The document describes a column study that investigated the efficiency of removing phosphate from wastewater using drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS) and red mud (RM) as adsorbents. Experiments were conducted in glass columns packed with different ratios of DWTS and RM. The effects of adsorbent dose, bed height, contact time, agitation speed, pH, and DWTS-RM ratio on phosphate adsorption were evaluated. The results showed that adding RM to DWTS can significantly increase the operating time of the column, with 33% and 50% RM weight ratios decreasing operating time by 18% and 30% respectively compared to DWTS alone.
IRJET- A Review On Reduction of Phosphate from Industrial Cum Municipal Waste...IRJET Journal
This document reviews technologies for reducing phosphate from industrial and municipal wastewater using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology. It discusses various methods for phosphate removal including physical, chemical, and biological treatments. Specifically, it provides details on MBBR technology, which combines activated sludge and trickling filter processes by using biomass in both suspended flocs and biofilm attached to carriers. The document concludes that MBBR is an effective biological treatment approach for phosphate removal as it can operate at high organic loads and is less sensitive to hydraulic overloading compared to other biological treatment methods.
This document summarizes a laboratory study on treating and reusing greywater. The study involved collecting greywater from bathroom sinks and washing areas of an apartment building. The greywater was treated using a system with sedimentation, sand filtration, and storage tanks. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, COD, DO were tested on the raw and treated greywater. Results showed the treated greywater met standards for reuse for gardening, toilet flushing and street washing after reductions in turbidity, COD and other parameters. The study concluded greywater treatment and reuse is an effective small-scale method to reduce water usage and demands on municipal supplies.
Performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor for Nitrate RemovalIJRES Journal
Nitrate is present in the majority of water resources, and has reached serious level in many parts of the world, which is responsible for environmental problems. Hence it is necessary to remove nitrate. Biological denitrification provides the most economical means for nitrate removal. This paper represents the performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor (FBBR) using bone china fine granules as biofilm carrier media for biological denitrification.
In this experimental work, the maximum average nitrogen removal efficiency of 93.71% at HRT of 30 minutes and optimum efficiency of 88.13% at HRT of 10 minutes is observed. For nitrogen loading rates varying from 0.48 to 28.80 kg N m-3 d-1, denitrification rates observed are 0.44 kg N m-3 d-1 to 17.26 kg N m-3 d-1. Optimum nitrogen loading rate and denitrification rate observed are 10.08 kg N m-3 d-1 and 8.88 kg N m-3 d-1 respectively. The results justify the usefulness of FBBR for denitrification.
Enhancing the adsorption of disinfection by products onto activated carbon us...Ahmed Hasham
The removal of contaminants from consumable waters by the traditional water treatment techniques is highly difficult. Disinfection of water alludes to the inactivation or pulverization of unsafe living pathogenic beings, which living in the water. Occurrence of disinfection by products (DBPs) during disinfection normally demonstrates lethal impacts on human health. Granular activated carbon (GAC) has the oldest history of decreasing of organic matters, but its role is reducing by time. TiO2 is used to accelerate the removal of the DBPs. TiO2 nanoparticles have good adsorption phenomena on the removal of those organic compounds at various pHs and temperatures and give good results. This study proved that TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the efficiency of GAC to remove DBPs from water. While the elimination of trihalomethanes (THMs), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) using 0.5 g of GAC was determined as 61.7, 69.8 and 83.2% respectively, the elimination of them by 0.1 g of TiO2 nanoparticles :GAC (1:1) was estimated as 100, 96 and 100%, respectively.
Water pollution is one of the environmental challenges facing the world society. Consequently, the pollutants both domestic and industrial wastewater are identified as an environmental threat. Hydrochar (HC) appears as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to this environmental threat. HC is the solid produced from the wet pyrolysis process for biomass that is rich in carbon in a sub-critical liquid phase, called the Hydro-Thermal Carbonization Process (HTC). This review aims to address the possibility of using HC as the most effective solution to the industrial wastewater. HTC has proven a greater yield than dry pyrolysis (30%-60% wt). To date, HC is listed as a promising lower-cost alternate adsorbent for removing wastewater pollutants. In Egypt for example, only few studies have been published investigating the properties of HC and its environmental applications. In this review, we will shed light on the preparation, characterization, and previous studies on the development and recent applications of HC. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to produce HC at a commercial scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is only few research studies addressing the HC production in the Middle East countries. Therefore, the door is still opened for more research on developing production techniques on HC from different biomass, and implementation in various environmental applications
Evaluation of the levels of haloacetic acids in gharbiya governorate, egypt[#...Ahmed Hasham
The occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) was studied in the drinking water samples from Gharbiya
governorate water treatment plants and its water supply network that served more than 5 million people. Drinking
water disinfection by-products are formed when a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter and/or
bromide/iodide present in a raw water source. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids are the two most prevalent
classes of DBPs and are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as being subject to World
Health Organization guidelines due to their potential health risk. Drinking water samples were collected from 4
sites monthly over one year (2017-2018). The aims of the present study are to investigate the levels of HAAs in
Gharbiya governorate (middle of Delta Egypt) drinking water. monochloroacetic acid ranged from 6.8 to 32.5
µg/L, dichloroacetic acid ranged from 9.8 to 43.7 µg/L, and the trichloroacetic acid ranged from 6.5 to 31.8 µg/L,
the minimum values observed during winter 2018 and the maximum value observed during summer 2017., The
HAAs species values were complying with the Egyptian standard (Ministerial Decree No.458/2007) and as well
as WHO 2012) standards for drinking water
This document outlines a proposal for using iron-enhanced sand filters to remove phosphorus from wastewater. Small-scale testing showed that filters with 2% iron by mass removed over 90% of phosphorus. Full-scale filters would be installed in existing sand filters at wastewater treatment plants. Annual operating costs of $21,000 for the iron-enhanced filters are significantly lower than standard lime treatment costs of $127,000. The filters provide effective, low-cost phosphorus removal while generating less sludge waste than chemical precipitation methods.
This document discusses the impact of organic matter on the performance of LED-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). It finds that UV/persulfate was the most effective at removing total organic carbon (TOC), while photo-Fenton and UV/hydrogen peroxide were the least effective at forming disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The document also notes that AOPs performed similarly for TOC reduction after granular activated carbon treatment and water treatment works inlets. It concludes that AOP pre-treatment is not recommended for TOC removal due to producing hydrophilic organics that are difficult to remove.
IRJET- A Review On Reduction of Phosphate from Industrial Cum Municipal Waste...IRJET Journal
This document reviews technologies for reducing phosphate from industrial and municipal wastewater using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology. It discusses various methods for phosphate removal including physical, chemical, and biological treatments. Specifically, it provides details on MBBR technology, which combines activated sludge and trickling filter processes by using biomass in both suspended flocs and biofilm attached to carriers. The document concludes that MBBR is an effective biological treatment approach for phosphate removal as it can operate at high organic loads and is less sensitive to hydraulic overloading compared to other biological treatment methods.
This document summarizes a laboratory study on treating and reusing greywater. The study involved collecting greywater from bathroom sinks and washing areas of an apartment building. The greywater was treated using a system with sedimentation, sand filtration, and storage tanks. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, COD, DO were tested on the raw and treated greywater. Results showed the treated greywater met standards for reuse for gardening, toilet flushing and street washing after reductions in turbidity, COD and other parameters. The study concluded greywater treatment and reuse is an effective small-scale method to reduce water usage and demands on municipal supplies.
Performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor for Nitrate RemovalIJRES Journal
Nitrate is present in the majority of water resources, and has reached serious level in many parts of the world, which is responsible for environmental problems. Hence it is necessary to remove nitrate. Biological denitrification provides the most economical means for nitrate removal. This paper represents the performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor (FBBR) using bone china fine granules as biofilm carrier media for biological denitrification.
In this experimental work, the maximum average nitrogen removal efficiency of 93.71% at HRT of 30 minutes and optimum efficiency of 88.13% at HRT of 10 minutes is observed. For nitrogen loading rates varying from 0.48 to 28.80 kg N m-3 d-1, denitrification rates observed are 0.44 kg N m-3 d-1 to 17.26 kg N m-3 d-1. Optimum nitrogen loading rate and denitrification rate observed are 10.08 kg N m-3 d-1 and 8.88 kg N m-3 d-1 respectively. The results justify the usefulness of FBBR for denitrification.
Enhancing the adsorption of disinfection by products onto activated carbon us...Ahmed Hasham
The removal of contaminants from consumable waters by the traditional water treatment techniques is highly difficult. Disinfection of water alludes to the inactivation or pulverization of unsafe living pathogenic beings, which living in the water. Occurrence of disinfection by products (DBPs) during disinfection normally demonstrates lethal impacts on human health. Granular activated carbon (GAC) has the oldest history of decreasing of organic matters, but its role is reducing by time. TiO2 is used to accelerate the removal of the DBPs. TiO2 nanoparticles have good adsorption phenomena on the removal of those organic compounds at various pHs and temperatures and give good results. This study proved that TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the efficiency of GAC to remove DBPs from water. While the elimination of trihalomethanes (THMs), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) using 0.5 g of GAC was determined as 61.7, 69.8 and 83.2% respectively, the elimination of them by 0.1 g of TiO2 nanoparticles :GAC (1:1) was estimated as 100, 96 and 100%, respectively.
Water pollution is one of the environmental challenges facing the world society. Consequently, the pollutants both domestic and industrial wastewater are identified as an environmental threat. Hydrochar (HC) appears as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to this environmental threat. HC is the solid produced from the wet pyrolysis process for biomass that is rich in carbon in a sub-critical liquid phase, called the Hydro-Thermal Carbonization Process (HTC). This review aims to address the possibility of using HC as the most effective solution to the industrial wastewater. HTC has proven a greater yield than dry pyrolysis (30%-60% wt). To date, HC is listed as a promising lower-cost alternate adsorbent for removing wastewater pollutants. In Egypt for example, only few studies have been published investigating the properties of HC and its environmental applications. In this review, we will shed light on the preparation, characterization, and previous studies on the development and recent applications of HC. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to produce HC at a commercial scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is only few research studies addressing the HC production in the Middle East countries. Therefore, the door is still opened for more research on developing production techniques on HC from different biomass, and implementation in various environmental applications
Evaluation of the levels of haloacetic acids in gharbiya governorate, egypt[#...Ahmed Hasham
The occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) was studied in the drinking water samples from Gharbiya
governorate water treatment plants and its water supply network that served more than 5 million people. Drinking
water disinfection by-products are formed when a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter and/or
bromide/iodide present in a raw water source. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids are the two most prevalent
classes of DBPs and are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as being subject to World
Health Organization guidelines due to their potential health risk. Drinking water samples were collected from 4
sites monthly over one year (2017-2018). The aims of the present study are to investigate the levels of HAAs in
Gharbiya governorate (middle of Delta Egypt) drinking water. monochloroacetic acid ranged from 6.8 to 32.5
µg/L, dichloroacetic acid ranged from 9.8 to 43.7 µg/L, and the trichloroacetic acid ranged from 6.5 to 31.8 µg/L,
the minimum values observed during winter 2018 and the maximum value observed during summer 2017., The
HAAs species values were complying with the Egyptian standard (Ministerial Decree No.458/2007) and as well
as WHO 2012) standards for drinking water
This document outlines a proposal for using iron-enhanced sand filters to remove phosphorus from wastewater. Small-scale testing showed that filters with 2% iron by mass removed over 90% of phosphorus. Full-scale filters would be installed in existing sand filters at wastewater treatment plants. Annual operating costs of $21,000 for the iron-enhanced filters are significantly lower than standard lime treatment costs of $127,000. The filters provide effective, low-cost phosphorus removal while generating less sludge waste than chemical precipitation methods.
This document discusses the impact of organic matter on the performance of LED-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). It finds that UV/persulfate was the most effective at removing total organic carbon (TOC), while photo-Fenton and UV/hydrogen peroxide were the least effective at forming disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The document also notes that AOPs performed similarly for TOC reduction after granular activated carbon treatment and water treatment works inlets. It concludes that AOP pre-treatment is not recommended for TOC removal due to producing hydrophilic organics that are difficult to remove.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the adsorption of lead (Pb) from aqueous solution using modified beech sawdust. Some key findings include:
- Maximum Pb removal efficiency of 91.3% occurred at pH 5, while minimum efficiency of 28.04% occurred at pH 7. Maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3841 mg/g.
- As the initial Pb concentration increased from 1 to 7 mg/L, removal efficiency decreased from 91.3% to 33.88%. Increasing adsorbent dose from 2 to 8 g/L improved removal efficiency from 50% to 97.3%.
- Removal efficiency had a decreasing trend after equilibrium was reached
Heavy Metal and Nutrient Flow Dissected at the IAWWTFShae Varmette
The document describes the process that wastewater undergoes at the Ithaca Area Wastewater Treatment Facility (IAWWTF). Heavy metals are primarily removed in primary treatment through settling in tanks, while nutrients are removed in both primary and secondary treatment through aeration tanks and clarifiers. Tertiary treatment further removes some remaining nutrients. The document also discusses different techniques used at other treatment facilities worldwide to remove heavy metals and nutrients from wastewater.
While trace amounts of fluorine are essential for life, its excessive intake
leads to a disease known as fluorosis. It is a predominant ailment in majority of the
countries inclusive of India. It is caused also by drinking fluoride containing water.
Retention of fluorine in bones and teeth occurs through F−–(OH−) exchange on their
inorganic component known as hydroxylapatite. Endeavour of the present study is to
design a column using activated alumina as an adsorbent for continuous defluoridation
ofwater for domestic purpose. As a part of it, operational defluoridation capacity
of aluminawas determined by variation of different factors (amount of alumina, time,
temperature, added salts). A family of four members was taken as a model. The initial
and final fluoride concentrations were taken as 2.0 and 0.7 ppm, respectively.
Dimension of the unit (adsorbent bed diameter and height) was determined.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document summarizes a study that used a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (MBR) system to treat municipal wastewater. The MBR consisted of influent and effluent tanks and submerged PVDF hollow fiber membrane modules. Over a 120-day period, the MBR achieved over 99.5% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 88.9% removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Results showed the MBR system is effective at treating high-strength wastewaters and can maintain performance during fluctuations in influent levels.
Advanced Oxidation Process for Industrial Water Treatment and Waste WaterUus Soedjak
This document discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for water treatment and wastewater. AOPs involve generating strong oxidizing agents like hydroxyl radicals that react with organic contaminants in water. There are several AOP technologies including ozone/ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide/ultraviolet irradiation, and Fenton's reaction. While AOPs have been implemented in some industries, their commercial use is still limited due to relatively high costs. The document provides examples of different AOP technologies and references for further information.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Fluoride is a typical component of natural waters and its concentration varies depending on the water resource. Water may be contaminated by natural sources like more alkaline ions (CO32-+HCO3->10.4 meq/l water) reacts with halite which comes from industrial effluents. This is ensuing in fluoride concentrations up to 12.7 mg F–/l where ground level of water is low. WHO standards and BIS: 105000, 1991 permit only 0.5-1.5 mg/dl as the upper permissible limit for fluoride in drinking water for the Indian context. Fluoride in excess of the permissible limits in drinking water causes a number of endemic conditions referred to collectively as “fluorosis”. This paper explores the sorptive answer of a recently developed adsorbent, Activated alumina finely grinded with coconut shell powder. The efficiency of the sorption of fluoride ion is affected by pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, type and size of adsorbents. The adsorption equilibrium is well correlated by Freundlich and Langmuir models
Plasma-chemical treatment of industrial wastewaters from brewery “Brasseries ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on treating industrial wastewater from a brewery in Cameroon using plasma-chemical treatment. The researchers collected wastewater samples from the central collection point of the brewery and analyzed them to determine pollution levels. They then exposed the samples to a gliding arc plasma discharge for periods of 3-60 minutes. Exposing the wastewater to 60 minutes of the plasma discharge reduced turbidity by 52.22% and absorbance by 50.19%, indicating degradation of colored compounds. After 60 minutes of treatment, levels of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and total organic carbon in the wastewater were also reduced significantly, by 52.05%, 68.63%, and 69
This document describes a study that tested a prototype point-of-use water filter designed to remove both harmful bacteria and arsenic from drinking water. The filter combined a clay pot filter, which is effective at removing bacteria, with a bone char attachment designed to also reduce arsenic levels. Testing exposed the filters to water containing 500 parts per billion of arsenic, far exceeding safety standards. Results showed the prototype filter significantly reduced arsenic concentrations to below safety standards, while the clay filter alone did not reduce arsenic as effectively. The simple and low-cost prototype filter design has potential to improve access to safe drinking water in areas impacted by both bacterial and arsenic contamination.
A study on the removal of metal ions by Eichhornia Crassipes Sooraj Garg
The document summarizes a study on using water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) to remove metal ions from water. It discusses the objectives of studying the plant's efficiency in removing metals and the effect of pH. It reviews literature on the plant's removal of metals like copper, cadmium, and chromium from over 90% within 25 days. The methodology discusses preparing synthetic wastewater with metals like iron, aluminum, copper and chromium at different pH levels and concentrations. Results show the plant removed over 90% of chromium at pH 4.5 but only 33-77% at other pH levels. Iron removal was 78-80% on average. The plant absorbed more iron than other metals.
1. Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) was used to remove manganese (Mn) from synthetic wastewater. The effects of operational conditions like pressure, pH, SDS concentration, and NaCl concentration on permeate flux and Mn rejection were studied.
2. It was found that permeate flux increased with pressure from 0.35 L/min/m^2 at 1 bar to 1.79 L/min/m^2 at 4 bar, while Mn rejection increased slightly with pressure from 89.7% to 98%. Mn rejection and flux increased with increasing pH and SDS concentration.
3. Adding NaCl decreased Mn retention by 50-60% due to complexation of Mn with
This document summarizes a study that analyzed nitrate levels in waste and drinking water samples from 9 locations in Dhone Town, India. Nitrate levels were determined using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The results showed nitrate concentrations were below internationally accepted threshold levels, ranging from 0.03-2.363 mg/L across surface water and bore well samples. High nitrate levels can be harmful if consumed, but the areas tested were deemed not polluted based on the study findings.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS U...ijac123
This document summarizes a study on using a modified downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor to remove toxic chemicals and biological pollutants from groundwater wells. Key findings include:
1) The DHS reactor was effective at removing various heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), nitrates, total dissolved solids, and fecal coliform bacteria from groundwater when used with an organic chelator.
2) Higher removal efficiencies of over 70% were achieved for most contaminants when using a 1:1 molar ratio of chelator to metal ions.
3) The DHS reactor also provided over 70% removal of nitrogen as nitrates and nit
Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning watersacciona
Marina Arnaldos, responsable de desalación de desalación y nuevas tecnologías de ACCIONA Agua, presentó la ponencia “Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning waters for irrigation purposes” en la conferencia anual que la asociación europea de desalación ha celebrado en Roma entre los días 22-26 de mayo de 2016.
This document describes the design of an 8-bit current steering digital to analog converter (DAC) using full swing GDI logic. The DAC was implemented in a 0.13 μm CMOS process with a supply voltage of 3.3V. Simulation results showed the DAC operated at 200MHz with low power consumption of 16.823mW. Differential and integral nonlinearities were both below 0.121 least significant bits, and active area was reduced to 0.00447mm2 compared to previous designs. The DAC is suitable for low-power and high-speed applications.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the adsorption of lead (Pb) from aqueous solution using modified beech sawdust. Some key findings include:
- Maximum Pb removal efficiency of 91.3% occurred at pH 5, while minimum efficiency of 28.04% occurred at pH 7. Maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3841 mg/g.
- As the initial Pb concentration increased from 1 to 7 mg/L, removal efficiency decreased from 91.3% to 33.88%. Increasing adsorbent dose from 2 to 8 g/L improved removal efficiency from 50% to 97.3%.
- Removal efficiency had a decreasing trend after equilibrium was reached
Heavy Metal and Nutrient Flow Dissected at the IAWWTFShae Varmette
The document describes the process that wastewater undergoes at the Ithaca Area Wastewater Treatment Facility (IAWWTF). Heavy metals are primarily removed in primary treatment through settling in tanks, while nutrients are removed in both primary and secondary treatment through aeration tanks and clarifiers. Tertiary treatment further removes some remaining nutrients. The document also discusses different techniques used at other treatment facilities worldwide to remove heavy metals and nutrients from wastewater.
While trace amounts of fluorine are essential for life, its excessive intake
leads to a disease known as fluorosis. It is a predominant ailment in majority of the
countries inclusive of India. It is caused also by drinking fluoride containing water.
Retention of fluorine in bones and teeth occurs through F−–(OH−) exchange on their
inorganic component known as hydroxylapatite. Endeavour of the present study is to
design a column using activated alumina as an adsorbent for continuous defluoridation
ofwater for domestic purpose. As a part of it, operational defluoridation capacity
of aluminawas determined by variation of different factors (amount of alumina, time,
temperature, added salts). A family of four members was taken as a model. The initial
and final fluoride concentrations were taken as 2.0 and 0.7 ppm, respectively.
Dimension of the unit (adsorbent bed diameter and height) was determined.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document summarizes a study that used a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (MBR) system to treat municipal wastewater. The MBR consisted of influent and effluent tanks and submerged PVDF hollow fiber membrane modules. Over a 120-day period, the MBR achieved over 99.5% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 88.9% removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Results showed the MBR system is effective at treating high-strength wastewaters and can maintain performance during fluctuations in influent levels.
Advanced Oxidation Process for Industrial Water Treatment and Waste WaterUus Soedjak
This document discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for water treatment and wastewater. AOPs involve generating strong oxidizing agents like hydroxyl radicals that react with organic contaminants in water. There are several AOP technologies including ozone/ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide/ultraviolet irradiation, and Fenton's reaction. While AOPs have been implemented in some industries, their commercial use is still limited due to relatively high costs. The document provides examples of different AOP technologies and references for further information.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Fluoride is a typical component of natural waters and its concentration varies depending on the water resource. Water may be contaminated by natural sources like more alkaline ions (CO32-+HCO3->10.4 meq/l water) reacts with halite which comes from industrial effluents. This is ensuing in fluoride concentrations up to 12.7 mg F–/l where ground level of water is low. WHO standards and BIS: 105000, 1991 permit only 0.5-1.5 mg/dl as the upper permissible limit for fluoride in drinking water for the Indian context. Fluoride in excess of the permissible limits in drinking water causes a number of endemic conditions referred to collectively as “fluorosis”. This paper explores the sorptive answer of a recently developed adsorbent, Activated alumina finely grinded with coconut shell powder. The efficiency of the sorption of fluoride ion is affected by pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, type and size of adsorbents. The adsorption equilibrium is well correlated by Freundlich and Langmuir models
Plasma-chemical treatment of industrial wastewaters from brewery “Brasseries ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on treating industrial wastewater from a brewery in Cameroon using plasma-chemical treatment. The researchers collected wastewater samples from the central collection point of the brewery and analyzed them to determine pollution levels. They then exposed the samples to a gliding arc plasma discharge for periods of 3-60 minutes. Exposing the wastewater to 60 minutes of the plasma discharge reduced turbidity by 52.22% and absorbance by 50.19%, indicating degradation of colored compounds. After 60 minutes of treatment, levels of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and total organic carbon in the wastewater were also reduced significantly, by 52.05%, 68.63%, and 69
This document describes a study that tested a prototype point-of-use water filter designed to remove both harmful bacteria and arsenic from drinking water. The filter combined a clay pot filter, which is effective at removing bacteria, with a bone char attachment designed to also reduce arsenic levels. Testing exposed the filters to water containing 500 parts per billion of arsenic, far exceeding safety standards. Results showed the prototype filter significantly reduced arsenic concentrations to below safety standards, while the clay filter alone did not reduce arsenic as effectively. The simple and low-cost prototype filter design has potential to improve access to safe drinking water in areas impacted by both bacterial and arsenic contamination.
A study on the removal of metal ions by Eichhornia Crassipes Sooraj Garg
The document summarizes a study on using water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) to remove metal ions from water. It discusses the objectives of studying the plant's efficiency in removing metals and the effect of pH. It reviews literature on the plant's removal of metals like copper, cadmium, and chromium from over 90% within 25 days. The methodology discusses preparing synthetic wastewater with metals like iron, aluminum, copper and chromium at different pH levels and concentrations. Results show the plant removed over 90% of chromium at pH 4.5 but only 33-77% at other pH levels. Iron removal was 78-80% on average. The plant absorbed more iron than other metals.
1. Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) was used to remove manganese (Mn) from synthetic wastewater. The effects of operational conditions like pressure, pH, SDS concentration, and NaCl concentration on permeate flux and Mn rejection were studied.
2. It was found that permeate flux increased with pressure from 0.35 L/min/m^2 at 1 bar to 1.79 L/min/m^2 at 4 bar, while Mn rejection increased slightly with pressure from 89.7% to 98%. Mn rejection and flux increased with increasing pH and SDS concentration.
3. Adding NaCl decreased Mn retention by 50-60% due to complexation of Mn with
This document summarizes a study that analyzed nitrate levels in waste and drinking water samples from 9 locations in Dhone Town, India. Nitrate levels were determined using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The results showed nitrate concentrations were below internationally accepted threshold levels, ranging from 0.03-2.363 mg/L across surface water and bore well samples. High nitrate levels can be harmful if consumed, but the areas tested were deemed not polluted based on the study findings.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS U...ijac123
This document summarizes a study on using a modified downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor to remove toxic chemicals and biological pollutants from groundwater wells. Key findings include:
1) The DHS reactor was effective at removing various heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), nitrates, total dissolved solids, and fecal coliform bacteria from groundwater when used with an organic chelator.
2) Higher removal efficiencies of over 70% were achieved for most contaminants when using a 1:1 molar ratio of chelator to metal ions.
3) The DHS reactor also provided over 70% removal of nitrogen as nitrates and nit
Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning watersacciona
Marina Arnaldos, responsable de desalación de desalación y nuevas tecnologías de ACCIONA Agua, presentó la ponencia “Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning waters for irrigation purposes” en la conferencia anual que la asociación europea de desalación ha celebrado en Roma entre los días 22-26 de mayo de 2016.
This document describes the design of an 8-bit current steering digital to analog converter (DAC) using full swing GDI logic. The DAC was implemented in a 0.13 μm CMOS process with a supply voltage of 3.3V. Simulation results showed the DAC operated at 200MHz with low power consumption of 16.823mW. Differential and integral nonlinearities were both below 0.121 least significant bits, and active area was reduced to 0.00447mm2 compared to previous designs. The DAC is suitable for low-power and high-speed applications.
Công ty lioa Nhật Linh chuyên cung cấp sỉ lẻ ổn áp lioa 1 pha,ổn áp lioa 3 pha.lioa 0,5kva,1 kva,2kva,3kva,5kva,7,5kva...LH công ty Nhật Linh:0936.02.0099
This document discusses fatigue among Indian seafarers and its management. It analyzes factors that contribute to seafarer fatigue like long working hours, irregular sleep patterns, and environmental hardships. The study surveyed 150 Indian seafarers to understand the extent, causes, and effects of their fatigue. It found that most seafarers experience mental strain, physical stress, lack of rewards, and responsibility. The study aims to identify solutions to reduce fatigue and improve seafarer health, safety, and performance. Its findings can help shipping companies better implement fatigue management plans.
Bahrein é um pequeno arquipélago no Golfo Pérsico. É governado por uma monarquia constitucional e possui a 18a maior reserva de petróleo do mundo. A economia de Bahrein depende fortemente da indústria do petróleo e do turismo.
Facilitating Tweetjams, presentation and tweet chat on how facilitators can facilitate tweet chats, led by Dorothy Firsching and Becky Roberts at the International Association of Facilitators North America, May, 2012 in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Singaporeans are most interested in Ferraris, especially the 488 model. They see Lamborghinis and Ferraris positively as having prestige but view Porsches slightly less exclusive. Cadillacs are seen negatively due to reliability issues. Maseratis are viewed positively for their beauty but as impractical for youth. Average Singaporeans see supercars like Lamborghinis as unattainable dreams.
I am professional in Oil and Energy industry with 15 years continuous experience in Instrumentation and Control as well as Training and Competency Development.
I am able to work in team environments, communicate, understand and work within the dynamics of a multi-functional, multi-cultural and multi-location environment.
The document compares the performance of rapid sand filters and dynamic upflow sand filters (Dyna sand filters) for tertiary wastewater treatment. Samples were taken from the effluent of rapid sand filters and a Dyna sand filter pilot unit at a wastewater treatment plant. The Dyna sand filter achieved much higher removal of total suspended solids (82-90%) compared to the rapid sand filters (43-70%). Both filters had similar removal of biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand (around 60% and 65% respectively). However, the Dyna sand filter provided more consistent removal efficiency compared to fluctuations seen with the rapid sand filter. Therefore, the Dyna sand filter is concluded to be very effective at suspended
This document summarizes experiments conducted on a tube settler to treat filter backwash (FBW) water from a conventional water treatment plant. The experiments aimed to optimize plant operation and reduce residual waste. Characterization of the FBW water found it contained high solids and bacteria. Experiments on a laboratory-scale tube settler showed optimum settling velocities for treating FBW water both with and without additional treatment. Characterization of FBW sludge found it suitable for use in brick making when mixed with clay at 25% by volume, meeting strength standards. Operational modifications to rapid sand filters and backwashing reduced FBW volumes by 18%.
IRJET- Economical Water Purifier using Natural and Waste MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of an economical water purifier using natural and waste materials. It aims to remove pollutants from wastewater to make it safe for human and environmental health. The proposed purifier uses low-cost materials like charcoal, zeolite, coconut shells, alum, seashells, stones, corncobs, and wood to filter water. Laboratory tests will evaluate the filtered water quality for parameters like pH, turbidity and suitability for human and environmental use. The goal is to develop an inexpensive water purifier that can also enrich drinking water with minerals, while utilizing waste materials.
This document reviews potential alternative reuse pathways for water treatment residuals and discusses remaining barriers. It begins by explaining that water treatment residuals are byproducts of the coagulation process used in most water treatment plants globally to remove particles and improve water quality. They are generally in liquid or sludge form. The document then discusses various proposed alternative reuse options for the residuals, including use as a sorbent to remove pollutants from soils and water, land application to agricultural soils, use in construction materials, and elemental recovery. It concludes by examining the main limitations and knowledge gaps regarding these reuse pathways, such as potential risks from phosphorus immobilization and aluminum toxicity in soils from land application.
Treatment of Pretreated Landfill Leachate by Membrane Bioreactor ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
The document summarizes a study on treating landfill leachate using coagulation and a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process.
1) Coagulation using alum achieved the highest removal rate of 94.9% at a dosage of 160 mg/L. However, the effluent quality did not meet standards for discharge.
2) The leachate was then treated with an MBR system at an optimum hydraulic retention time of 5 days. After MBR treatment, all parameters except biochemical oxygen demand met relevant Indian standards for irrigation water discharge.
3) The MBR process improved removal rates compared to coagulation alone. Removal rates increased to 85-95% for most parameters like
The document discusses using algae for wastewater treatment. It notes that algae can efficiently treat wastewater by removing nutrients, heavy metals, and pathogens. This allows the treated water to be safely used for irrigation, reducing freshwater usage and pollution of waterways. Algae treatment in oxidation ponds also produces algal biomass that can be converted to biofuels or other products. The document provides examples of how different algae species effectively remove various wastewater contaminants like nitrogen, phosphorus, and COD. Algae wastewater treatment is seen as a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods.
The document discusses using forward osmosis (FO) to treat reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from water treatment plants. It examines using FO alone and with granular activated carbon (GAC) pretreatment to reduce the volume of ROC and remove organic micropollutants. Five steps of FO using 2-3M NaCl as the draw solution reduced the ROC volume to 8%. FO rejected some organic micropollutants but GAC pretreatment followed by FO removed almost all organic micropollutants from the ROC. Reducing the pH of the ROC feed solution arrested flux decline caused by fouling during FO.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
The document summarizes a study on using a combined anaerobic-aerobic reactor system to treat textile wastewater. Key findings include:
- Over 84.62% of ammonia nitrogen and about 98.9% of volatile suspended solids were removed by the system.
- Dissolved oxygen, pH, and organic changes were investigated during the nitrification and denitrification processes. Dissolved oxygen and pH were found to have only slight influences on nitrification, and a 10% removal of nitrogen resulted in about a 3% change in pH.
- The system was able to effectively remove nitrogen and organic materials from textile wastewater through the coupled anaerobic and aer
IRJET- Treatment of Textile Effluent by using Natural CoagulantsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using natural coagulants to treat textile effluent wastewater. Two natural coagulants were tested: water hyacinth (Eirchorrnia crassipes) and nirmali seeds (Strychnos potatorum). The textile effluent wastewater was analyzed before and after treatment with the natural coagulants and with alum (the chemical coagulant) for comparison. Treatment with both natural coagulants reduced parameters like turbidity, chlorides, alkalinity, and biochemical oxygen demand to a greater degree than treatment with alum. Water hyacinth was identified as the most effective natural coagulant, reducing turbidity by 53
This document summarizes a study that examined using micro zeolite combined with coagulants and coagulant aids to treat stabilized landfill leachate. The study tested different dosages of polyaluminum chloride (PAC), alum, and ferric chloride combined with micro zeolite and a polymer. The micro zeolite was tested at different particle sizes. The combination of PAC and micro zeolite achieved the highest removal rates for suspended solids (99.7%), color (96%), chemical oxygen demand (76%), and ammoniacal nitrogen (68%) with a settling time of 30 minutes.
This document summarizes a study on using water hyacinth microorganisms and organic waste materials to treat wastewater from batik dyeing industries. The study tested treating wastewater samples from 3 batik industries using a batch reactor with water hyacinth and 4 column reactors containing bagasse, rice husks, bamboo charcoal, or a mixture. The treatment reduced pH, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, ammonia, and color levels. The rice husk and bamboo charcoal column reactors most effectively lowered pH and conductivity. The batch reactor and all column reactors significantly improved water quality parameters. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of using biological and physical treatment methods to purify batik wastew
Nano-adsorbent for fluoride removal from drinking waterPranjalSaheb
Fluoride occurs naturally in most water supplies.
Main sources of fluoride in groundwater-
The weathering and leaching of fluorinated minerals.
Industrial wastewater discharges .
With increased human industrial activities, high fluoride-content water has become a widespread problem in the world.
WHO has given a guideline limitation of less than 1.5 mg/L of fluoride in drinking water.
Various industries such as glass and ceramic production, fertilizer and semiconductor manufacturing contribute to fluoride pollution to a large extent. The effluents of these industries may reach to thousands of mg per L, which is higher than natural water.Depending on the concentration and water temperature, the effect of fluoride in drinking water can be beneficial or harmful to mankind. The presence of small quantities of fluoride in ingested water is often considered to have a beneficial effect on human health and helps in the normal mineralization of bones and dental formation.
On the contrary, excessive intake of fluoride leads to osteoporosis, Alzheimers syndrome, skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, cancer, infertility, and thyroid disorder.
REMOVAL OF CADMIUM FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER USING CILANTRO (Coriandrum Sat...IRJET Journal
1) The study investigates using cilantro (Coriandrum Sativum) as an adsorbent for removing cadmium from industrial wastewater produced by laundries.
2) Batch and column studies were conducted to determine the maximum adsorption capacity of cilantro and the effect of parameters like dosage, contact time, pH, bed depth and flow rate.
3) The batch studies found that dry cilantro leaves had the highest removal efficiency of 74.06% at a dosage of 1.5g, contact time of 120 minutes and pH of 8.
4) In column studies, the highest removal was achieved with a bed depth of 5cm and flow rate of 2ml
IRJET- Study on Reduction of Phosphate from Industrial Cum Municipal Wastewat...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on reducing phosphate levels in industrial and municipal wastewater using a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The researchers used polyurethane foam as bio-carriers in a cylindrical tank equipped with an aerator. The MBBR was operated under aerobic conditions at an aeration rate of 1.6 LPM. Results showed the MBBR was able to remove 55.06% of phosphorus from the wastewater. The document provides background on the need to remove phosphorus from wastewater to prevent eutrophication, and describes different phosphorus removal methods including chemical, physical and biological approaches like the MBBR system tested in this study.
Wastewater Treatment Process by Physico Chemical Methodsijtsrd
Contaminated water contains particles of different sizes which can be classified as dissolved 0.08 µm , colloidal 0.08 1 µm , supracolloidal 100 100 mm and settleable 100 µm . The type of treatment selected depends on the size of particles present in the wastewater. In practice, treatment efficiency also depends on particle size. Solids of the size that are visible to the naked eye can be separated either by settling under the influence of gravity or by flotation, depending on the relative densities of solids and water. They may also be easily separated by filtration. However, very fine particles of a colloidal nature called colloids, size 1 µm which have high stability are significant pollutants. The reason for this stability is that these particles have electrostatic surface charges of the same sign usually negative . This means that repulsive forces are created between them, preventing their aggregation and subsequent settling. It has therefore proved impossible to separate them by settling or flotation. It is not possible to separate these solids by filtration because they pass through any filter. However, separation by physico chemical treatments is possible. Physico chemical treatment of wastewater focuses primarily on the separation of colloidal particles. This is achieved through the addition of chemicals called coagulants and flocculants . These change the physical state of the colloids allowing them to remain in an indefinitely stable form and therefore form into particles or flocs with settling properties. Dr. Bhoopendra Singh "Wastewater Treatment Process by Physico-Chemical Methods" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51862.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/51862/wastewater-treatment-process-by-physicochemical-methods/dr-bhoopendra-singh
Plasma-chemical treatment of industrial wastewaters from brewery “Brasseries ...IJERA Editor
This work focuses on the study of the chemical reactivity of an advanced oxidation process (AOP), called the
plasma technique, in order to prevent industrial effluent from pollution and better cope to several damage of
environment. The oxidizing and acidifying properties of an electric discharge of the gliding arc plasma and its
application to a target which is a real effluent (wastewater from Brasseries du Cameroun -Bafoussam plant)
fascinated this study. Samples were collected from the central collecting point (CCP) of the effluent. The
collected effluent samples were analyzed by volumetric and instrumental methods, and then exposed to the
gliding discharge during specific time periods of 3-60 min to exhibit the desired decontamination effects. At the
end of 60 min of exposure time to the discharge, 52.22% and 50.19% obtained respectively to abatement of
turbidity and rate of fall in absorbance. This reduction can be explained by the fact that the coloured compounds
were degraded and this degradation gave rise to the transparent appearance observed. After stopping the
discharge process, the abatement percentage of BOD5, COD and TOC, were obtained at the same time (60min)
with values of 52.05%, 68.63% and 69.37% respectively. These results reflect the considerable reduction of the
pollution load of the wastewaters collected from CCP of the brewery. These results showed that the
effectiveness of the gliding arc plasma depends not only on the physico-chemical parameters of the target, but
also on the exposure time and concluded that the non-thermal plasma process alone provides good reduction of
organic pollutants in wastewater. Moreover, the phenomenon of post- discharge, even though not studied in
details demonstrated that, after switching the discharge, the evolution of parameters such as pH, electrical
conductivity and TDS increase.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS U...ijac123
This document summarizes a study on using a modified downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor to remove toxic chemicals and biological pollutants from groundwater wells. Key findings include:
1) The DHS reactor was effective at removing various heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), nitrates, total dissolved solids, and fecal coliform bacteria from groundwater when used with an organic chelator.
2) Higher removal efficiencies of over 70-100% were achieved for most contaminants at a chelator to metal ion ratio of 4:1 after 1 hour of treatment.
3) The DHS reactor also provided over 70% removal of nitrates
This document provides an introduction, problem statement, objectives, and methodology for a study investigating the effectiveness of combining advanced oxidation and adsorption processes to remove colour from tea manufacturing wastewater. The study will use hydrogen peroxide for oxidation and surfactant-modified zeolite for adsorption in batch experiments. The document outlines that population growth and industrialization are increasing water pollution, and that combined processes may provide a more effective treatment method. Batch experiments will evaluate the effects of parameters like pH, concentration, temperature, and sorbent mass on colour removal. The results will help determine the viability of combining existing water treatment techniques.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
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2. Column Study of The Adsorption of Phosphate by Using Drinking Water Treatment Sludge
and Red Mud
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 9 editor@iaeme.com
Key words: Column Study, Adsorption, Drinking Water Treatment Sludge
(DWTS), and Red Mud (RM), phosphate.
Cite this Article: Prof. Dr. Alaa Hussein Al-Fatlawi and Mena Muwafaq
Neamah. Investigating Column Study of The Adsorption of Phosphate by
Using Drinking Water Treatment Sludge and Red Mud. International Journal
of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(9), 2015, pp. 08-19.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JTypeIJCIET&VType=6&IType=9
1. INTRODUCTION
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for the growth of organisms in most
ecosystems, but superfluous phosphorus can also cause eutrophication and hence
deteriorate water quality. Phosphorus is released into aquatic environments in many
ways, of which the most significant are human industrial, agricultural, and mining
activities. Although phosphorus removal is required before discharging wastewater
into bodies of water, phosphorus pollution is nevertheless increasing. Therefore, there
is currently an urgent demand for improved phosphorus removal methods which can
be applied before wastewater discharge. In wastewater treatment, enhanced biological
phosphorus removal (EBPR) is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to
chemical precipitation (CP) because of its lower costs and reduced sludge production.
Much water treatment sludge is produced in the production of service water and
drinking water. It is impossible to prevent the production of water treatment sludge.
The water treatment sludge is liquid and solid and is regarded as a waste.
Consequently, the water treatment sludge must be handled in accordance with
regulations in forces. The quantity of the water treatment sludge is rather high. The
water treatment sludge is placed mostly in landfills. In some countries, for instance in
the Netherlands, about 25 per cent of the produced water treatment sludge is re-used,
(Miroslav, 2008).
It is still an issue to choose a disposal or liquidation method for the water
treatment sludge that would be reasonable in terms of technology and economy.
According to environment protection regulations it is required to minimise the
quantity of wastes produced. If possible, the wastes should be re-used or processed as
secondary raw materials as much as possible. If this is not possible, the solid wastes
should be put back in the environment where the space occupied should be as little as
possible and minimum costs should be incurred, (Moldan et al., 1990).
Phosphorus removal from wastewater has been widely investigated and several
techniques have been developed including adsorption methods, physical processes
(settling, filtration), chemical precipitation (with aluminum, iron and calcium salts),
and biological processes that rely on biomass growth (bacteria, algae, plants) or
intracellular bacterial polyphosphates accumulation (de-Bashan et al., 2004).
Recently, the removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions via adsorption has
attracted much attention. The key problem for many phosphorus adsorption methods,
however, is finding an efficient adsorbent. Several low-cost or easily available clays,
waste materials and by-products.
3. Prof. Dr. Alaa Hussein Al-Fatlawi and Mena Muwafaq Neamah
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 10 editor@iaeme.com
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Adsorbate
Phosphate was selected as a representative of a contaminant because the it is the main
nutrient for the growth of aquatic microorganisms like algae but the excess content of
phosphorus in receiving waters leads to extensive algae growth (eutrophication).
The samples was collected from the effluent channel of Almuamirah wastewater
treatment plant in Al-Hilla city, Iraq. These samples were immediately transported to
the laboratory for processing. The total amount of plant nutrients and other pollutants
present in a sewage plant effluent is subjected to seasonal, daily, and hourly variation.
Table 1 summarizes the composition and variability of the effluent under study. The
wastewater sample was used as stock solution to provide the specific value of
phosphate concentration. Where necessary, pH adjustment was made on each sample
by addition of 0.1 M HNO3 and NaOH solutions using a HACH-pH meter.
Table 1 Physico-chemical analysis of secondary wastewater effluent sample, (Almuamirah
wastewater treatment plant, 2014)
parameters Quantitative composition
E.C, µs/cm 3.5
T.D.S, mg/L 1288
Salinity, mg/L 2.18
Total hardness, as CaCo3, mg/L 1200
pH 7.9
Mg, mg/L 232.8
Ca, mg/L 160.3
So4, mg/L 769.4
Cl, mg/L 289.9
Po4, mg/L 2.7
No3, mg/L 0.46
T.S.S, mg/L 40
BOD5, mg/L 32
COD, mg/L 54
DO, mg/L 2.3
Fecal coliform, mpn/100 ml 120000
Total coliform, mpn/100 ml 128000
2.2 Adsorbent
Two types of adsorbent were used in the present study for adsorption of phosphate
from secondary effluents of wastewater treatment plant they are:
1. Drinking Water Treatment Sludge (DWTS),
2. Red Mud (RM).
2.2.1. Drinking Water Treatment Sludge (DWTS)
The composition and properties of the water treatment sludge depends typically on the
quality of treated water as well as on types and doses of chemicals used during the
4. Column Study of The Adsorption of Phosphate by Using Drinking Water Treatment Sludge
and Red Mud
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 11 editor@iaeme.com
water treatment. Depending on the quality of the treated water, the water treatment
sludge contains suspensions of inorganic and organic substances.
The (DWTS) used in this study was taken from the sedimentation tanks of Al-
Tayara drinking water treatment plant, in Al-Hilla city, Iraq. This sludge was dried at
atmospheric temperature for 5 days, and then sieved on 2 mm mesh to achieve
satisfactory uniformity. The sludge had a particle size distribution ranged from 150
μm to 10 mm (Fig. 1) with an effective grain size, d10, of 250 μm, a median grain size,
d50, of 460 μm and a uniformity coefficient, Cu= d60/d10, of 2.24.
Figure 1 Gradation curve for (DWTS) used in the present study.
The geometric mean diameter (1.19) is given by where d1 is the
diameter of lower sieve on which the particles are retained and d2 is the diameter of
the upper sieve through which the particles pass (Alexander and Zayas, 1989). Table
2 presents the physical and chemical characteristics of this (DWTS).
Table 2 Physical and chemical characteristics of DWTS
Element Quantitative composition
T.O.C, mg/L 4.29
E.C, µs/cm 620
T.D.S, mg/L 312
Salinity, mg/L 0.2
pH 8.1
L.O.I, mg/L 15.76
Fe2O3, mg/L 3.6
CaO, mg/L 15.32
SO3, mg/L 0.63
MgO, mg/L 3.66
Al2O3, mg/L 11.56
R2O3, mg/L 15.16
SiO2, mg/L 45
2.2.2. Red Mud (RM)
The Red Mud (RM) used in this study was supplied by the Iraqi commercial markets.
It is a solid waste produced in the process of alumina production from bauxite
following the Bayer process. Red mud, as the name suggests, is brick—red in colour
and slimy, having an average particle size of <10μm. A few particles greater than
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.1 1 10
%ofcumulativepassing
Partical size (diameter , mm)
5. Prof. Dr. Alaa Hussein Al-Fatlawi and Mena Muwafaq Neamah
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 12 editor@iaeme.com
20μm are also available [Liu et al., 2011].The mesh size of red mud used in the study
was of 1mm. This size was obtained by sieving analysis using the American Sieve
Standards in the building of Materials Engineering laboratory at the University of
Babylon. Its composition, property and phase vary with the type of the bauxite and the
alumina production process, and also change over time. The chemical composition of
the red mud is given in Table 3.
As a pre-treatment, (RM) was crushed and sieved to get granular (RM)with
particle size of 0.425 mm to be used in present experiments as shown in Fig. 2.The
granular (RM) was firstly washed with distilled water and then dried in an electric
oven at 120⁰C, overnight. This time was usually enough to remove any undesired
moisture within the particles. It was then placed in desiccators for cooling.
Figure 2 Gradation curve for (RM) used in the present study.
Table 3 The main chemical constituents of (RM), (Ping and Dong, 2012)
Chemical constituent Quantitative composition, %
Fe2O3 26.41
Al2O3 18.94
SiO2 8.52
CaO 21.84
Na2O 4.75
TiO2 7.40
K2O 0.068
Sc2O3 0.76
V2O5 0.34
Nb2O5 0.008
TREO 0.012
Loss 9.71
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.1 1 10
%ofcumulativepassing
Partical size (diameter , mm)
6. Column Study of The Adsorption of Phosphate by Using Drinking Water Treatment Sludge
and Red Mud
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 13 editor@iaeme.com
3. PREPARATION OF SAMPLES WITH DIFFERENT (DWTS)
AND (RM) RATIOS
Two different (DWTS) and (RM) weight and ratios of (DWTS) to (RM) were used
starting with 0%, 33% and then 50%. The added (DWTS) was with a size of 1mm
while the size of (RM) was of 0.425mm. Each sample was mixed by shaking using a
shaker for 1 hour. The 0% ratio was first prepared and used in the experiments. When
an increase in the operating time was achieved, the addition ratio was raised to 50%.
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
The reactor setup (Fig. 3) used in the present study is constructed of pyrex glass tube
of (100 cm) height, and (7.5 cm) internal diameter. The column was made in a
methacrylate cylinder, thus allowing for visual examination of the progress of the
wetting front and detection of preferential flow channels along the column walls. The
column dimensions were defined to minimize the occurrence of channeling by
making the column diameter at least 30 times the maximum particle size found in the
material used. The column dimensions also met the minimum length-to-diameter
requirement (Relyea, 1982). This means the column length (100 cm) must be four
times greater than its diameter (7.5 cm). Attached to the lower part of the column was
a plastic funnel, inside which a perforated fiberglass plate was installed to support the
column’s methacrylate structure. The plate was covered by a mesh to act as a filter
and to retain the porous medium. The entire device was mounted on top of a metal
structure that allowed its height above the surface and the verticality of the column to
be regulated (Fig. 3). The column was packed with (DWTS) and (RM) in different
ratios as filter. Fluid entered the column, previously saturated with the wastewater.
Contaminant up gradient wastewater (Table 1) was used to flow through the layer of
packed materials. A constant-head reservoir of 50 liter volume polyethylene container
was used to deliver influent wastewater at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The sample was
collected as a function of time at the bottom of the column through a 30 liter
polyethylene container to collect the effluent solution. Two valves were used to
control the desired flow rate through the adsorption column. The first sample,
corresponding to time 0, was taken when water started to flow from the lower part of
the column. Samples were filtered through 0.45µm cellulose acetate filters.
Figure 3 Experimental set-up of column test used in the present study.
Monitoring of phosphate concentrations in the effluent was conducted for a period
of 120 hr. Samples were taken regularly (after different periods) from the effluent.
The water samples were immediately introduced in glass vials and then analyzed by
AAS.
7. Prof. Dr. Alaa Hussein Al-Fatlawi and Mena Muwafaq Neamah
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 14 editor@iaeme.com
The filling material in the column was assumed to be homogeneous and
incompressible, and constant over time for water-filled porosity. The volumetric water
discharge through the column cross section was constant over time and set as the
experimental values. The pollutant inlet concentration was set constant. All tubing
and fitting for the influent and effluent lines should be composed of an inert material.
Information from the column study can be used along with the site characterization
and modeling to help in designs the field-scale (DWTS).
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The adsorption experiments were carried out in columns that were equipped with a
stopper for controlling the column flow rate. This experiment is useful in
understanding and predicting the behavior of the process. The sample solution was
passed through the adsorption column with a known amount of (DWTS) at a flow rate
of 5mL/min by gravity. The flow rate was kept constant by controlling the stopper
valve. The concentration of phosphate residual in the sorption medium was
determined using fully automated PC-controlled true double-beam AAS with fast
sequential operation (Varian AA50 FS, Australia) for fast multielement flame AA
determinations with features 4 lamp positions and automatic lamp selection.
The results of phosphate adsorption onto different adsorption fixed beds using a
continuous system were presented in the form of breakthrough curves which showed
the loading behaviors of phosphate to be adsorbed from the solution expressed in
terms of relative concentration defined as the ratio of the outlet phosphate
concentration to the inlet phosphate concentration as a function of time (Ce/C₀ vs.
time).
5.2. Breakthrough Curves of the Different Adsorbents
Two continuous flow adsorption experiments were conducted to study the adsorption
behavior of fixed beds of (DWTS), and (RM). All the experiments were conducted at
constant conditions, bed depths 25 cm, initial phosphate concentration 4 mg/L, flow
rate 5 mL/min, particle size (1mm) for (DWTS), and (0.425mm) for (RM) and
solution pH of 4. The breakthrough curves of the experiments are presented in Fig. 4
in terms of Ce/C₀ versus time in minutes.
Figure 4 Experimental breakthrough curves for adsorption of phosphate onto DWTS and RM
at C₀=4 mg/L, pH=4, Temp. = 25 ⁰C, H= 25 cm.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Ce/C₀
Time, min.
DWTS
RM
8. Column Study of The Adsorption of Phosphate by Using Drinking Water Treatment Sludge
and Red Mud
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 15 editor@iaeme.com
Fig. 4 shows that the two adsorbents used in present study are efficient in the
removal of phosphate. The use of (RM) reduces the operating time by about 21%
compared to the use of (DWTS). It is obvious from this figure that the breakthrough
curves for the two adsorbents used are of S shape.
5.2. Effect of Initial phosphate Concentration
The effect of changing of phosphate concentration from 2.7 mg/l to 4 mg/l with
constant bed height of (DWTS) of 25 cm, flow rate of 5 mL/min, and solution pH of 4
is shown by the breakthrough curves presented in Fig. 5. At the highest phosphate
concentration of 4 mg/l, the (DWTS) bed was exhausted in the shortest time of less
than 9 hours while its 50 hours for (RM).Leading to the earliest breakthrough. The
breakpoint time decreased with increasing the initial concentration as the binding sites
became more quickly saturated in the column. This indicated that an increase in the
concentration could modify the adsorption rate through the bed. A decrease in the
phosphate concentration gave an extended breakthrough curve indicating that a higher
volume of the solution could be treated. This was due to the fact that a lower
concentration gradient caused a slower transport due to a decrease in the diffusion
coefficient or mass transfer coefficient.
The effect of initial phosphate concentration onto (DWTS) and (RM) are shown
here (Fig. 5 and 6). It could be seen that the percent of phosphate removal decreased
with the increase in initial concentration. This means that the amount of these
phosphate sorbed per unit mass of sorbent increased with the increase in initial
concentration. This plateau represents saturation of the active sites available on the
(DWTS) samples for interaction with contaminants, indicating that less favorable sites
became involved in the process with increasing concentration.
Figure 5 Experimental breakthrough curves for adsorption of phosphorus onto DWTS at
different initial concentrations, pH=4, H=25 cm, Temp.=25 ⁰C.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Cₑ/C₀
Time, min.
C=2.7 mg/L
C=4 mg/L
9. Prof. Dr. Alaa Hussein Al-Fatlawi and Mena Muwafaq Neamah
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 16 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 6 Experimental breakthrough curves for adsorption of phosphorus onto RM at
different initial concentrations, pH=4, H=25 cm, Temp.=25 ⁰C.
5.3. Effect of Adsorbent Bed Height
The effect of bed height was investigated for phosphorus adsorption onto (DWTS);
the experimental breakthrough curves are presented in Fig. 7. This Fig. shows the
breakthrough curves obtained for phosphate adsorption on the (DWTS) for five
different bed heights of (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm), at a constant flow rate of 5
mL/min, phosphate initial concentration of 4 mg/L, and solution pH of 4.It is clear
that the increase in bed depth increases the breakthrough time and the residence time
of the solute in the column.
Both the breakthrough and exhaustion time increased with increasing the bed
height. A higher phosphate uptake was also expected at a higher bed height due to the
increase in the specific surface of the (DWTS) which provides more fixation binding
sites for the phosphate to adsorb. The increase in the adsorbent mass in a higher bed
provided a greater service area which would lead to an increase in the volume of the
solution treated. (Gupta et al., 2001) reported in their works that when the bed height
is reduced, axial dispersion phenomena predominates in the mass transfer and reduces
the diffusion of the solute, and therefore, the solute has not enough time to diffuse
into the whole of the adsorbent mass.
The effect of bed depth on the adsorption capacity of (DWTS) was shown in
Fig.8, by plotting the capacity versus different bed depth. This Fig. shows that
increasing bed depth would increase the capacity because additional spaces will be
available for the wastewater molecules to be adsorbed on these unoccupied areas.
Furthermore, increasing bed depth will give a sufficient contact time for these
molecules to be adsorbed on the (DWTS) surface.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Cₑ/C₀
Time, min.
C=2.7 mg/L
C=4 mg/L
10. Column Study of The Adsorption of Phosphate by Using Drinking Water Treatment Sludge
and Red Mud
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 17 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 7 Experimental breakthrough curves for adsorption of phosphorus onto DWTS at
different bed thickness C₀=4 mg/L, pH=4, Temp.=25 ⁰C.
Figure 8 Effect of different bed depth on the adsorption capacity of DWTS (Q=5 mL/min,
C₀=4 mg/L, pH=4, Temp=25 ⁰C).
5.4. Effect of Different (DWTS) – (RM) Ratios
The effect of different (DWTS) – (RM) weight ratios were investigated for phosphate
adsorption onto (DWTS) by adding different weight ratios of (0.425mm particle size)
(RM) to the (DWTS) bed which was of (1 mm particle size). Three experiments were
conducted using different weight ratios of (DWTS) – (RM) (0%, 33%, and 50%). All
experiments were carried out at constant conditions, flow rate of 5 mL/min, initial
phosphate concentration of 4 mg/L, (DWTS) bed height of 25 cm, and solution pH of
4. The experimental breakthrough curves are presented in Fig. 9.
This Fig. shows that a significant decrease in the operating time is achieved by
adding different ratios of (RM) to (DWTS). Adding 33%, and 50 % (RM) weight
ratios to the (DWTS) bed decreases the operating time by about 18%, and 30%
respectively. In the packed bed of the (DWTS) column, the contact points between the
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Cₑ/C₀
Time, min.
H=25 cm
H=20 cm
H=15 cm
H=10 cm
H=5 cm
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Adorptioncapacity,mg/g.
Bed depth, cm.
11. Prof. Dr. Alaa Hussein Al-Fatlawi and Mena Muwafaq Neamah
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 18 editor@iaeme.com
(DWTS) particles represent dead zones because they don’t contribute in the
adsorption process. So, adding a specific ratio of (RM) to the bed with a smaller
particle size fills the dead zones between the particles and increases the total specific
surface area of the bed leading an increase in the adsorption capacity and the
operating time.
Increasing the (RM) ratio to 50% caused the operating time to decrease as
compared to 33% ratio, but the bed was still achieving slightly higher operating time
and removal efficiency than the pure (0% ratio) (DWTS) bed. In fact, the (RM) has
higher adsorption capacity and higher porosity than (DWTS). Therefore; increasing
the (RM) ratio to 50% causes an increase in the available adsorption sites and the total
adsorption capacity of the bed, and this leads to a decrease in the operating time.
Figure.9 Experimental breakthrough curves for adsorption of phosphate onto different (RM)
ratios, (C₀ =4 mg/L, pH=4, H=25 cm, Temp=25 ⁰C).
6. CONCLUSIONS
The following Conclusions were obtain from this study:-
(DWTS) seems suitable for use as filler for remediation of wastewater
contaminated by phosphate. The laboratory column experiment show the
possibility decrease of contaminants in treated wastewater.
The use of (DWTS) as a reactive medium for the treatment of wastewater ensures
that significant rates of reduction of phosphate are achieved, particularly in cases
in which there is initially a high concentration.
Results from the column study showed that higher initial concentration resulted
in shorter column saturation.
(DWTS) is environment friendly, cost- effective, and locally available adsorbent
for the adsorption of phosphate ions from secondary wastewater effluents.
The effect of different (DWTS) – (RM) weight ratios shows that a significant
decrease in the operating time is achieved by adding different ratios of (RM) to
(DWTS). Adding 33 %, and 50 % (RM) weight ratios to the (DWTS) bed
decreases the operating time by about 18%, and 30% respectively. Increasing the
(RM) ratio to 50% caused the operating time to decrease as compared to 33%
ratio.
Increasing (RM) ratio increasing the removal efficiency and decreasing the
equilibrium time in about 57% and 38% for 50% and 33% (RM) ratio
respectively.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Cₑ/C₀
Time, min.
DWTS
33% RM
50% RM
12. Column Study of The Adsorption of Phosphate by Using Drinking Water Treatment Sludge
and Red Mud
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 19 editor@iaeme.com
One of the important aspects of the present study is represented by considering
the (DWTS) as reactive medium, i.e. not inert. The utilization of these conditions
is logic because the (DWTS) and (RM) may be worked together under the same
field conditions of the continuous flow.
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