The presentation discussed various types of aeration processes used in water treatment including mechanical aeration methods like packed column aeration. It also summarized key applications of aeration like removal of hydrogen sulfide, iron, manganese and ammonia. The presentation concluded with an overview of aeration systems and design criteria for diffused aeration commonly used for removal of volatile organic compounds.
areation and types of aeration in waste water treatmentAmi jasani
this presentation shows the aeration process among the whole process of waste water treatment. It is related to diploma civil engineering students of GTU.
areation and types of aeration in waste water treatmentAmi jasani
this presentation shows the aeration process among the whole process of waste water treatment. It is related to diploma civil engineering students of GTU.
Raw water coming from different sources contains dissolved salts and un-dissolved or suspended impurities. It is necessary to remove harmful salts dissolved into the water before feeding it to the boiler.
The file contains all details of the Feedwater used and the treatment applied on it before using in the Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Raw water coming from different sources contains dissolved salts and un-dissolved or suspended impurities. It is necessary to remove harmful salts dissolved into the water before feeding it to the boiler.
The file contains all details of the Feedwater used and the treatment applied on it before using in the Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Degassing, also known as degasification, is the removal of dissolved gases from liquids, especially water or aqueous solutions. There are numerous possible methods for such removal of gases from solids. Gases are removed for various reasons. Chemists remove gases from solvents when the compounds they are working on are possibly air- or oxygen-sensitive, or when bubble formation at solid-liquid interfaces becomes a problem. The formation of gas bubbles when a liquid is frozen can also be undesirable, necessitating degassing. There are numerous methods for removing gases from liquids, like Thermal degassing , Membrane degassing and Chemical degassing. Drug production, Production of paint and adhesives are some applications of Degassed water.
Earth Systems has been a global industry leader in acid and metalliferous drainage/acid rock drainage (AMD/ARD)
management for more than 25 years. We have developed an
innovative technology for rapidly lowering or preventing pollution from underground mines. This method, based on mine void atmosphere control, provides a clear, cost effective alternative to “water treatment in perpetuity” or accepting ongoing water
pollution.
https://www.acidmetalliferousdrainage.com/
https://www.earthsystemswater.com/
https://earthsystems.com.au/
Filtration in Amine Systems. This is a brochure of Twin Filter in Zaandam, just before it was acquired by Parker. Amine Filtration was earlier handled by Twin Process Filtration BV in Tiel, which was a subsidiary of Twin Filter. However, short after the acquisition of all the Twin Filter entities by The Sterling Group, the location in Tiel was closed and the Process Filtration activities were integrated in Twin Filter in Zaandam.
Abstract A natural gas processing plant separates impurities, nonmethane hydrocarbons, and fluids to produce high-quality pipeline-quality dry natural gas, extracted from underground. Natural gas processing produces valuable byproducts like natural gas liquids (NGLs). The process involves four key steps: oil and condensate removal, water removal, separation of NGLs, and sulfur and carbon dioxide removal. The primary procedures include planning, extraction, separation, removal, and storage. Natural gas sweetening removes CO2 and H2S from natural gas. It involves an amine scrubbing procedure, ensuring H2S and CO2 concentrations are below tariff limits. offers reliable solutions for natural gas sweetening applications. Water is present in natural gas, either in liquid or vapor form. Safe gas processing requires reducing and controlling its water content. .
Natural Gas Processing
4 | P a g e
Introduction
A natural gas processing plant is a facility designed to provide clean raw natural gas by separating impurities, various nonmethane hydrocarbons and fluids to get high quality natural gas, what is known as pipeline-quality dry natural gas. (Speight, J. G.,2019)
Natural gas (or fossil gas) is hiding beneath the surface and extracted both from under the ocean and land. As shown in Figure 1. (Energy Insight, 2023)
Figure 1: Schematic geology of natural gas resources. (Energy Insight, 2023)
natural gas It typically includes heavier hydrocarbons like ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, etc. in addition to a significant amount of methane. Additionally, it frequently has a significant proportion of nonhydrocarbons in its raw form, including carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen. Such substances as helium, carbonyl sulfide, and other forms of mercaptan are present in tiny quantities. In generally, it is also saturated with water. Some examples of the analysis of different types of gas are provided in Table 1.
Table 1: Typical Raw Gas Composition. (Mohammed Hamzah Msaed,2021)
Natural Gas Processing
5 | P a g e
Methodology
Natural gas processing yields associated hydrocarbons, sometimes referred to as "natural gas liquids" (NGLs), which can be extremely valuable byproducts. Natural gasoline, propane, butane, isobutane, and ethane are examples of NGLs. These (NGLs) can be purchased individually and are used for a number of purposes, such as improving oil recovery in oil wells, supplying raw materials to petrochemical or oil refineries, and serving as energy sources.
Although the actual process of processing natural gas to pipeline dry gas quality standards might be highly complicated, there are typically four key steps involved in order to eliminate the different impurities: (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2017)
• Oil and Condensate Removal
• Water Removal
• Separation of Natural Gas Liquids
• Sulfur and Carbon Dioxide Removal
While there are several procedures involved in the processing of natural gas, separation, dehydration, removal of ca
This presentation is about pure oxygen systems which are used for water purification and is an advancement over the conventional activated sludge process.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Nanotechnology role in the Long-Term Sustainability of Water Resources 04 May...Ahmed Hasham
Currently nanotechnology plays a vital role in water purification techniques. Nanotechnology is the process of manipulating atoms on a nanoscale. In nanotechnology, nano-membranes are used with the purpose of softening the water and removal of contaminants such as physical, biological and chemical contaminants.
Computerized system validation (CSV) as a requirement for good manufacturing ...Ahmed Hasham
The biopharmaceutical industries has more and more used computers to support and accelrate producing of their
products. Computer systems also are accustomed support routine offer of high quality products to boost production
process performance, scale back production prices, and improve product quality. it's vital that these systems square
measure suitable purpose from a business and restrictive perspective. Regulatory authorities treat a lack of regulatory
computer system compliance as a serious GxP deviation.
Covid-19: risk assessment and mitigation measures in healthcare and non healt...Ahmed Hasham
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the third emerging human coronavirus, leading to fatal respiratory
distress and pneumonia. The disease originated in December 2019 in Wuhan City,
Hubei province, China. As of 23 November 2021, over 258 million cases and 5.1 million deaths
have been reported in more than 222 countries and territories worldwide. The COVID-19 is
under biological hazards group 4 of high risk of spreading to the community with the potential
to overwhelm the health system, especially in resource limited countries. Transmission
of COVID-19 within healthcare and non-healthcare facilities has been recorded. Therefore,
several authorities such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), and other global partners issued guidance to mitigate the
COVID-19 pandemic in these facilities. A global emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic
requires various studies of mitigation measures and risk assessment. The Failure Mode and
Effects Analysis (FMEA) was used as a tool for risk assessment in healthcare and clinical
fields that assigns a numerical value to each risk associated with failure. Therefore, in this
review, the FMEA procedure was used to evaluate the COVID-19 risks and risk groups in
health care and non-healthcare workplaces. Proposed mitigation measures and risk ranking
tools were also summarized. The COVID-19 transmission risk should be theoretically and
practically reduced by applying the best hygienic practices. However, providing safe work
practices must be improved for infection control measures in healthcare and non-healthcare
workplaces. Additionally, it is recommended to reassess the risk of COVID-19 infection from
time to time, especially after vaccines availability.
Selected nanotechnology applications in industrial waste water treatment a r...Ahmed Hasham
Nanotechnology is considered the future of the world in most physics and chemical solutions that cannot
be applied in many scale level. This review aimed to highlight the different uses of nanotechnology in industrial
waste water treatment system because it is very important issue to protect the environment from the different liquid
industrial pollutants. Nanoparticles is defined by some as nanomaterials, and these materials has unusual properties
not present in ordinary materials. Nano, typically employed as a prefix, is defined as one billionth of a quantity or
term that is represented mathematically 10 9-
. Generally, refers to the processes that produces and use matter at the
nanometre level. From the review Nano-technology can be used to minimize the cost, accelerate the process and
improve the efficiency of industrial waste water treatment. Nanoparticles found to be one of the best solution in
the field of industrial waste water treatment.
Process validation-and-critical-regulatory-requirements-in-manufacturing-of-i...Ahmed Hasham
Process validation is the most critical regulatory requirement for licensed biopharmaceuticals and vaccine facilities. It is also considered as an economic issue through understanding and controlling any process and subsequently minimizing the processes failures. The process design (PD), process qualification (PQ) and continued process verification (PV) are the main three stages for industry for process validation. It was defined as the collection and evaluation of data, from the process design stage throughout production, to establishe a scientific evidence that a process is consistently delivering high quality products and in accordance with the principles of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). The challenges of vaccine production process are not limited to its complicated details which may change the validity of the process but also the cross process that still the biggest challenge. Therefore, process validation in biopharmaceutical industries has the high priority specially vaccine production. In conclusion, continuous monitoring and validation of inactivated veterinary vaccines has the great impact on defects, nonconformance decreasing and processes improvement. Also the critical parameters of process validation of inactivated veterinary vaccine manufacturing are highlighted.
Process validation and critical regulatory requirements in manufacturing of i...Ahmed Hasham
Process validation is the most critical regulatory requirement for licensed biopharmaceuticals and vaccine facilities. It is also considered as an economic issue through understanding and controlling any process and subsequently minimizing the processes failures. The process design (PD), process qualification (PQ) and continued process verification (PV) are the main three stages for industry for process validation. It was defined as the collection and evaluation of data, from the process design stage throughout production, to establishe a scientific evidence that a process is consistently delivering high quality products and in accordance with the principles of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). The challenges of vaccine production process are not limited to its complicated details which may change the validity of the process but also the cross process that still the biggest challenge. Therefore, process validation in biopharmaceutical industries has the high priority specially vaccine production. In conclusion, continuous monitoring and validation of inactivated veterinary vaccines has the great impact on defects, nonconformance decreasing and processes improvement. Also the critical parameters of process validation of inactivated veterinary vaccine manufacturing are highlighted.
Poultry Manure (PM) produced in Egypt in huge amount and considered as an environmental problem. Poultry waste can, however, be fermented anaerobically to produce biogas, but its great majority of nitrogen that affects the efficiency and methane ratio of generated biogas. So, the aim of this work to enhance the methane ratio in biogas produced from Poultry Manure using the Dried Bread (DB). 100:0, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 0:100% ratios of DB:PM mixtures has been studied. Biogas yield, C/N ratio, pH, and methane content were studied. The initial pH was 6.43±0.01, 6.85+0.31 6.87±0.56, 6.89±0.23, and 6.95±0.35 respectively; and finally, it was 7.9±0.50, 8.20±0.03, 8.51±0.34, 8.64±0.21 and 8.86+0.25 respectively. While the produced biogas from 100 gm from each mixture was 1180, 1050, 943, 890 and 785 mL respectively with regression coefficient = 0.983. From the obtained results the biogas with high methane content (56%) was produced from mixture of 3:1 DB: PM. The study conclude that Dried Bread can be used to enhance the properties of poultry manure for best biogas quality.)
Nanoparticles as a novel and promising antiviral platform in veterinary medicineAhmed Hasham
Traditional veterinary virus vaccines, such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, have achieved tremendous success
in controlling many viral diseases of livestock and chickens worldwide. However, many recent viral outbreaks caused by
diferent emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to be reported annually worldwide. It is therefore necessary to develop
new control regimens. Nanoparticle research has received considerable attention in the last two decades as a promising
platform with signifcant success in veterinary medicine, replacing traditional viral vector vaccines. However, the feld of
nanoparticle applications is still in its initial phase of growth. Here, we discuss various preparation methods, characteristics,
physical properties, antiviral efects, and pharmacokinetics of well-developed nanoparticles and the potential of nanoparticles
or nano-vaccines as a promising antiviral platform for veterinary medicine.
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
Water pollution is one of the environmental challenges facing the world society. Consequently, the pollutants both domestic and industrial wastewater are identified as an environmental threat. Hydrochar (HC) appears as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to this environmental threat. HC is the solid produced from the wet pyrolysis process for biomass that is rich in carbon in a sub-critical liquid phase, called the Hydro-Thermal Carbonization Process (HTC). This review aims to address the possibility of using HC as the most effective solution to the industrial wastewater. HTC has proven a greater yield than dry pyrolysis (30%-60% wt). To date, HC is listed as a promising lower-cost alternate adsorbent for removing wastewater pollutants. In Egypt for example, only few studies have been published investigating the properties of HC and its environmental applications. In this review, we will shed light on the preparation, characterization, and previous studies on the development and recent applications of HC. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to produce HC at a commercial scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is only few research studies addressing the HC production in the Middle East countries. Therefore, the door is still opened for more research on developing production techniques on HC from different biomass, and implementation in various environmental applications
Evaluation of the levels of haloacetic acids in gharbiya governorate, egypt[#...Ahmed Hasham
The occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) was studied in the drinking water samples from Gharbiya
governorate water treatment plants and its water supply network that served more than 5 million people. Drinking
water disinfection by-products are formed when a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter and/or
bromide/iodide present in a raw water source. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids are the two most prevalent
classes of DBPs and are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as being subject to World
Health Organization guidelines due to their potential health risk. Drinking water samples were collected from 4
sites monthly over one year (2017-2018). The aims of the present study are to investigate the levels of HAAs in
Gharbiya governorate (middle of Delta Egypt) drinking water. monochloroacetic acid ranged from 6.8 to 32.5
µg/L, dichloroacetic acid ranged from 9.8 to 43.7 µg/L, and the trichloroacetic acid ranged from 6.5 to 31.8 µg/L,
the minimum values observed during winter 2018 and the maximum value observed during summer 2017., The
HAAs species values were complying with the Egyptian standard (Ministerial Decree No.458/2007) and as well
as WHO 2012) standards for drinking water
Enhancing the adsorption of disinfection by products onto activated carbon us...Ahmed Hasham
The removal of contaminants from consumable waters by the traditional water treatment techniques is highly difficult. Disinfection of water alludes to the inactivation or pulverization of unsafe living pathogenic beings, which living in the water. Occurrence of disinfection by products (DBPs) during disinfection normally demonstrates lethal impacts on human health. Granular activated carbon (GAC) has the oldest history of decreasing of organic matters, but its role is reducing by time. TiO2 is used to accelerate the removal of the DBPs. TiO2 nanoparticles have good adsorption phenomena on the removal of those organic compounds at various pHs and temperatures and give good results. This study proved that TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the efficiency of GAC to remove DBPs from water. While the elimination of trihalomethanes (THMs), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) using 0.5 g of GAC was determined as 61.7, 69.8 and 83.2% respectively, the elimination of them by 0.1 g of TiO2 nanoparticles :GAC (1:1) was estimated as 100, 96 and 100%, respectively.
The biopharmaceutical industries has more and more used computers to support and accelrate producing of their
products. Computer systems also are accustomed support routine offer of high quality products to boost production
process performance, scale back production prices, and improve product quality. it's vital that these systems square
measure suitable purpose from a business and restrictive perspective. Regulatory authorities treat a lack of regulatory
computer system compliance as a serious GxP deviation. The objective of regulated computer systems includes systems
used to manage data or support descion making subject to review by regulated authorities whether they are being
submitted because its impact on quality or on business. Investments in computer systems supporting the quality controls
to ensure that the process is followed correctly, reducing human error and the need to conduct manual checks,
Standardization of practices to build consistent ways of working, Speed-up of process cycle times by reducing wait times
and by improved scheduling...etc.Computer systems shouldn't be enforced only for restrictive compliance; operational
advantages must always be exploredas well. “U.S. Code of Federal Regulation 21 CFR Part 600, 606, and 610” and “EU
Directive 2003/94/EEC” are the prominent regulations reqested CSV, while “Volume 4 Good Manufacturing Practice
Medicinal Products for Human and Veterinary Use - Annex 11: Computerised Systems” considered the main guidlines for
CSV in biopharmaceutical industries in European Union. This paper aims to provide simplifed guidance on the basic
requireents for computer system validation (CSV) based on the latest regulatory developments and industry trends. In
conclusion, CSV has the great impact on the processes improvement. Also the critical parameters of computer systems
validation for biopharmaceutical indsutries are highlighted.
#AHMED_HASHAM
https://medwinpublishers.com/OAJPR/computerized-systems-validation-csv-in-biopharmaceutical-industries.pdf
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
2. Advanced physiochemical Treatment process
“Water Aeration”
3/26/2017
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https://eg.linkedin.com/in/ahmed-hasham-mmba-01024b27
Chemist / Ahmed Hasham (Hesham) ahmedhasham83@gmail.com
Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
3. About the presenter
Member of the Board scientists Egypt.
Member of Scientific Professions Syndicate.
Member of the Arab Society for experts and Safety Professionals.
Member of the International Association of Engineers.
Expert of water and waste water treatment technologies.
Certified trainer in water treatment field .
Certified trainer in Quality Management Systems field.
https://eg.linkedin.com/in/ahmed-hasham-mmba-01024b27
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4. 3/26/2017
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Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
Contents
1. Types of Aeration Process
2. Mechanical Aeration.
3. Applications:
• Taste and Odor Removal .
• Iron and Manganese Oxidation
• Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide Removal
• Ammonia Removal
• Oxygenation of Water
• Dissolved Air Flotation for Flocculation/Flotation
• Trihalomethanes Removal
• Volatile Organics Removal
• Hazardous Waste Cleanup
• Radionuclides Removal
• Diffused Aeration
4.
5. Introduction
Water aeration has been long used in water treatment for the removal of
odor and WW taste-causing compounds, the oxidation of iron and
manganese, as well as corrosion control and aesthetics.
Since the mid-1970s, however, the process has been used to remove
carcinogenic and hazardous chemicals from water.
These chemicals include volatile organics such as trihalomethanes, radon,
trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene , 1,1,1-trichloroethane, chloroform,
and toluene. As a result, water aeration may be the single most important
water treatment process used in the 21st century.
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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6. Types of Aeration Process
1. Falling Water Units (commonly used in water treatment)
Spray aerators—water sprayed into the air. Problems include evaporation and freezing.
Cascade aerators and hydraulic jumps—these operate using waterfalls over a structure.
Fountain aerators or spray—water cascaded or sprayed over rocks or other types of material.
Multiple tray aerators with and without coke (often used for iron and manganese removal) water
cascaded over manufactured tray constructed from slats and coke.
Packed column aeration—air flows up, water is sprayed down (these are efficient and the most
common type)
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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11. 2- Surface Aerators (commonly used in the wastewater industry)
a. Brush: a series of circular brushes partially submerged are rotated through the water
surface to cause turbulence. A support structure is required to suspend the brushes
over the water.
b. Floating: Floating aerator pumps the water from beneath it up through a draft tube
to the surface , which disperses water into the air.
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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12. 3- Submerged Aerators (commonly used in the wastewater and water industries)
a) Injection of air with blowers by static tube or diffuser (fine bubble and coarse bubble).
b) Jet aeration (the injection of air into pumped water).
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13. DIFFUSED AERATION
Another aeration method for the removal of VOCs is the diffused aeration
system.
This system utilizes a blower (centrifuge or positive displacement type) and
air diffusers, which bubbles air through the water in a contact chamber for
aeration.
The blowers supply air under pressure to the diffusers, which are located
near the bottom of the contact chamber.
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14. Most of the pressure requirements are to overcome the static pressure of
the water over the diffusers.
The diffusers are used to create fine bubbles that impart water–air mixing
turbulence as they rise through the chamber
Design Criteria
Design considerations for a diffused aeration system are
•Depth of contact tank: 1.5–3 m (5–10 ft)
• Air: water ratio: 5:1 to 15:1
• Detention time: 10–15 min
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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16. Applications
Taste and Odor Removal
Some of common odor - and taste-causing compounds include hydrogen
sulfide(H2S), methane, algae, oils, phenols, cresols, and volatile compounds.
The process is suitable for H2S, methane, and volatiles, but not for algae and oils,
phenols, and cresols.
The compounds must be volatile for aeration to be effective.
Aeration is appropriate for many industrial compounds.
A classic installation is at Nitro, WV, which utilizes aeration and granular activated
carbon (GAC).
3/26/2017Chemist/Ahmed Hasham
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17. Iron and Manganese Oxidation:
When the total concentration of iron in water is 0.3 mg/L or greater, the
iron will cause the water to have an unpleasant taste and redden in
color this may result in the staining of plumbing fixtures and clothes, and
accumulations of iron deposits in the water mains.
The aeration process oxides iron by changing the iron from the ferrous
state (fe2+) to the ferric state (feff3+), which converts the iron from a
soluble form(fe2+) to a non-soluble form (fe3+) that precipitates from the
water.
Manganese concentrations greater than 0.3 mg/L in water will result in
dark brown staining. Oxidation will convert the manganese from Mn2+ to
Mn4+when the pH is above 9. Below a pH of 9, the process is negligibly
slow.
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18. Air Injection into Groundwater for Iron Control
In order to lower the iron concentration in groundwater, air is injected into
the groundwater source.
The injected air oxides the iron in the groundwater.
This process involves the periodical injection of air into groundwater via a
series of wells that surrounds a production well.
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19. Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide Removal
Hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide (as carbonic acid and free carbon dioxide) are
commonly found in well water.
Even a low concentration of hydrogen sulfide can cause odor and taste problems.
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas which has a foul odor similar to rotten eggs and is
slightly heavier than air (SG =1.192)
The H2S species are volatile; as a result, the aeration process effectively removes it from
the water.
Therefore, the removal efficiency of sulfide depends on pH.
As the pH increases, aeration becomes less effective because there are fewer sulfides in
the form of H2S, which is readily removed by aeration.
This process is utilized by both municipalities and chemical industries. In water treatment,
the process is called degasification , and is effectively used to remove both H2S and
carbon dioxide from well water and product water from the reverse osmosis process.
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20. Carbon Dioxide Removal
H2CO3 is a weak acid.
As the water CO2 concentration is increased, then both the H2CO3 concentration
and corrosion potential increase.
Aeration drives off CO2 and lowers the H2CO3 levels, which reduces the corrosion
potential of the water.
When both H2S and CO2 are present in water, aeration will remove both. As water
is aerated, both CO2 and H2S are removed, but as the pH of the water increases
due to the removal of CO2, the removal efficiency of H2S decreases .
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21. Ammonia Removal
This is a limited application in the water industry, but is more
commonly used in wastewater treatment.
One of the processes utilized in the wastewater industry is the
aerated suspended growth process, which utilizes nitrifying
bacteria and aeration to convert ammonia to nitrites and
nitrates.
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22. Oxygenation of Water
In small reservoirs and ponds that have trouble maintaining
dissolved oxygen levels in water near the bottom of the reservoir.
aeration can accomplish the following: it mixes the water, reduces
stratification, and increases the dissolved oxygen level in the
water.
This is accomplished by placing diffusers on the reservoir floor and
bubbling air into the water or by using floating aerators.
In some cases, this has proved Aeration restores oxygen to water,
making the water taste better but it also increases corrosiveness,
by increasing the CO2 in the water (resulting from the oxidation of
organic matter to CO2). Therefore, there is often a trade off bet
ween benefit and detriment.
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23. Dissolved Air Flotation for Flocculation/Flotation
DAF
Aeration has been used rarely for air flotation for flocculation.
The purpose of this application is to increase flocculation size by inducing particle-
to-particle contact.
However, air bubbles attached to the flocculation particles often cause them to
float rather than to settle.
A newer, promising approach is flotation, which injects oxygen- saturated water at
the bottom of shallow basins, resulting in flocculation forming A scum layer at the
water surface, which is then removed .
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24. Trihalomethanes Removal
The aeration process is rated as good to excellent for the removal of
trihalomethanes (THM) because they are fairly volatile.
This is an increasing application because THMs are not effectively removed
by other processes such as granular activated carbon (GAC), although
GAC is suitable for organic precursors that react with chlorine to form
trihalomethanes .
Aeration is a poor choice for THM precursors removal but suitable for
removing trihalomethanes.
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26. Volatile Organics Removal
The US EPA has identified many types of organic compounds in our water supplies.
Some of the organic compounds are volatile, and, as a result, aeration would be a
good process selection for removing them from water.
Some common volatiles include trihalomethanes, which have already been
discussed: chlorobenzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, and
trichloroethylene , Aeration can achieve up to 95% removal of these compounds.
For compounds that are non-volatile, adsorption would be a better process
selection than aeration for their removal from the water.
Adsorption is an excellent removal method for non-volatiles such as styrenes,
benzene, phthalates , and fluorine.
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27. Hazardous Waste Cleanup
An increasing amount of contamination results from landfills, leaking containers,
and accidental spills.
Many of the contaminants are volatile and amenable to aeration. A two fold
approach can be used : either clean the water supply or clean the
contamination source. When a highly concentrated contaminant is aerated
through a packed tower , then air pollution from the aeration process becomes
a concern.
Air discharge from the packed tower must be collected and treated.
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28. Radionuclides Removal
The inhalation of a radioactive gas such as radon gas (Rn-222) were linked to lung
carcinogenesis and also associated with development of acute myeloid, acute
lymphoblastic leukemia, and other cancers.
Regions with granite areas that have relatively high uranium content and are
fractured have been found to have a high radon emanation rate.
The unit Becquerel (Bq) is used to express radioactivity as disintegrations per second.
US EPA surveys of well drinking water sources showed that 74% of the sources had
radon concentrations below 100 Bq/L and only 5% had concentrations above 400
Bq/L.
The high levels were linked to deep wells.
A concentration of 400 Bq/L will increase the indoor air radon concentration by about
0.04 Bq/L.
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29. Other sources of radon are:
1. Soil around buildings.
2. Cracks in floors and walls.
3. Construction joints.
4.Gaps in suspended floors and around pipes.
5. Cavities inside walls.
When the above sources are available, then the radon level in air could reach the US EPA
action level of 150 Bq/m3 (0.15 Bq/L).
Because radon is highly volatile, the radon levels in groundwater may be lowered by using
an aeration process, such as a packed tower.
aeration can achieve a removal efficiency ranging from 20% to 96% for radon (Rn), but is
not used for radium (Ra) or uranium (U) removal.
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