This document summarizes an experimental study on treating distillery effluent using an aerobic reactor with sewage sludge as a seed culture. Microorganisms in the sewage sludge were isolated and identified. The reactor was operated at different initial substrate concentrations and samples analyzed over time for COD, TSS, TDS and pH. The first-order and diffusional models best described the kinetic data, showing decreasing rate constants with increasing initial concentration. The Singh model provided a poor fit. Maximum COD removals of 78-88% were achieved.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
The document summarizes a study that used forward osmosis (FO) to remove cadmium (Cd+2) ions from simulated wastewater using a cellulose acetate (CA) membrane. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4.7H2O) was used as the draw solution. The effects of parameters like draw solution concentration, feed solution concentration, operating time, flow rates, and temperature on water flux and Cd+2 ion removal efficiency were investigated. Key findings include: 1) water flux increased with higher draw concentration and temperature but decreased with higher feed concentration and time; 2) Cd+2 ion concentration in the feed effluent increased with feed concentration but decreased with draw flow rate; 3) FO
1) The document examines the effect of two activated sludge preservation methods - pre-aeration and cold storage - on the sludge's adsorption capacity.
2) Batch experiments were conducted using fresh activated sludge as well as sludge that had been pre-aerated for 4 hours, pre-aerated for 24 hours, or cold-stored for 6 hours. Glucose was used as the adsorbate in the experiments.
3) The results showed that pre-aeration increased the sludge's adsorption capacity, while cold storage resulted in a lower adsorption capacity compared to fresh sludge. There was no significant difference between 4-hour and 24-hour pre-aeration.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatal...ijtsrd
A slurry photocatalytic reactor assessed for the degradation of ciprofloxacin CFX . The effect of operating parameters like initial ciprofloxacin concentration, catalyst dosage and pH on ciprofloxacin degradation was analysed in this study. Batch study was conducted and it showed 90 degradation of the CFX. It was observed the optimum concentration of CFX was 1500 µg l, catalyst dosage was 1 g l at the pH of 9 for the duration of 3 hours. The photocatalytic degradation of CFX followed the pseudo first order kinetics. Karthika. V | Vedavalli. S | Afreen Begum. M "Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatalytic Reactor: Optimization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31224.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/31224/photocatalytic-degradation-of-ciprofloxacin-using-tio2-in-a-slurry-photocatalytic-reactor-optimization/karthika-v
The document investigates the efficiency of a photo-Fenton-like process (UV/H2O2/Fe0) for removing the pesticide diazinon from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
1) Optimal parameters for diazinon removal were an H2O2 to Fe0 molar ratio of 1:1, pH of 4, reaction time of 30 minutes, and initial diazinon concentration of 10 mg/L.
2) Under these conditions, diazinon removal and COD reduction were 83.05% and 71.34% respectively.
3) The photo-Fenton-like process is suggested as an effective pretreatment for biological
This document summarizes a study that investigated the adsorption of lead (Pb) from aqueous solution using modified beech sawdust. Some key findings include:
- Maximum Pb removal efficiency of 91.3% occurred at pH 5, while minimum efficiency of 28.04% occurred at pH 7. Maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3841 mg/g.
- As the initial Pb concentration increased from 1 to 7 mg/L, removal efficiency decreased from 91.3% to 33.88%. Increasing adsorbent dose from 2 to 8 g/L improved removal efficiency from 50% to 97.3%.
- Removal efficiency had a decreasing trend after equilibrium was reached
This document describes a study that prepared chitosan from waste prawn shells and evaluated its performance as an adsorbent for Remazol Red dye. Chitosan was characterized using various analytical tools and showed good thermal stability. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration on adsorption capacity. Maximum adsorption of 313.4 mg/g occurred at pH 3.0 after 30 minutes. Experimental data fit the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The study demonstrated that chitosan can be effectively used as a low-cost adsorbent for Remazol Red dye removal from wastewater.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
The document summarizes a study that used forward osmosis (FO) to remove cadmium (Cd+2) ions from simulated wastewater using a cellulose acetate (CA) membrane. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4.7H2O) was used as the draw solution. The effects of parameters like draw solution concentration, feed solution concentration, operating time, flow rates, and temperature on water flux and Cd+2 ion removal efficiency were investigated. Key findings include: 1) water flux increased with higher draw concentration and temperature but decreased with higher feed concentration and time; 2) Cd+2 ion concentration in the feed effluent increased with feed concentration but decreased with draw flow rate; 3) FO
1) The document examines the effect of two activated sludge preservation methods - pre-aeration and cold storage - on the sludge's adsorption capacity.
2) Batch experiments were conducted using fresh activated sludge as well as sludge that had been pre-aerated for 4 hours, pre-aerated for 24 hours, or cold-stored for 6 hours. Glucose was used as the adsorbate in the experiments.
3) The results showed that pre-aeration increased the sludge's adsorption capacity, while cold storage resulted in a lower adsorption capacity compared to fresh sludge. There was no significant difference between 4-hour and 24-hour pre-aeration.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatal...ijtsrd
A slurry photocatalytic reactor assessed for the degradation of ciprofloxacin CFX . The effect of operating parameters like initial ciprofloxacin concentration, catalyst dosage and pH on ciprofloxacin degradation was analysed in this study. Batch study was conducted and it showed 90 degradation of the CFX. It was observed the optimum concentration of CFX was 1500 µg l, catalyst dosage was 1 g l at the pH of 9 for the duration of 3 hours. The photocatalytic degradation of CFX followed the pseudo first order kinetics. Karthika. V | Vedavalli. S | Afreen Begum. M "Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatalytic Reactor: Optimization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31224.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/31224/photocatalytic-degradation-of-ciprofloxacin-using-tio2-in-a-slurry-photocatalytic-reactor-optimization/karthika-v
The document investigates the efficiency of a photo-Fenton-like process (UV/H2O2/Fe0) for removing the pesticide diazinon from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
1) Optimal parameters for diazinon removal were an H2O2 to Fe0 molar ratio of 1:1, pH of 4, reaction time of 30 minutes, and initial diazinon concentration of 10 mg/L.
2) Under these conditions, diazinon removal and COD reduction were 83.05% and 71.34% respectively.
3) The photo-Fenton-like process is suggested as an effective pretreatment for biological
This document summarizes a study that investigated the adsorption of lead (Pb) from aqueous solution using modified beech sawdust. Some key findings include:
- Maximum Pb removal efficiency of 91.3% occurred at pH 5, while minimum efficiency of 28.04% occurred at pH 7. Maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3841 mg/g.
- As the initial Pb concentration increased from 1 to 7 mg/L, removal efficiency decreased from 91.3% to 33.88%. Increasing adsorbent dose from 2 to 8 g/L improved removal efficiency from 50% to 97.3%.
- Removal efficiency had a decreasing trend after equilibrium was reached
This document describes a study that prepared chitosan from waste prawn shells and evaluated its performance as an adsorbent for Remazol Red dye. Chitosan was characterized using various analytical tools and showed good thermal stability. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration on adsorption capacity. Maximum adsorption of 313.4 mg/g occurred at pH 3.0 after 30 minutes. Experimental data fit the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The study demonstrated that chitosan can be effectively used as a low-cost adsorbent for Remazol Red dye removal from wastewater.
FIBER OPTIC AIDED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GADOLINIUM IN FBR REPRO...ijac123
This document describes the development of a new spectrophotometric method for determining gadolinium concentration using Alizarin Red S as the complexing agent. Key findings include:
1) Gadolinium forms a stable complex with Alizarin Red S at pH 4.6-4.8 that has maximum absorbance at 530 nm.
2) Beer's law is followed in the concentration range of 1-14 μg/mL of gadolinium.
3) The method allows for detection of gadolinium down to 0.264 μg/mL with good precision.
4) The method is proposed for determining gadolinium concentration during solvent extraction studies of gadolinium removal from nuclear
This document summarizes a study on the removal of Safranin dye from aqueous solution using sodium phosphate (NaP) zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash. The study investigated the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of Safranin dye adsorption onto the synthesized zeolite. Characterization techniques including XRF, SEM, XRD and FTIR were used to analyze the zeolite. Batch adsorption experiments showed maximum dye removal of 97.14% at an equilibrium pH of 9.0, adsorbent dose of 5 g/L, and contact time of 180 minutes. Adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data showed best fit
Chemical Examination Of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Proximate, Elemental A...IOSRJAC
A study in terms of proximate, elemental and fatty acid contents of (Hura crepitans) seed was investigated using standard analytical techniques. The results of proximate composition in % were as follows: moisture 12.82 ± 0.01, crude protein 24.76 ±0.04, crude fibre 10.15 ± 0.03, fat 10.68 ± 0.01, ash 3.16 ± 0.02 and carbohydrate 34.75 ± 0.05. The elemental composition of the seed showed Na, K, Ca and Mg in mg/100g to be 6.00 ± 0.01, 123.00 ± 0.02, 10.40 ± 0.03, 112.00 ± 0.01 respectively while other elements determined in mg/kg were Fe and Zn with 7.10 ±0.04 and 2.60± 0.01. The (%) free fatty acid compositions of the seed oil were as follows: lauric (1.310 ±0.015), palmitic (0.389 ±0.012), palmitoleic (1.211 ±0.013), stearic (2.436 ± 0.004), oleic (6.138 ±0.003), linoleic (8.625 ±0.001) and linolenic (2.469 ± 0.102). The results revealed linoleic and oleic acids to be the most common in terms of abundance while palmitic acid was the least. The seed of Hura crepitans could be described as a good food because it contained significant amount of essential nutrients required by man.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of zeolite from coal fly ash and its application in removing inorganic and organic pollutants from wastewater. Key points:
- Zeolite was synthesized from coal fly ash via an alkali fusion process followed by hydrothermal treatment. The synthesized zeolite was characterized using various techniques.
- Batch adsorption studies were conducted to investigate the ability of synthesized zeolite to remove heavy metals like copper, cadmium, lead and dye (safranin) from wastewater. Parameters like contact time, dose, pH and concentration were optimized.
- Adsorption isotherm models like Langmuir, Freundlich, Tem
This document presents a study on the removal of chromium and cadmium from an aqueous solution using tea factory waste as an adsorbent. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the maximum adsorption capacity of tea factory waste for chromium and cadmium. The effects of agitation rate, adsorbent dose, and initial metal ion concentration on adsorption were evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacities observed were 24.88 mg/g for cadmium and 23.92 mg/g for chromium. The experimental data fitted well to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetics.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Removal of Zinc from Synthetic Wastewater by ...IRJET Journal
This document studies the removal of zinc from synthetic wastewater using activated sawdust as an adsorbent. Sawdust was collected and activated through either acid activation using sulfuric acid or base activation using sodium hydroxide. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the optimal process parameters for zinc removal. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and initial zinc concentration were evaluated. Maximum zinc removal of 98.68% for acid-activated sawdust and 99.58% for base-activated sawdust occurred at a dosage of 5g, pH of 5, contact time of 120 minutes, and initial concentration of 10ppm. The results indicate activated sawdust is an
This document summarizes a study that investigated the removal of nitrate from groundwater using activated carbon prepared from rice husk and sludge from a paper industry wastewater treatment plant. The key findings are:
- Activated carbon from rice husk achieved a maximum nitrate removal of 93.5 mg/g at pH 4 and 4 hours of contact time. Activated carbon from paper industry sludge achieved 79.5 mg/g removal under the same conditions.
- Adsorption was best fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics.
- Increasing the ratio of ZnCl2 used for activation improved adsorption capacity, with a 1:
Optimum Conditions for the Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution with Bamb...theijes
The performance of two varieties of Bamboo activated carbon (CABC washed and CABC unwashed), produced by chemical activation with ZnCl2, was evaluated through batch adsorption studies for the removal of Cadmium from aqueous solution. The effects of adsorbent dose, initial concentration of cadmium, agitation time, adsorbate p and, particle size were used as variables to obtain the optimum conditions for the removal of cadmium. Results obtained revealed that as the adsorbent dose increased, the amount adsorbed per unit mass decreased indicating that more active sites were utilized at smaller adsorbent dose. Also, the effects of initial cadmium concentration showed that percentage removal rate increased with increase in cadmium concentration due to availability of more metal ions at higher concentrations. Thus, all the carbons achieved at least 82.62% removal at initial Cadmium concentration of 50mg/l. The optimum pH was 5 and 7 for CABC unwashed and CABC washed respectively while the optimum particle size was 50μm for all the carbon tested. Furthermore, CABC unwashed performed better as an adsorbent because it achieved 71.48% removal of Cadmium in 60 minutes, while CABC washed achieved 69.46% removal in 120mins.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
N-alkylation methods, Characterization and Evaluation of antibacterial activi...IJERA Editor
A series of new 5-Chloroisatin derivates have been synthesized by the method of N-alkylation at room temperature, in the presence of a base and a catalyst with good yields. The chemical structures of these compounds were confirmed by NMR (1H &13C), these new compounds obtained were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. The final results revealed that the majority of the compounds exhibited good antimicrobial activity against various organisms
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Batch Studies Of Adsorptive Removal of Arsenite from Water Using Coconut (Coc...IRJET Journal
1) Batch studies were conducted to examine the removal of arsenite (As(III)) from water using coconut fiber as an adsorbent.
2) Maximum As(III) removal of 95.56% was achieved at an adsorbent dose of 10 g/l, contact time of 8 hours, pH of 4, and mixing speed of 80 rpm.
3) Equilibrium studies showed that the experimental data fit well with the Freundlich isotherm model, indicating that As(III) adsorption onto coconut fiber is best described as multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of ultrasonicated membrane anaerobic system (umas) for sewage sl...eSAT Journals
Abstract Ultrasonicated Membrane Anaerobic System UMAS was successfully used for sewage sludge treatment and biogas production. Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology were used to determine the optimum conditions in which UMAS produce a maximum content of methane in the biogas produced. The effects of three variables namely pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic loading rate (OLR) on methane content were evaluated individually and interactively. The optimum conditions obtained were pH 7.74, COD 1061.06 Mg/l and OLR 0.90 kg/m3d. The predicted maximum percentage of methane was 89.72 % and confirmed close to RSM result. Keywords: Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Sewage Sludge, Ultrasonic, Membrane, Anaerobic Digestion.
Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto Activated Alumina ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on removing fluoride from drinking water using adsorption onto activated alumina and activated carbon. It describes how the rate of fluoride removal was examined under different experimental parameters such as contact time, fluoride concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH. The maximum fluoride removal was achieved using activated carbon at a dosage of 2g/L, contact time of 40 minutes, and pH of 7. Optimal fluoride removal from more concentrated solutions required higher dosages. Activated alumina also effectively removed fluoride when tested under various conditions.
Removal of chromium (vi) by activated carbon derived from mangifera indicaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes the development of a solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography (SPME-GC) method to analyze the compounds released from Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum) leaves and track this dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic environments. The researchers optimized the SPME extraction conditions using standards representative of compounds likely present in River Red Gum leaf leachate. They then applied the optimized method to analyze artificial DOC solutions prepared from River Red Gum leaf leachate to demonstrate the potential of the method for fingerprinting and tracing natural DOC sources in rivers.
IRJET- Effect of Biofilm Filling Rates, Various Cycles Duration and Organic L...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of biofilm filling rates, cycle durations, and organic loading rates on organic and nutrient removal in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). The study was conducted in three phases:
1) The first phase tested biofilm filling rates of 0%, 50%, and 25% and found that higher filling rates improved removal of BOD, COD, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
2) The second phase tested cycle durations of 8-2, 7-3, and 6-4 hours for aeration and settling, finding slightly higher removal rates for longer durations.
3) The third phase tested organic loading rates of 0.84 and 1.44 kg COD/
This document describes a graduate project report on using cashew nut shells as an agricultural waste adsorbent for the removal of phenol from wastewater. The aim is to investigate the capability of cashew nut shells to remove phenol and study the effects of parameters like initial phenol concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature on adsorption. The project involves preparing and characterizing the adsorbent, optimizing operating conditions, and conducting kinetic and equilibrium studies to analyze adsorption data using isotherm models. The results show that cashew nut shells activated with sulfuric acid can effectively remove 57.18% of phenol from wastewater, close to the predicted removal of 61.006
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Characterisation of Grey Water and Treatment using Moving Bed Biof...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized greywater and treated it using a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR). The study investigated how various factors like flow rate, hydraulic retention time, and MBBR fill rate affected the reactor's performance in removing organic matter from greywater. The researchers found that a flow rate of 60 L/d, hydraulic retention time of 36 hours, and MBBR fill rate of 30% produced the highest COD removal efficiency of 87.45%. The MBBR media provided a large surface area for microbial growth and effectively treated greywater.
The document summarizes a study on using a combined anaerobic-aerobic reactor system to treat textile wastewater. Key findings include:
- Over 84.62% of ammonia nitrogen and about 98.9% of volatile suspended solids were removed by the system.
- Dissolved oxygen, pH, and organic changes were investigated during the nitrification and denitrification processes. Dissolved oxygen and pH were found to have only slight influences on nitrification, and a 10% removal of nitrogen resulted in about a 3% change in pH.
- The system was able to effectively remove nitrogen and organic materials from textile wastewater through the coupled anaerobic and aer
FIBER OPTIC AIDED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GADOLINIUM IN FBR REPRO...ijac123
This document describes the development of a new spectrophotometric method for determining gadolinium concentration using Alizarin Red S as the complexing agent. Key findings include:
1) Gadolinium forms a stable complex with Alizarin Red S at pH 4.6-4.8 that has maximum absorbance at 530 nm.
2) Beer's law is followed in the concentration range of 1-14 μg/mL of gadolinium.
3) The method allows for detection of gadolinium down to 0.264 μg/mL with good precision.
4) The method is proposed for determining gadolinium concentration during solvent extraction studies of gadolinium removal from nuclear
This document summarizes a study on the removal of Safranin dye from aqueous solution using sodium phosphate (NaP) zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash. The study investigated the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of Safranin dye adsorption onto the synthesized zeolite. Characterization techniques including XRF, SEM, XRD and FTIR were used to analyze the zeolite. Batch adsorption experiments showed maximum dye removal of 97.14% at an equilibrium pH of 9.0, adsorbent dose of 5 g/L, and contact time of 180 minutes. Adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data showed best fit
Chemical Examination Of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Proximate, Elemental A...IOSRJAC
A study in terms of proximate, elemental and fatty acid contents of (Hura crepitans) seed was investigated using standard analytical techniques. The results of proximate composition in % were as follows: moisture 12.82 ± 0.01, crude protein 24.76 ±0.04, crude fibre 10.15 ± 0.03, fat 10.68 ± 0.01, ash 3.16 ± 0.02 and carbohydrate 34.75 ± 0.05. The elemental composition of the seed showed Na, K, Ca and Mg in mg/100g to be 6.00 ± 0.01, 123.00 ± 0.02, 10.40 ± 0.03, 112.00 ± 0.01 respectively while other elements determined in mg/kg were Fe and Zn with 7.10 ±0.04 and 2.60± 0.01. The (%) free fatty acid compositions of the seed oil were as follows: lauric (1.310 ±0.015), palmitic (0.389 ±0.012), palmitoleic (1.211 ±0.013), stearic (2.436 ± 0.004), oleic (6.138 ±0.003), linoleic (8.625 ±0.001) and linolenic (2.469 ± 0.102). The results revealed linoleic and oleic acids to be the most common in terms of abundance while palmitic acid was the least. The seed of Hura crepitans could be described as a good food because it contained significant amount of essential nutrients required by man.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of zeolite from coal fly ash and its application in removing inorganic and organic pollutants from wastewater. Key points:
- Zeolite was synthesized from coal fly ash via an alkali fusion process followed by hydrothermal treatment. The synthesized zeolite was characterized using various techniques.
- Batch adsorption studies were conducted to investigate the ability of synthesized zeolite to remove heavy metals like copper, cadmium, lead and dye (safranin) from wastewater. Parameters like contact time, dose, pH and concentration were optimized.
- Adsorption isotherm models like Langmuir, Freundlich, Tem
This document presents a study on the removal of chromium and cadmium from an aqueous solution using tea factory waste as an adsorbent. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the maximum adsorption capacity of tea factory waste for chromium and cadmium. The effects of agitation rate, adsorbent dose, and initial metal ion concentration on adsorption were evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacities observed were 24.88 mg/g for cadmium and 23.92 mg/g for chromium. The experimental data fitted well to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetics.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Removal of Zinc from Synthetic Wastewater by ...IRJET Journal
This document studies the removal of zinc from synthetic wastewater using activated sawdust as an adsorbent. Sawdust was collected and activated through either acid activation using sulfuric acid or base activation using sodium hydroxide. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the optimal process parameters for zinc removal. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and initial zinc concentration were evaluated. Maximum zinc removal of 98.68% for acid-activated sawdust and 99.58% for base-activated sawdust occurred at a dosage of 5g, pH of 5, contact time of 120 minutes, and initial concentration of 10ppm. The results indicate activated sawdust is an
This document summarizes a study that investigated the removal of nitrate from groundwater using activated carbon prepared from rice husk and sludge from a paper industry wastewater treatment plant. The key findings are:
- Activated carbon from rice husk achieved a maximum nitrate removal of 93.5 mg/g at pH 4 and 4 hours of contact time. Activated carbon from paper industry sludge achieved 79.5 mg/g removal under the same conditions.
- Adsorption was best fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics.
- Increasing the ratio of ZnCl2 used for activation improved adsorption capacity, with a 1:
Optimum Conditions for the Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution with Bamb...theijes
The performance of two varieties of Bamboo activated carbon (CABC washed and CABC unwashed), produced by chemical activation with ZnCl2, was evaluated through batch adsorption studies for the removal of Cadmium from aqueous solution. The effects of adsorbent dose, initial concentration of cadmium, agitation time, adsorbate p and, particle size were used as variables to obtain the optimum conditions for the removal of cadmium. Results obtained revealed that as the adsorbent dose increased, the amount adsorbed per unit mass decreased indicating that more active sites were utilized at smaller adsorbent dose. Also, the effects of initial cadmium concentration showed that percentage removal rate increased with increase in cadmium concentration due to availability of more metal ions at higher concentrations. Thus, all the carbons achieved at least 82.62% removal at initial Cadmium concentration of 50mg/l. The optimum pH was 5 and 7 for CABC unwashed and CABC washed respectively while the optimum particle size was 50μm for all the carbon tested. Furthermore, CABC unwashed performed better as an adsorbent because it achieved 71.48% removal of Cadmium in 60 minutes, while CABC washed achieved 69.46% removal in 120mins.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
N-alkylation methods, Characterization and Evaluation of antibacterial activi...IJERA Editor
A series of new 5-Chloroisatin derivates have been synthesized by the method of N-alkylation at room temperature, in the presence of a base and a catalyst with good yields. The chemical structures of these compounds were confirmed by NMR (1H &13C), these new compounds obtained were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. The final results revealed that the majority of the compounds exhibited good antimicrobial activity against various organisms
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Similar to International Journal of Engineering (IJE) Volume (2) Issue (4) (20)
3. Table of Contents
Volume 2, Issue 4, August 2008.
Pages
1-7 Experimental Scrutinization on Treatment of Industrial Effluents
and Models Representing the Kinetics for Aerobic Digestion
A.M. Saravanan, Singaram Lakshmanan.
International Journal of Engineering, (IJE) Volume (2) : Issue (4)
4. A.M. Saravanan & Singaram Lakshmanan
Experimental Scrutinization on Treatment of Industrial Effluents
and Models Representing the Kinetics for Aerobic Digestion
A.M. Saravanan amslogin@gmail.com
Department of chemical Engineering
St.Peter’s Engineering College
Chennai 600054 , India
Singaram Lakshmanan lax482@gmail.com
School of Engineering
Taylor’s University College
Subang Jaya, Malaysia 47500
Abstract
An experimental study is undertaken for the treatment of distillery effluent using
aerobic reactor. Sewage sludge was used as a seed culture to treat this effluent
and the system was operated with different initial concentrations. The
microorganisms present in sewage sludge were isolated by agar – plate method
and their populations were reported. The reactor performance characteristics i.e.,
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH were analyzed for different concentrations of influent.
The effects of initial substrate concentration on various characteristics with
respect to time were reported. The performance of the three models namely, the
First Order, Diffusional and Singh models in representing the kinetic data of the
present work were analyzed. The results indicate that the First Order and
Diffusional models are best suited for an aerobic digestion.
Keywords: Aerobic Reactor, Agar-plate method, Seed culture, Singh and
Diffusional model and TSS.
1. INTRODUCTION
Distillery industries are the agro-based industries with high organic and inorganic contents which
are high strength wastes and difficult to dispose. Due to the recent advancements in
biotechnology, aerobic reactor is widely used as a tertiary treatment for the treatment of high
strength distillery effluent. Preliminary studies have been carried out on the treatment of distillery
effluents using a laboratory scale Aerobic Reactor.
Aerobic processes are biological treatment processes that occur in the presence of oxygen. The
aerobic environment in the reactor is achieved by the use of diffused or mechanical aeration,
which maintain the mixed liquor in a completely mixed regime. Aerobic digestion is an alternative
method of treating the organic sludge’s produced from various treatment operations. According to
Metcalf and Eddy [1], there are two variations in the aerobic digestion process namely
conventional and pure oxygen[2]. In the conventional aerobic digestion[3], the wastewater is
aerated for an extended period of time in an open, unheated tank using conventional air diffusers
or surface aeration equipment.[4]
With these in the background, the objectives of the study are
International Journal of Engineering, Volume (2) : Issue (4) 1
5. A.M. Saravanan & Singaram Lakshmanan
i) Isolation of microorganism present in the sewage sludge, which is used as a seed culture in the
Aerobic Reactor.
ii) Experimentation in the continuous degradation of distillery effluent, using an Aerobic Reactor
under different conditions.
iii) Kinetic modelling for continuous degradation.
2. MATERIALS AND METHOODS
In the Aerobic Reactor air was passed from the bottom by using an air diffuser of approximately
2.0 to 2.5 mm in diameter. The Aerobic reactor was used for the treatment of distillery effluent in
an effectively, by using the sewage sludge as an aerobic seed culture.
FIGURE 1 Schematic diagram of aerobic reactor
Fig. 1 shows the schematic representation of aerobic reactor. The aerobic reactor was
constructed with acrylic pipe, with a height of 1.2 m, 0.1 m in diameter and a working volume of
10.02 litres. Above the reactor zone, an accessory decanting unit was installed with an inner
diameter of 0.16 m and 0.6 m height. Five sample ports were located along the height of the
reactor. A closed tank was used to pump the feed into the column. The outlet was provided at a
height of 1.74 m from the bottom of the column. A provision was made to return the effluent from
the column to the feed tank through a recycle line.
The micro-organisms present in the sewage sludge were isolated by Agar plate method. The
-4
distillery effluent of different concentrations was fed to the aerobic reactor at the rate of 2.57 x 10
m3/s. The sewage sludge of 10 gm/l of sample was added to the effluent and mixed well.The
compressed air was passed to the reactor in the bottom portion using an air diffuser of
approximately 2 to 2.5 mm in diameter. The velocity of the air was maintained at 2.3 m/s. The
initial value of COD, TSS, TDS, and pH of the samples were noted in table 1. The reactor was put
into continuous operation for 24 hours. The experimental parameters determined namely COD,
TSS, TDS, and pH were estimated in accordance with the standard methods of American Public
Health Association(APHA) [5].
International Journal of Engineering, Volume (2) : Issue (4) 2
6. A.M. Saravanan & Singaram Lakshmanan
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Isolation of Microorganism present in the sewage water
The micro-organism present in the sewage sludge was isolated by Agar – plate method. It shows
7 4 3
the presence of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes of 12.5 x 10 , 30.6 x 10 and 1.3 x 10 colonies /
ml respectively. The comparison of various organisms reveals that the counts of Bacteria are
more.
3.2 Effect of Initial substrate concentration on experimental parameters
The results show that the substrate concentration decreases continuously with time and reaches a
final value when degradation stopped. The plot between COD, TSS, TDS, pH and time of
operation are shown in Fig. 2-5 at different influent concentrations.
FIGURE 2 Effect of initial substrate concentration on % COD removal
FIGURE 3 Total Dissolved Solids Vs Time of Operation
International Journal of Engineering, Volume (2) : Issue (4) 3
7. A.M. Saravanan & Singaram Lakshmanan
TABLE 1 Initial substrate concentration and % removal of COD, TSS and TDS
Initial Initial % TSS Initial % TDS
% COD concentration of removal concentration removal
Effluent concentratio
removal TSS of TDS
n of COD
Distillery 3532 2900 1597
78% 72.6% 56.2%
effluent - I mgCOD /ml mg/ml mg/ml
Distillery 6672 3670 2080
87.6% 65.8% 48.9%
effluent – I mgCOD /ml Mg /ml mg /ml
Distillery 8987 3700 2800
87.7% 72.9% 67.2%
effluent - I mgCOD /ml mg /ml mg /ml
FIGURE 4 Total Suspended Solids Vs Time of Operation
FIGURE 5 pH Vs Time of Operation
The percentage removal of COD, TSS and TDS are given in Table 1. It is observed from the figure
that the % COD removal has increased with the time of operation, for all initial concentrations and
was varying from 13 to 87%, 30 to 88% and 35 to 94% for distillery effluent. Since the major part
of the removal is observed to occur during the 8 hours of operation for the runs 1 and 2, the
monitoring of parameters was carried out for closer operational times from the third run onwards.
The monitoring was carried out after every 4 hours of operation. Hsu et al. [6] and Charles et.al,
[7] reported that the effluent concentrations were found to decrease with increase in time of
operation during the start-up of the reactor.
International Journal of Engineering, Volume (2) : Issue (4) 4
8. A.M. Saravanan & Singaram Lakshmanan
3.3 Continuous Degradation kinetics
The kinetics of aerobic digestion, based on the experimental data, three models namely, the first
order, diffusional and Singh models were chosen.
3.3.1 The First Order Model
The first order model is
-dcs/ dt = Kf CS (1)
On integration between known limits, gives
ln CS/CS0 = -Kf t (2)
Cso = initial substrate concentration, mg COD
t = fermentation time, h, Kf = first order rate constant, h-1
The experimental data in represented in Fig. 6-8 and the first order rate constant, Kf was
calculated from the slope of the straight line by the least square (LSQ) fit. The detailed results
including the determination coefficient (R2) are presented in Fig. 6-8. As the initial concentration of
substrate increases, the rate constant Kf decreases and this can be described to a growing
importance of the recalcitrant fraction in reducing the diffusivity of the biodegradable substance.
This is in confirmation with the results of Converti et al., [3]. The satisfactory values of R2
compliment the ability of the first order model in describing the kinetics of the present work. The
determination coefficient (R2) is defined as the ratio of explained variance to the total variance.
R2 = [ ∑ (Xi-X) (Yi -Y)2 / nσXσY]2
Where, X is the mean of x; σx is the Standard Deviation (SD) of x
Y is the mean of y and σy is the SD of y
2.5
2
y = 0.0723x
Ln (Cs/Cs0)
1.5 R2 = 0.8373
1 y = 0.0556x
0.5 y = 0.0552x R2 = 0.9518
0 R2 = 0.6739
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time of operation, (h)
COD 3532 mg/l (Distillery effluent)-I COD 6672 mg/l (Distillery effluent)-II
COD 8987 mg/l (Distillary effluent)-III
FIGURE 6 First order model in continuous degradation kinetics
3.3.2 The Diffusional Model
The diffusional model is
- dCs/ dt = Kd (Cs)0.5 (3)
When integrated between the known limits, yields
0.5 t/2
(Cs – Cso) = - Kd (4)
From the experimental data, the diffusional model rate constant Kd was determined through the
LSQ fitting. The diffusional model seems to provide a satisfactory description of the process. The
International Journal of Engineering, Volume (2) : Issue (4) 5
9. A.M. Saravanan & Singaram Lakshmanan
diffusive phenomenon describes its consistent with the actual situation for the process under
2
consideration. Satisfactory fit of the experimental data results as demonstrated by the higher R
values as shown in Fig.7.
80
60
(Cs0.5- Cs00.5)
40 y = 2.014x
R2 = 0.9119
20 y = 1.2573x
y = 1.8466x R2 = 0.9901
0 R2 = 0.7987
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time of operation, (h)
COD 3532 mg/l (Distillery effluent)-I COD 6672 mg/l (Distillery effluent)-II
COD 8987 mg/l (Distillary effluent)-III Linear (COD 6672 mg/l (Distillery effluent)-II)
Linear (COD 8987 mg/l (Distillary effluent)-III) Linear (COD 3532 mg/l (Distillery effluent)-I)
FIGURE 7 Diffusional model in continuous degradation kinetics
3.3.3 The Singh Model
The Singh model is
- dCs/dt = KSCS/(1+t) (5)
On integration between proper limits, the Singh model is
ln CS/CSO = - KS ln(1+t) (6)
Where Ks is the rate constant of the Singh model and Cs, Cso & t have the usual meaning. The
integrated form of the Singh model is presented in Fig. 8. The values of Ks and R2 are given in
Fig. 6-8. Though the kinetic constant Ks decreases with increasing initial substrate Concentration,
unsatisfactory values of R2 raises doubts on the ability of the Singh Model.
2.5
2
Ln (Cs/Cs0)
1.5 y = 0.8858x
1 y = 0.6614x R2 = 0.5145
0.5 R2 = 0.388 y = 0.7057x
0 R2 = 0.6645
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Log (1+t)
COD 3532 mg/l (Distillery effluent)-I
COD 6672 mg/l (Distillery effluent)-II
COD 8987 mg/l (Distillary effluent)-III
Linear (COD 8987 mg/l (Distillary effluent)-III)
Linear (COD 6672 mg/l (Distillery effluent)-II)
FIGURE 8 Singh model in Continuous degradation kinetics
CONCLUSION and FUTURE WORK
The effects of initial substrate concentration on % COD removal were investigated in an Aerobic
Reactor. The results indicate that as time increases, the % COD removal increases. For the first
time, sewage sludge was used as a seed culture to treat relatively small concentrations of influent
concentration. The maximum COD removal was found to be 78%, 87.76% and 87.77% at a
concentration of 3532, 6672 and 8987 mg COD/l of distillery effluent respectively. The percentage
COD removal has increased with time of operation for all initial concentration.
The capability of the three models namely, the first order, diffusional and Singh model,
representing the continuous kinetic data of the present work were reported. The results indicate
International Journal of Engineering, Volume (2) : Issue (4) 6
10. A.M. Saravanan & Singaram Lakshmanan
that the first order and diffusional models are best suited to describe the aerobic digestion of the
distillery wastewater, while Singh model is inadequate. The results of the isolation of organisms
present in the sewage sludge were found to be 12.5 x 107, 30.6 x 104, and 11.3 x 103 colonies / ml
of Bacteria, Fungi and Actinomycetes, respectively.
REFERENCES
1. American Public Health Association, “Standard Methods for the Estimation of Water and
th
Wastewater”, 18 Edition (Edited By Greenberg A.E., Connors J.J. and Jenkins D.), Washington
D.C,1992.
2. Charles Nara and Stringer, P.R, “Pure Oxygen Technologies in Waste Water and Environment
Control”, 174-178, 1993.
3. Coverti, A., Borghi, D.M. And Ferraido, G, “Influence Of Organic Loading Rate On The
Anaerobic Treatment Of High Strength Semi Synthetic Waste Water In A Biological Fluidized Bed”
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