction
process, 3 solvents like monochlorobenzene (MCB), Ethylene dichloride (EDC) and hexane were
selected for the optimisation study as these solvents are easily available and economical. These
solvents can be reused after distillation process and therefore overall cost of the treatment is less.
The parameters considered in the optimisation studies were agitation speed, agitation time,
effluent to solvent ratio and settling time. By considering all these parameters for all the three
solvents, MCB was found to be the best solvent as it had higher percentage removal efficiency of
about 94.54 % and 89.2 % for Dicofol and DDT respectively.During adsorption study, three types
of activated carbon( 8x 30, 12 x 40, and -100 US MESH) were selected, out of which activated
carbon (8 X 30) was identified as the best adsorbent for the adsoption study. Optimised amount of
carbon was found to be 2 gm/100 ml. Kinetic study was conducted for determining the
equilibrium time required for the maximum adsorption of the pesticides (Dicofol and DDT) in
8x30 granular activated carbon. The optimum time for adsorption was found to be 3 hrs each for
Dicofol and DDT.
The well-known Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm were applied for the equilibrium adsorption
data and various isotherm parameters were evaluated. Among the two isotherms, Freundlich best
fits the experimental results and shows that the adsorption is progressive. A column study was
also conducted using the selected activated carbon as tertiary treatment after solvent extraction to
test the scope for complete removal of pesticides. After column study, concentration of pesticide
effluent after solvent extraction can be brought down from 21.97 ppb to 3.65 ppb for Dicofol and
10.04 ppb to 1.98 ppb for p.p’-DDT. Thus the concentration of pesticide was within the
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permissible limit after adsorption technique when the allowed limit of Dicofol and DDT were 100
ppb and 10 ppb respectively. Therefore, the activated carbon (8 x 30) was a good and efficient
adsorbent for the removal of above pesticides from water. Data obtained in this study indicates
that the process of solvent extraction alone can’t bring the pesticide concentration within the
permissible limit, but the combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique can
achieve a higher removal efficiency of 99.09% for Dicofol and 97.86 % for DDT.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I extend my sincere thanks to Unit Head, all staffs in R & D and other departments of Hindustan
Insecticide Limited, Kochi for their timely help and support throughout the project. Also, I thank all
the teachers of SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Karukutty, Kochi.
REFERENCES
[1] EPA, "Solvent Extraction Of Wastewater From Acetic Acid Manufacture", April 1980, EPA600/2-80
- 064
[2] Kiezyk and Mackay (1971) ―Waste water treatment by solvent extractionǁ, The Canadia Journal of
Chemical Engineering, Volume 49, Issue 6, pages 747–752.
[3] Rao, Reddy , Venkateswarlu , Seshaiah (2009) ―Removal of mercury from aqueous solutions using
activated carbon prepared from agricultural byproduct/waste” J Enviro Manage 90: 634-643.
[4] Gupta V.K and Imran A (2001), ―Removal of DDD and DDE from waste water using baggasses fly
ash sugar industry wasteǁ, Water Res., 35, 33e-40
[5] Gupta V.K, Jain C.K, Imran A. and Chanda S (2002) ―Removal of Lindane and malathion from
waste water using baggaaae fly ash : A sugar industry wasteǁ Water Res.,3, 2483e-2490.
[6] Sheha R.R and Metwally E (2009) “Equilibrium isotherm modeling of cesium adsorption onto
magnetic materialsǁ, J. Hazard. Mater., 143, 354–361
[7] Muhammad Zahoor (2013) ―Removal of Pesticides from Water Using Granular Activate Carbon and
Ultrafiltration Membrane—A Pilot Plant Studyǁ, Journal of Encapsulatio and Adsorption Sciences, pp
71-76.
[8] Goldberg ―Equations and Models Describing Adsorption Processes in Soilsǁ, Soil Science
Society of America, 677 S. Segoe Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA, Chemical Processes in Soils.
SSSA Book Series (2005) no. 8.
AUTHORS
Aswathy Rajan – Completed B Tech in Civil Engineering from Saintgits College of
Engineering, Pathamuttom, Kottayam and pursuing M Tech in Environmental
Engineering from SCMS School of Engineering And Technology, Karukutty, Cochin.
Sanju Sreedharan, has been working as Faculty, in Civil Engineering Department of
SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Karukutty, Kerala since 2005. For the
last 3 years, she is also associated with SCMS Water Institute – a research and
consultancy centre on water. She had completed, B Tech Degree in Civil Engineering
and M Tech Degree in Environmental Engineering from Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur and currently
pursuing PhD Degree in Civil- Environmental Engineering at School of Engineering, CUSAT, Kochi.
Dr. V. Babu – Working as a Development Chemist in R & D Department, Hindustan Insecticide Limited,
Cochin. Completed Phd from CUSAT and have 27 years R & D experience in Hindustan Insecticide
Limited, Cochin.