The document summarizes a study on treating landfill leachate using coagulation and a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process.
1) Coagulation using alum achieved the highest removal rate of 94.9% at a dosage of 160 mg/L. However, the effluent quality did not meet standards for discharge.
2) The leachate was then treated with an MBR system at an optimum hydraulic retention time of 5 days. After MBR treatment, all parameters except biochemical oxygen demand met relevant Indian standards for irrigation water discharge.
3) The MBR process improved removal rates compared to coagulation alone. Removal rates increased to 85-95% for most parameters like
This document summarizes a study that investigated the removal of nitrate from groundwater using activated carbon prepared from rice husk and sludge from a paper industry wastewater treatment plant. The key findings are:
- Activated carbon from rice husk achieved a maximum nitrate removal of 93.5 mg/g at pH 4 and 4 hours of contact time. Activated carbon from paper industry sludge achieved 79.5 mg/g removal under the same conditions.
- Adsorption was best fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics.
- Increasing the ratio of ZnCl2 used for activation improved adsorption capacity, with a 1:
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
The document discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which use hydroxyl radicals to oxidize organic compounds that cannot be degraded through biological or conventional water treatment processes. It describes various AOP technologies that generate hydroxyl radicals including ozone/UV, hydrogen peroxide/UV, Fenton reactions, photocatalysis, and ultrasound-assisted processes. Factors that influence AOP performance such as pH, presence of carbonates or natural organic matter are also summarized.
Arsenic in Tube Well Water in Six Blocks of Supaul District, Bihariosrjce
An experimental estimation of arsenic in a large number of samples by Field Test Kits and by
Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (HGAAS) was done. Water samples were collected
from the following blocks of Supaul district, viz., Raghopur, Basantpur, Supaul, Nirmali, Saraigarh-Bhaptiyahi
and Triveniganj. The aim of this study was to analyze the total arsenic concentration in tube well water of these
regions at different locations. Twenty water samples were randomly selected from each block (n=120) for the
determination of Arsenic concentration, using Field Test Kits. Few samples (n=11) found with higher
concentration of arsenic, were also estimated and confirmed by HGAAS method for comparative observation.
The maximum concentration of arsenic was found to be 0.10 mg/l by using Field Test Kits method and the
average concentration of arsenic of the selected samples was 0.02 mg/l, whereas around 20% of these tube
wells had arsenic concentration above 0.05 mg/l. It was observed that the results obtained by usingField Test
Kits showed less measurement as compared to those obtained by HGAAS method for the same samples, when
the arsenic concentration measured ≤0.10 mg/l. Arsenic concentration was significantly (p<0.0001) higher in
HGASS results than the value obtained by Field Test Kit method.
Treatment of piggery wastewater through struvite precipitation and nitrogen r...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Piggery wastewater is a type of wastewater which contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, therefore it needed to be treated before releasing to directly to the environment. The combination between struvite precipitation and nitrogen removal and poly-P bacteria into wastewater for piggery wastewater treatment has been found to be a cost-effective practice, a iable technology in terms of environmental protection and sustainability, especially in the developing-countries. For optimum struvite crystallization from piggery wastewater, the Mg:PO4 molar ratio as (1.2:1) was used, the pH of reaction was adjusted to 9 and the sample was stirred continuously during 40 minutes. The supernatant sample was then added 1% nitrogen removal bacteria (Pseudomonas stutzeri D3b strain) and 1% poly-P bacteria (Kurthia sp. TGT1013L strain), 5 g glucose/L and aeration 12/24h during 3 days, ammonium concentration reduced significantly from 1271 mg/L to 1.2 mg/L and orthophosphate concentration decreased noticeably from 24.91 mg/L to 16.1 mg/L.
The document discusses using forward osmosis (FO) to treat reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from water treatment plants. It examines using FO alone and with granular activated carbon (GAC) pretreatment to reduce the volume of ROC and remove organic micropollutants. Five steps of FO using 2-3M NaCl as the draw solution reduced the ROC volume to 8%. FO rejected some organic micropollutants but GAC pretreatment followed by FO removed almost all organic micropollutants from the ROC. Reducing the pH of the ROC feed solution arrested flux decline caused by fouling during FO.
assessment of biomass of leaves of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes)IJAEMSJORNAL
Green chemistry methods for nanoparticles synthesis have implemented the valorization of renewable waste that reduces the use of chemicals and sub-products to minimize the environmental impact. Herein, we report a method to synthesize Ag and Au nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs) using one of the world´s worst aquatic weeds, water hyacinth. From a reaction between a solution of AgNO3 or HAuCl4 and controlling the pH, the nanoparticles were synthesized. The optimum pH value to obtained uniform quantum dots was found to be acidic for AgNPs and neutral for AuNPs. The size was highly dependent on pH for AgNPs, a smaller size was for acidic pH, and the larger size was for basic pH, and cubic and hexagonal are the predominant structures, no dependent was observed in AuNPs, and orthorhombic is the most common form. This method was sustainable because water hyacinth is a renewable resource in all world, and their use is not being exploited in any process. The bioreduction process using water hyacinth promotes the metallic nanoparticles formation and applied standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Also, the rate of synthesis is fast.
Waste Water Treatment Process PresentationAshish Kakadia
Ozone is a powerful disinfectant that is more effective than chlorine and can be used for waste water treatment. It is generated on-site and is highly reactive, able to oxidize organic compounds and precipitate heavy metals. Ozone can be used to treat a variety of waste streams, including municipal, industrial, and mining waste water. It is effective at removing color, cyanide, pathogens, BOD, and emerging contaminants like pharmaceuticals.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the removal of nitrate from groundwater using activated carbon prepared from rice husk and sludge from a paper industry wastewater treatment plant. The key findings are:
- Activated carbon from rice husk achieved a maximum nitrate removal of 93.5 mg/g at pH 4 and 4 hours of contact time. Activated carbon from paper industry sludge achieved 79.5 mg/g removal under the same conditions.
- Adsorption was best fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics.
- Increasing the ratio of ZnCl2 used for activation improved adsorption capacity, with a 1:
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
The document discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which use hydroxyl radicals to oxidize organic compounds that cannot be degraded through biological or conventional water treatment processes. It describes various AOP technologies that generate hydroxyl radicals including ozone/UV, hydrogen peroxide/UV, Fenton reactions, photocatalysis, and ultrasound-assisted processes. Factors that influence AOP performance such as pH, presence of carbonates or natural organic matter are also summarized.
Arsenic in Tube Well Water in Six Blocks of Supaul District, Bihariosrjce
An experimental estimation of arsenic in a large number of samples by Field Test Kits and by
Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (HGAAS) was done. Water samples were collected
from the following blocks of Supaul district, viz., Raghopur, Basantpur, Supaul, Nirmali, Saraigarh-Bhaptiyahi
and Triveniganj. The aim of this study was to analyze the total arsenic concentration in tube well water of these
regions at different locations. Twenty water samples were randomly selected from each block (n=120) for the
determination of Arsenic concentration, using Field Test Kits. Few samples (n=11) found with higher
concentration of arsenic, were also estimated and confirmed by HGAAS method for comparative observation.
The maximum concentration of arsenic was found to be 0.10 mg/l by using Field Test Kits method and the
average concentration of arsenic of the selected samples was 0.02 mg/l, whereas around 20% of these tube
wells had arsenic concentration above 0.05 mg/l. It was observed that the results obtained by usingField Test
Kits showed less measurement as compared to those obtained by HGAAS method for the same samples, when
the arsenic concentration measured ≤0.10 mg/l. Arsenic concentration was significantly (p<0.0001) higher in
HGASS results than the value obtained by Field Test Kit method.
Treatment of piggery wastewater through struvite precipitation and nitrogen r...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Piggery wastewater is a type of wastewater which contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, therefore it needed to be treated before releasing to directly to the environment. The combination between struvite precipitation and nitrogen removal and poly-P bacteria into wastewater for piggery wastewater treatment has been found to be a cost-effective practice, a iable technology in terms of environmental protection and sustainability, especially in the developing-countries. For optimum struvite crystallization from piggery wastewater, the Mg:PO4 molar ratio as (1.2:1) was used, the pH of reaction was adjusted to 9 and the sample was stirred continuously during 40 minutes. The supernatant sample was then added 1% nitrogen removal bacteria (Pseudomonas stutzeri D3b strain) and 1% poly-P bacteria (Kurthia sp. TGT1013L strain), 5 g glucose/L and aeration 12/24h during 3 days, ammonium concentration reduced significantly from 1271 mg/L to 1.2 mg/L and orthophosphate concentration decreased noticeably from 24.91 mg/L to 16.1 mg/L.
The document discusses using forward osmosis (FO) to treat reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from water treatment plants. It examines using FO alone and with granular activated carbon (GAC) pretreatment to reduce the volume of ROC and remove organic micropollutants. Five steps of FO using 2-3M NaCl as the draw solution reduced the ROC volume to 8%. FO rejected some organic micropollutants but GAC pretreatment followed by FO removed almost all organic micropollutants from the ROC. Reducing the pH of the ROC feed solution arrested flux decline caused by fouling during FO.
assessment of biomass of leaves of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes)IJAEMSJORNAL
Green chemistry methods for nanoparticles synthesis have implemented the valorization of renewable waste that reduces the use of chemicals and sub-products to minimize the environmental impact. Herein, we report a method to synthesize Ag and Au nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs) using one of the world´s worst aquatic weeds, water hyacinth. From a reaction between a solution of AgNO3 or HAuCl4 and controlling the pH, the nanoparticles were synthesized. The optimum pH value to obtained uniform quantum dots was found to be acidic for AgNPs and neutral for AuNPs. The size was highly dependent on pH for AgNPs, a smaller size was for acidic pH, and the larger size was for basic pH, and cubic and hexagonal are the predominant structures, no dependent was observed in AuNPs, and orthorhombic is the most common form. This method was sustainable because water hyacinth is a renewable resource in all world, and their use is not being exploited in any process. The bioreduction process using water hyacinth promotes the metallic nanoparticles formation and applied standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Also, the rate of synthesis is fast.
Waste Water Treatment Process PresentationAshish Kakadia
Ozone is a powerful disinfectant that is more effective than chlorine and can be used for waste water treatment. It is generated on-site and is highly reactive, able to oxidize organic compounds and precipitate heavy metals. Ozone can be used to treat a variety of waste streams, including municipal, industrial, and mining waste water. It is effective at removing color, cyanide, pathogens, BOD, and emerging contaminants like pharmaceuticals.
The document summarizes a study on using a combined anaerobic-aerobic reactor system to treat textile wastewater. Key findings include:
- Over 84.62% of ammonia nitrogen and about 98.9% of volatile suspended solids were removed by the system.
- Dissolved oxygen, pH, and organic changes were investigated during the nitrification and denitrification processes. Dissolved oxygen and pH were found to have only slight influences on nitrification, and a 10% removal of nitrogen resulted in about a 3% change in pH.
- The system was able to effectively remove nitrogen and organic materials from textile wastewater through the coupled anaerobic and aer
Treatment Technologies for Ammonia in Liquid Manure: Nitrification/denitrific...LPE Learning Center
This document summarizes research on biological nitrogen removal technologies for liquid livestock manure, including nitrification/denitrification and deammonification processes. It describes the operation of full-scale systems in North Carolina that achieved over 90% removal of ammonia and total nitrogen using nitrification/denitrification. It also discusses single-tank deammonification reactors that removed ammonia from swine wastewater with 100% efficiency while reducing aeration needs by 57% compared to traditional methods. The research isolated specialized bacteria that enabled these nitrogen removal processes to work efficiently even at low temperatures.
The document summarizes a seminar on biological wastewater treatment processes, past, present, and future. It discusses various types of domestic and industrial wastewater and their characteristics. It then describes key biological processes involved in wastewater treatment like carbonaceous removal, nitrogen removal, and sulfate removal. Various treatment processes are discussed including pond treatment, activated sludge process, and biofilm processes. Ongoing research activities at the institute are also highlighted which include studies on nitrification kinetics, anaerobic sulfate reduction modeling, and membrane bioreactor processes.
Anammox Process for Nitrogen Removal from WastewaterJingyi Kan
This document summarizes information about the anammox process for nitrogen removal from wastewater. It describes the discovery and principle of anammox, including the chemical and biochemical reaction models. Applications of anammox include the SHARON-ANAMMOX and CANON ANAMMOX processes. Problems with anammox include long start-up times and inhibition by organic carbon. Solutions discussed are the HABR reactor design and optimization approaches like controlling temperature, dissolved oxygen, and organic carbon levels.
ABSTRACT- The present study deals with the physicochemical characteristics of river water Aami. A pulp and paper mill namely Rayana Paper Board Industries Ltd Khalilabad, Uttar Pradesh, were studied for sample collection and analysis of various pollution parameters. Three sampling sites have been selected for this study. Water of this river has toxic effects on fish Channa punctatus. The 96h LC50 values of these sites are 8.99 % dilution for site 1, 22.96 % dilution for site 2 and 41.15 % dilution for site 3. Fishes were treated with different sub- lethal doses of water samples, it shown significant alterations in different biochemical and haematological parameters of fish. Key-words- Biochemistry, Haematological, Pulp and paper mill effluents, Physicochemical characteristics, River Aami
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the possibilities of using denitrification
dephosphatation to enhance biogenic compounds removal in the wastewater treatment
plant using a separated nitrification process on a fixed-film. The analysis was based on
the multi-variant simulations of the combined system, fixed-film activated sludge
performance. Activated sludge ASIM 2D model which is linked to the model of
pollutions transformations in fixed-film was used. The analyses were performed based
on the input parameters (wastewater averaged daily rate, pH, COD values, total
suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, and
alkalinity). The results indicated that there is a possibility of including fixed-film in the
activated sludge technology in order to improve nitrogen and phosphorus removal from
the wastewater. Nitrification process will be performed in fixed-film, whereas nitrogen
and phosphorus removal from the wastewater will be performed in anoxic chambers
which are operated by the activated sludge technology. Denitrifying dephosphatation
process guarantees a high level of total phosphorus reduction (81%) if the whole easily
decomposable substrate is consumed by microorganisms in the anoxic chamber in the
presence of enough nitrates.
A Novel Process for Biological Nitrogen Removal from Dairy Wastewater in Cons...lthill
The document presents research on using anammox bacteria to remove nitrogen from dairy wastewater in constructed wetlands. The objectives were to enrich anammox bacteria in phase I and seed wetland systems in phase II. Two filter systems with different media sizes were built and showed no significant difference in total nitrogen removal. Ammonia and nitrite decreased while nitrate accumulated over time, indicating partial nitrification and anammox activity. More data is needed to better understand the nitrogen removal processes.
Activated sludge calculations with excel coursezubeditufail
This document provides an overview of an online course about activated sludge calculations using Excel. The course covers background on biological wastewater treatment and the activated sludge process. It describes common activated sludge process variations like conventional, extended aeration, and contact stabilization. The course teaches design and operational calculations for activated sludge aeration tanks using examples and sample Excel spreadsheets. Upon completion, students should understand activated sludge systems and be able to perform typical calculations.
Evaluation of the levels of haloacetic acids in gharbiya governorate, egypt[#...Ahmed Hasham
The occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) was studied in the drinking water samples from Gharbiya
governorate water treatment plants and its water supply network that served more than 5 million people. Drinking
water disinfection by-products are formed when a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter and/or
bromide/iodide present in a raw water source. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids are the two most prevalent
classes of DBPs and are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as being subject to World
Health Organization guidelines due to their potential health risk. Drinking water samples were collected from 4
sites monthly over one year (2017-2018). The aims of the present study are to investigate the levels of HAAs in
Gharbiya governorate (middle of Delta Egypt) drinking water. monochloroacetic acid ranged from 6.8 to 32.5
µg/L, dichloroacetic acid ranged from 9.8 to 43.7 µg/L, and the trichloroacetic acid ranged from 6.5 to 31.8 µg/L,
the minimum values observed during winter 2018 and the maximum value observed during summer 2017., The
HAAs species values were complying with the Egyptian standard (Ministerial Decree No.458/2007) and as well
as WHO 2012) standards for drinking water
Water pollution is one of the environmental challenges facing the world society. Consequently, the pollutants both domestic and industrial wastewater are identified as an environmental threat. Hydrochar (HC) appears as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to this environmental threat. HC is the solid produced from the wet pyrolysis process for biomass that is rich in carbon in a sub-critical liquid phase, called the Hydro-Thermal Carbonization Process (HTC). This review aims to address the possibility of using HC as the most effective solution to the industrial wastewater. HTC has proven a greater yield than dry pyrolysis (30%-60% wt). To date, HC is listed as a promising lower-cost alternate adsorbent for removing wastewater pollutants. In Egypt for example, only few studies have been published investigating the properties of HC and its environmental applications. In this review, we will shed light on the preparation, characterization, and previous studies on the development and recent applications of HC. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to produce HC at a commercial scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is only few research studies addressing the HC production in the Middle East countries. Therefore, the door is still opened for more research on developing production techniques on HC from different biomass, and implementation in various environmental applications
Study of removal effect on mesocycops leukartiricguer
This document summarizes a study on using various oxidants to remove Mesocyclops leukarti, a type of zooplankton, from drinking water sources in China. Through bench-scale experiments, the authors found that chlorine dioxide was the most effective oxidant at inactivating and removing M. leukarti. A full-scale test at a water treatment plant then showed that pre-treating water with 1.0 mg/L of chlorine dioxide, along with conventional filtration processes, could fully remove M. leukarti from the water. Additional tests revealed that water treated with chlorine dioxide preoxidation contained fewer organic substances and lower mutagenicity than water treated with prechlorination.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions using nitrated biomass from Cicer arientinum seeds. The effects of contact time, sorbent dose, pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration on dye adsorption were investigated. Kinetic modeling showed the adsorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters like free energy (ΔG) were calculated. The activation energy was low, indicating physical adsorption. Intraparticle diffusion was identified as the rate-limiting step. The nitrated Cicer arientinum biomass was found to be a low-cost, effective sorbent for removing methylene blue from wastewater.
Sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill efluenteSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent. The study found that anaerobic treatment alone reduced color, lignin, COD and BOD by 18-36% over 5 days. The effluent was then treated aerobically using fungal and bacterial species. Rhizopus stolonifer showed the best reductions of 71-77% for color and lignin and 68-70% for COD and BOD. Pleurotus, Pseudomonas and Bacillus species also reduced these parameters but to a lesser extent. Therefore, Rhizopus was identified as having the best degradation capacity for treating pulp and paper mill effluent through
Evaluation of the photo-catalytic oxidation process with commercial ZnO for r...irjes
The textile industry uses a very great amount of water in their process and then, produces high
quantities of colorful wastewater containing pollutants like suspended solids, heavy metals and other inorganic
and organic compounds. In this study, real textiles wastewaters were processed in an oxidative photo-catalytic
slurry reactor, using commercial ZnO as the catalyst, in order to evaluate its efficiency, the effect of pH, the
effect of catalyst loading and its kinetics. The process was tested in a batch reactor, in bench and semi-pilot
scales, with excellent data reproducibility observed in the scale-up. Moreover, decolorizations of 97.43 %, BOD
and COD reduction were obtained, showing good applicability of the process. According to regional
environmental agencies, the final effluents parameters were checked showing good acceptance for the use of
ZnO, except for the presence of Zn2+ in the effluent as a disadvantage.
The document discusses various methods for treating wastewater, including removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals. It describes the biological processes of nitrification and denitrification for removing nitrogen. Nitrification converts ammonia to nitrates while denitrification converts nitrates to nitrogen gas. Phosphorus can be removed through chemical precipitation or biological removal by certain bacteria. Heavy metals are removed using physico-chemical methods like adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis.
This document presents a study that used sonication (ultrasound) to remediate soil contaminated with 2-methylpropane-2-thiol. A central composite design and response surface methodology were used to model and optimize the effects of sonication power, time, and water content on removal efficiency. The model showed that power and time had the greatest effects on removal efficiency. Under optimal conditions of high power and long sonication time with a lower water content, a maximum removal efficiency of 82.83% was achieved.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the treatability of pharmaceuticals, PAHs, and pesticides during wet and dry weather flows at a wastewater treatment plant. During wet weather, higher masses of some pharmaceuticals and PAHs entered the plant, but significant reductions still occurred in secondary treatment. Hydraulic retention times and flow variations are being examined to further understand treatability. The document provides background on the targeted contaminants and describes their properties like solubility and sorption coefficients that influence treatability. It also describes the study site in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
The document discusses a study utilizing pineapple leaf powder (PLP) as an adsorbent for removing pesticides from aqueous samples. The study characterized PLP through various techniques to determine properties like surface area, functional groups, and point of zero charge. PLP was then modified through chemical treatment and a biomimetic approach coating it in triolein to increase its ability to adsorb nonpolar pesticides and other chemicals. Adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze effects of factors like pH, concentration, dosage. The study found PLP and its modifications showed potential as low-cost adsorbents for remediating pesticides and aims to utilize agricultural waste.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the chemical properties and inherent phosphorus distribution in 15 water treatment residues from South Africa. The study found that the pH, calcium content, and organic carbon content varied significantly among the residues, ranging from 4.77-8.37, 238-8,980 mg/kg, and 0.50-11.6% respectively. Fractionation of the phosphorus showed it was distributed between soluble/loosely bound, aluminum/iron oxide bound, calcium bound, and residual fractions. Residues with higher calcium, aluminum, and iron concentrations had greater capacity to adsorb and retain phosphorus in unavailable forms. Understanding the natural phosphorus content and distribution in the residues provides insights into
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a study on using a combined anaerobic-aerobic reactor system to treat textile wastewater. Key findings include:
- Over 84.62% of ammonia nitrogen and about 98.9% of volatile suspended solids were removed by the system.
- Dissolved oxygen, pH, and organic changes were investigated during the nitrification and denitrification processes. Dissolved oxygen and pH were found to have only slight influences on nitrification, and a 10% removal of nitrogen resulted in about a 3% change in pH.
- The system was able to effectively remove nitrogen and organic materials from textile wastewater through the coupled anaerobic and aer
Treatment Technologies for Ammonia in Liquid Manure: Nitrification/denitrific...LPE Learning Center
This document summarizes research on biological nitrogen removal technologies for liquid livestock manure, including nitrification/denitrification and deammonification processes. It describes the operation of full-scale systems in North Carolina that achieved over 90% removal of ammonia and total nitrogen using nitrification/denitrification. It also discusses single-tank deammonification reactors that removed ammonia from swine wastewater with 100% efficiency while reducing aeration needs by 57% compared to traditional methods. The research isolated specialized bacteria that enabled these nitrogen removal processes to work efficiently even at low temperatures.
The document summarizes a seminar on biological wastewater treatment processes, past, present, and future. It discusses various types of domestic and industrial wastewater and their characteristics. It then describes key biological processes involved in wastewater treatment like carbonaceous removal, nitrogen removal, and sulfate removal. Various treatment processes are discussed including pond treatment, activated sludge process, and biofilm processes. Ongoing research activities at the institute are also highlighted which include studies on nitrification kinetics, anaerobic sulfate reduction modeling, and membrane bioreactor processes.
Anammox Process for Nitrogen Removal from WastewaterJingyi Kan
This document summarizes information about the anammox process for nitrogen removal from wastewater. It describes the discovery and principle of anammox, including the chemical and biochemical reaction models. Applications of anammox include the SHARON-ANAMMOX and CANON ANAMMOX processes. Problems with anammox include long start-up times and inhibition by organic carbon. Solutions discussed are the HABR reactor design and optimization approaches like controlling temperature, dissolved oxygen, and organic carbon levels.
ABSTRACT- The present study deals with the physicochemical characteristics of river water Aami. A pulp and paper mill namely Rayana Paper Board Industries Ltd Khalilabad, Uttar Pradesh, were studied for sample collection and analysis of various pollution parameters. Three sampling sites have been selected for this study. Water of this river has toxic effects on fish Channa punctatus. The 96h LC50 values of these sites are 8.99 % dilution for site 1, 22.96 % dilution for site 2 and 41.15 % dilution for site 3. Fishes were treated with different sub- lethal doses of water samples, it shown significant alterations in different biochemical and haematological parameters of fish. Key-words- Biochemistry, Haematological, Pulp and paper mill effluents, Physicochemical characteristics, River Aami
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the possibilities of using denitrification
dephosphatation to enhance biogenic compounds removal in the wastewater treatment
plant using a separated nitrification process on a fixed-film. The analysis was based on
the multi-variant simulations of the combined system, fixed-film activated sludge
performance. Activated sludge ASIM 2D model which is linked to the model of
pollutions transformations in fixed-film was used. The analyses were performed based
on the input parameters (wastewater averaged daily rate, pH, COD values, total
suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, and
alkalinity). The results indicated that there is a possibility of including fixed-film in the
activated sludge technology in order to improve nitrogen and phosphorus removal from
the wastewater. Nitrification process will be performed in fixed-film, whereas nitrogen
and phosphorus removal from the wastewater will be performed in anoxic chambers
which are operated by the activated sludge technology. Denitrifying dephosphatation
process guarantees a high level of total phosphorus reduction (81%) if the whole easily
decomposable substrate is consumed by microorganisms in the anoxic chamber in the
presence of enough nitrates.
A Novel Process for Biological Nitrogen Removal from Dairy Wastewater in Cons...lthill
The document presents research on using anammox bacteria to remove nitrogen from dairy wastewater in constructed wetlands. The objectives were to enrich anammox bacteria in phase I and seed wetland systems in phase II. Two filter systems with different media sizes were built and showed no significant difference in total nitrogen removal. Ammonia and nitrite decreased while nitrate accumulated over time, indicating partial nitrification and anammox activity. More data is needed to better understand the nitrogen removal processes.
Activated sludge calculations with excel coursezubeditufail
This document provides an overview of an online course about activated sludge calculations using Excel. The course covers background on biological wastewater treatment and the activated sludge process. It describes common activated sludge process variations like conventional, extended aeration, and contact stabilization. The course teaches design and operational calculations for activated sludge aeration tanks using examples and sample Excel spreadsheets. Upon completion, students should understand activated sludge systems and be able to perform typical calculations.
Evaluation of the levels of haloacetic acids in gharbiya governorate, egypt[#...Ahmed Hasham
The occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) was studied in the drinking water samples from Gharbiya
governorate water treatment plants and its water supply network that served more than 5 million people. Drinking
water disinfection by-products are formed when a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter and/or
bromide/iodide present in a raw water source. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids are the two most prevalent
classes of DBPs and are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as being subject to World
Health Organization guidelines due to their potential health risk. Drinking water samples were collected from 4
sites monthly over one year (2017-2018). The aims of the present study are to investigate the levels of HAAs in
Gharbiya governorate (middle of Delta Egypt) drinking water. monochloroacetic acid ranged from 6.8 to 32.5
µg/L, dichloroacetic acid ranged from 9.8 to 43.7 µg/L, and the trichloroacetic acid ranged from 6.5 to 31.8 µg/L,
the minimum values observed during winter 2018 and the maximum value observed during summer 2017., The
HAAs species values were complying with the Egyptian standard (Ministerial Decree No.458/2007) and as well
as WHO 2012) standards for drinking water
Water pollution is one of the environmental challenges facing the world society. Consequently, the pollutants both domestic and industrial wastewater are identified as an environmental threat. Hydrochar (HC) appears as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to this environmental threat. HC is the solid produced from the wet pyrolysis process for biomass that is rich in carbon in a sub-critical liquid phase, called the Hydro-Thermal Carbonization Process (HTC). This review aims to address the possibility of using HC as the most effective solution to the industrial wastewater. HTC has proven a greater yield than dry pyrolysis (30%-60% wt). To date, HC is listed as a promising lower-cost alternate adsorbent for removing wastewater pollutants. In Egypt for example, only few studies have been published investigating the properties of HC and its environmental applications. In this review, we will shed light on the preparation, characterization, and previous studies on the development and recent applications of HC. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to produce HC at a commercial scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is only few research studies addressing the HC production in the Middle East countries. Therefore, the door is still opened for more research on developing production techniques on HC from different biomass, and implementation in various environmental applications
Study of removal effect on mesocycops leukartiricguer
This document summarizes a study on using various oxidants to remove Mesocyclops leukarti, a type of zooplankton, from drinking water sources in China. Through bench-scale experiments, the authors found that chlorine dioxide was the most effective oxidant at inactivating and removing M. leukarti. A full-scale test at a water treatment plant then showed that pre-treating water with 1.0 mg/L of chlorine dioxide, along with conventional filtration processes, could fully remove M. leukarti from the water. Additional tests revealed that water treated with chlorine dioxide preoxidation contained fewer organic substances and lower mutagenicity than water treated with prechlorination.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions using nitrated biomass from Cicer arientinum seeds. The effects of contact time, sorbent dose, pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration on dye adsorption were investigated. Kinetic modeling showed the adsorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters like free energy (ΔG) were calculated. The activation energy was low, indicating physical adsorption. Intraparticle diffusion was identified as the rate-limiting step. The nitrated Cicer arientinum biomass was found to be a low-cost, effective sorbent for removing methylene blue from wastewater.
Sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill efluenteSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent. The study found that anaerobic treatment alone reduced color, lignin, COD and BOD by 18-36% over 5 days. The effluent was then treated aerobically using fungal and bacterial species. Rhizopus stolonifer showed the best reductions of 71-77% for color and lignin and 68-70% for COD and BOD. Pleurotus, Pseudomonas and Bacillus species also reduced these parameters but to a lesser extent. Therefore, Rhizopus was identified as having the best degradation capacity for treating pulp and paper mill effluent through
Evaluation of the photo-catalytic oxidation process with commercial ZnO for r...irjes
The textile industry uses a very great amount of water in their process and then, produces high
quantities of colorful wastewater containing pollutants like suspended solids, heavy metals and other inorganic
and organic compounds. In this study, real textiles wastewaters were processed in an oxidative photo-catalytic
slurry reactor, using commercial ZnO as the catalyst, in order to evaluate its efficiency, the effect of pH, the
effect of catalyst loading and its kinetics. The process was tested in a batch reactor, in bench and semi-pilot
scales, with excellent data reproducibility observed in the scale-up. Moreover, decolorizations of 97.43 %, BOD
and COD reduction were obtained, showing good applicability of the process. According to regional
environmental agencies, the final effluents parameters were checked showing good acceptance for the use of
ZnO, except for the presence of Zn2+ in the effluent as a disadvantage.
The document discusses various methods for treating wastewater, including removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals. It describes the biological processes of nitrification and denitrification for removing nitrogen. Nitrification converts ammonia to nitrates while denitrification converts nitrates to nitrogen gas. Phosphorus can be removed through chemical precipitation or biological removal by certain bacteria. Heavy metals are removed using physico-chemical methods like adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis.
This document presents a study that used sonication (ultrasound) to remediate soil contaminated with 2-methylpropane-2-thiol. A central composite design and response surface methodology were used to model and optimize the effects of sonication power, time, and water content on removal efficiency. The model showed that power and time had the greatest effects on removal efficiency. Under optimal conditions of high power and long sonication time with a lower water content, a maximum removal efficiency of 82.83% was achieved.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the treatability of pharmaceuticals, PAHs, and pesticides during wet and dry weather flows at a wastewater treatment plant. During wet weather, higher masses of some pharmaceuticals and PAHs entered the plant, but significant reductions still occurred in secondary treatment. Hydraulic retention times and flow variations are being examined to further understand treatability. The document provides background on the targeted contaminants and describes their properties like solubility and sorption coefficients that influence treatability. It also describes the study site in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
The document discusses a study utilizing pineapple leaf powder (PLP) as an adsorbent for removing pesticides from aqueous samples. The study characterized PLP through various techniques to determine properties like surface area, functional groups, and point of zero charge. PLP was then modified through chemical treatment and a biomimetic approach coating it in triolein to increase its ability to adsorb nonpolar pesticides and other chemicals. Adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze effects of factors like pH, concentration, dosage. The study found PLP and its modifications showed potential as low-cost adsorbents for remediating pesticides and aims to utilize agricultural waste.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the chemical properties and inherent phosphorus distribution in 15 water treatment residues from South Africa. The study found that the pH, calcium content, and organic carbon content varied significantly among the residues, ranging from 4.77-8.37, 238-8,980 mg/kg, and 0.50-11.6% respectively. Fractionation of the phosphorus showed it was distributed between soluble/loosely bound, aluminum/iron oxide bound, calcium bound, and residual fractions. Residues with higher calcium, aluminum, and iron concentrations had greater capacity to adsorb and retain phosphorus in unavailable forms. Understanding the natural phosphorus content and distribution in the residues provides insights into
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes a column study that investigated the efficiency of removing phosphate from wastewater using drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS) and red mud (RM) as adsorbents. Experiments were conducted in glass columns packed with different ratios of DWTS and RM. The effects of adsorbent dose, bed height, contact time, agitation speed, pH, and DWTS-RM ratio on phosphate adsorption were evaluated. The results showed that adding RM to DWTS can significantly increase the operating time of the column, with 33% and 50% RM weight ratios decreasing operating time by 18% and 30% respectively compared to DWTS alone.
High Rate of Water Biodenitrification Using Anthracite as Hyphomicrobium Deni...theijes
Pure culture of Hyphomicrobium denitrificans DSM 1869 was immobilized on anthracite and utilized for biological denitrification in 50-ml flasks employing methanol and acetic acid as carbon source. The results demonstrate that acetic acid was a suitable carbon source for H. denitrificans to remove high nitrate concentrations. The maximum denitrification rate was 233.1 mg NO3-N/g MLSS.h and the highest NO3-N removal efficiency was obtained when using C/N ratio of 4.0 and acetic acid as the carbon source. C/N ratio can significantly affect denitrification in different operational conditions. The low C/N ratios did not allow the denitrification process to be completed in case of high NO3-Nconcentrations. High C/N ratio increased the rate of nitrate conversion when using acetic acid as a carbon source; but added a pollutant to denitrified water when using methanol as a carbon source. The results demonstrated that H. denitrificans was a suitable bacterium for denitrifying high NO3-N concentrations.
natural adsorbents for agricultural waste water treatmentIJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study on using natural adsorbents for treating agricultural wastewater. Banana peels and fish scales were used separately and together in an adsorption column. Treated water showed considerable decreases in parameters like TDS, COD, BOD, turbidity, bacteria and heavy metals compared to initial wastewater. The combination of adsorbents performed best, with removal efficiencies over 70% for some parameters. The treated water met irrigation standards and could be safely reused for activities like gardening and cleaning. Overall, low-cost natural adsorbents are effective for agricultural wastewater treatment and alleviating water scarcity issues.
Treatment of Waste Water from Organic Fraction Incineration of Municipal Soli...IJERD Editor
Evaporation is one of treatment alternatives of waste water from condensation of vapour in flue gas
or from flue gas scrubber system of an incinerator. The waste water contains tar and heavy metals which are
toxic and must be separated, before discharged to environment or recycled. Due to the relatively low efficiency
of the evaporation process, a combination of the evaporation-absorption process is developed to increase the
efficiency. The aim of this research is to study the separation efficiency of tar from the tar-water mixture from
organic fraction incineration of garbage by evaporation-absorption process, and compared it with the
evaporation process. The evaporation process was performed by evaporating the waste water directly, while the
evaporation-absorption process was carried out by evaporating the waste water before it had been mixed with
palm oil as an absorbent. The results showed that the efficiency to separate the heavy tar of the evaporation
process was 73.27% compared to the combination of evaporation-absorption that was 98.82%. Meanwhile, for
the separation of the light tar, the efficiencies of both process types were almost the same. This system can be
integrated with the incinerator for the treatment of flue gases and waste water generated from the burning of
organic fraction of MSW
This document summarizes a study that aimed to optimize design parameters for biological wastewater treatment of textile dye waste. The study focused on optimizing aeration period, sludge volume index (SVI), and food-to-microorganism ratio (F/M ratio) to increase removal rates of biodegradable substances and improve treatment efficiency. Through experimentation, the study found that an aeration period of 16 hours was sufficient to reduce COD and BOD levels to compliance standards. It also examined the effects of SVI and F/M ratio on treatment performance. The optimized parameters can make the biological treatment process more cost-effective for treating textile wastewater.
Leachate generation from tsdf and its treatment optionsAyushi Chaturvedi
Introduction to Hazardous waste landfill and Leachate
Supportive Data and figures
Real Episode due to Leachate Contamination
Leachate Generation Factors
TSDF - Introduction
TSDF – Case Study
Literature Review
List of Applicable leachate treatment Technologies
Water pollution and Sewage treatment (By Pushpita)Pushpita Saha
This document discusses water pollution, its causes, and methods for managing it. It begins with an introduction defining water pollution and its sources. It then covers the nature of different pollutants and why water management is needed. Methods for measuring pollution like BOD, COD, and detecting pathogens are described. The document outlines water treatment processes including preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. It discusses India's water pollution management and regulations. Finally, it highlights innovations by Indians to reduce pollution like using hair to absorb oil, floating wetlands, and technologies to treat sewage and inspect pipelines.
IRJET- Dairy Waste Water Treatment using Coconut Shell Activated Carbon and L...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on using low-cost adsorbents like coconut shell activated carbon and laterite to treat dairy wastewater. Column chromatography experiments were conducted with the adsorbents in different ratios and contact times to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing various water quality parameters. The results showed that increasing the contact time and using a 2:1 ratio of activated carbon to laterite improved removal efficiencies of parameters like biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand the most, with over 60% reduction achieved in some cases. The study demonstrated the potential of these natural materials to treat dairy wastewater in a cost-effective manner.
The document summarizes research on using a membrane bioreactor with the fungus Aspergillus oryzae to treat wastewater from a bakery yeast factory. Key points:
- The membrane bioreactor achieved over 80% reduction in COD and turbidity in the wastewater over 45 days of operation.
- Critical flux and suitable operating flux for the membrane were determined to be 6.7 L/m2h and 5 L/m2h respectively.
- Cake layer formation on the membrane surface was identified as the major fouling mechanism based on analysis of membrane resistances.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Characterisation of Grey Water and Treatment using Moving Bed Biof...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized greywater and treated it using a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR). The study investigated how various factors like flow rate, hydraulic retention time, and MBBR fill rate affected the reactor's performance in removing organic matter from greywater. The researchers found that a flow rate of 60 L/d, hydraulic retention time of 36 hours, and MBBR fill rate of 30% produced the highest COD removal efficiency of 87.45%. The MBBR media provided a large surface area for microbial growth and effectively treated greywater.
This document summarizes a study on using water hyacinth microorganisms and organic waste materials to treat wastewater from batik dyeing industries. The study tested treating wastewater samples from 3 batik industries using a batch reactor with water hyacinth and 4 column reactors containing bagasse, rice husks, bamboo charcoal, or a mixture. The treatment reduced pH, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, ammonia, and color levels. The rice husk and bamboo charcoal column reactors most effectively lowered pH and conductivity. The batch reactor and all column reactors significantly improved water quality parameters. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of using biological and physical treatment methods to purify batik wastew
Removal of anionic surfactant from grey water and its comparison with chemica...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that compares the removal of anionic surfactants from greywater using natural and chemical adsorbents. The study determined optimum adsorption conditions like dose, equilibrium time, and pH for various adsorbents including alum, lime, karanj seed powder, and tulsi leaf powder. Batch experiments showed natural adsorbents had higher maximum adsorption capacities than chemical adsorbents. The natural adsorbents also showed very good correlation to Freundlich isotherm models, indicating they were effective at removing anionic surfactants from greywater.
Removal of anionic surfactant from grey water and its comparison with chemica...Alexander Decker
This document compares the removal of anionic surfactant from greywater using natural and chemical adsorbents. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using alum and lime as chemical adsorbents, and powdered karanj seed and tulsi leaves as natural adsorbents. The effects of adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, and adsorption isotherms were examined. Results showed that the natural adsorbents were more effective at removing anionic surfactant than the chemical adsorbents. Maximum adsorption capacities were higher for the natural adsorbents based on fitting isotherm data to Langmuir and Freundlich models. Overall, the study demonstrated that
This document reviews the applicability and design of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for wastewater treatment. It discusses how SBRs can be modified to treat different types of wastewater more efficiently than conventional activated sludge processes. The review finds that SBRs can effectively treat municipal, industrial, synthetic, and piggery wastewaters through various cycle phases and operating conditions. SBRs have been shown to achieve high removal rates of pollutants like biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, nutrients, and heavy metals from different wastewaters. The document examines several lab-scale and pilot-scale studies that demonstrate SBRs' treatment performance and ability to be optimized for different wastewater compositions.
This document summarizes experiments conducted on a tube settler to treat filter backwash (FBW) water from a conventional water treatment plant. The experiments aimed to optimize plant operation and reduce residual waste. Characterization of the FBW water found it contained high solids and bacteria. Experiments on a laboratory-scale tube settler showed optimum settling velocities for treating FBW water both with and without additional treatment. Characterization of FBW sludge found it suitable for use in brick making when mixed with clay at 25% by volume, meeting strength standards. Operational modifications to rapid sand filters and backwashing reduced FBW volumes by 18%.
This document summarizes a research study that investigated using chitosan to remove nitrates from groundwater. Chitosan, derived from shellfish shells, was tested in both powder and liquid solution form. Results showed that the liquid solution form of chitosan more effectively removed nitrates from water samples while avoiding increased turbidity. Using higher concentrations of chitosan solution and increased dosages resulted in greater nitrate removal and lower pH levels in the treated water samples. The study concluded that chitosan, especially in liquid solution form, shows promise as an effective and affordable way to remove nitrate contamination from groundwater.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Treatment of Pretreated Landfill Leachate by Membrane Bioreactor Process
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Apr- 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.3.4.13 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 358
Treatment of Pretreated Landfill Leachate by
Membrane Bioreactor Process
Swathy P.S, Habeeba. V
Department of Civil Engineering, Malabar College of Engineering and Technology, Thrissur-679532, Kerala, India
Abstract— Landfill leachate is a liquid that is mainly
produced by the rain which falls on the solid waste. The
leachate usually contains high concentrations of
ammonium, organic matter, toxic compounds and heavy
metals, which makes it unsuitable for discharge in natural
bodies without any prior treatment. The formation of
leachate threatens the groundwater, soil and
environment. Land filling is the one of the least expensive
method for disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW). In
this study, landfill leachate is treated by coagulation and
Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) process by using
ultrafiltration (UF). The original sample has BOD/COD
ratio as 0.603. Coagulation was used as a pretreatment
prior to the biological treatment. . It was done by using
alum as an coagulant at an optimum dosage of 160 mg/L.
Coagulation has proven effective as a pretreatment. But
the effluent quality did not meet the general standards for
discharge of environmental pollutants. So the effluent
after coagulation process was treated by MBR process.
In this study, after MBR treatment all the parameters
except BOD have met the relevant Indian Standards for
discharge as irrigation water.
Keywords – Coagulation, Leachate, Membrane
Bioreactor Process, Municipal Solid Waste,
Ultrafiltration.
I. INTRODUCTION
Waste is material that is no longer useful or valuable for
society. Looking back in time, the waste management
first became a problem in densely populated areas, such
as villages and towns. A poor waste management leads to
sanitary and aesthetical issues. One commonly used waste
management method is to dispose the waste in a landfill.
There are environmental downsides of disposing waste in
a landfill, even if it is constructed with modern practice.
The waste in the landfill is degraded during the
production of greenhouse gases, such as methane.
Percolation of precipitation and groundwater flowing into
the landfill create leachate, contaminated water.
Sanitary Landfill is considered to be the most common
way of disposing urban solid wastes. An important
problem associated with sanitary landfills is the
production of leachate. Leachate is generally formed
when rain water percolates through dumped waste and
takes up the organic and inorganic products by both
physical extraction and hydrolytic and fermentation
processes. Generally, leachate contains high
concentrations of soluble organic matter and inorganic
ions. Due to its high strength and its impact on
environment, direct discharge of leachate into the
environment is not recommended.
Presently in India, little attention is made to landfill
leachate treatment and even less attention to treat the
produced sludge while treating leachate. Leachate
Channeling (Combined treatment with domestic sewage,
Recycling and lagooning), Biological Processes (Aerobic
and Anaerobic) and Chemical/ Physical Treatment
(Chemical precipitation, Chemical oxidation, Adsorption,
membrane technology and stripping of NH3) are some of
the leachate treatment methods.
This study consists of two methods, namely
physicochemical treatment and biological treatment. In
the lab scale, the general treatment is simulated by
Membrane bioreactor (MBR). MBR, though not widely
used as a general treatment technique at present in
developing countries, has future prospects of wide
application as the cost of membranes are coming down.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Leachate
The landfill leachate sample was collected from
Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Facility at
Brahmapuram, Kochi. The landfill leachate samples from
the sites were collected in sterile bottles. The bottles were
labeled with the date and time of sampling. Samples were
immediately transferred to the laboratory and stored at
4°C. Their main physicochemical characteristics are
analyzed.
Table.1: Landfill leachate characteristics
Sl.No. Parameters Unit Value
1. Ph - 5.0
2. BOD mg/L 30800
3. COD mg/L 51060
4. TSS mg/L 8635
5. TDS mg/L 18590
6. Turbidity NTU 1230
7. Chloride mg/L 4551.7
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Apr- 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.3.4.13 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 359
8. Ammonia nitrogen mg/L 3800
9. Phosphate mg/L 720
10. Sulphate mg/L 5600
11. Sulphide mg/L 415
12. Potassium mg/L 3625
2.2 Preparation of Synthetic Wastewater
Synthetic leachate was prepared based on the data
obtained from previous studies. The composition of
synthetic sample was prepared by trial and error method
so that reasonable match with the sample could be
obtained.
Table .2: Composition of synthetic sample (Anisha Suresh
et al., 2016)
Chemicals Required Quantity in grams/ litre
Ammonium chloride 3.2
Sodium sulphide 2.2
Sodium chloride 3.2
Calcium carbonate 0.38
Dipotassium hydrogen
ortho phosphate
0.8
Ferrous sulphate 0.24
Magnesium sulphate 0.24
D- Glucose 28
2.3 Jar Test
Coagulation experiments were performed by using a
conventional jar-test apparatus equipped with five 1,000-
ml beakers at room temperature. Alum was used as
coagulant in this study. Coagulant dosage was optimized
by performing the experiments at varying coagulant
dosage at optimum pH. The beakers were labeled and
kept in jar apparatus and stirred at 200 rpm for 3 min and
at 60 rpm for 20 min, and is, then, allowed to settle for 30
min. The first run was done by adding different doses of
Alum as 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 mg/l to the samples. To
evaluate the efficiency of Coagulation, turbidity of
leachate were measured before and after the treatment.
Fig.1 : Jar Test Apparatus with Leachate Samples
2.4 Process in MBR
An acrylic container of 8L capacity was used as the
bioreactor. The size of the reactor was 20cm x 16cm x
25cm. The reactor was supplied with oxygen by aerator.
Aeration rate of 3litre/min was provided. The membrane
arrangement consist of membrane module having pore
size of 0.5μm, pump of capacity 1.5 lpm and DC adapter
connected in series.
Bio sludge collected from a secondary sedimentation tank
from a dairy plant was acclimatized with leachate for 1
month. The reactor was operated in batch mode which
was filled with 1L sludge and 3L leachate in order to
maintain the MLSS concentration in the range 18 g/L.
After the reaction time, mixed liquor was allowed to settle
for 30 minutes. The supernatant from the bioreactor was
passed through the hollow fibre membrane module using
a pump of capacity 1.5 lpm. The treated effluent was
collected and analyzed.
Fig.2 : Experimental setup of MBR
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Determination of Optimum Coagulant Dosage and
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)
Coagulation is used as the pretreatment method for the
leachate and alum was used as the coagulant. Coagulation
test was carried out using jar test. By chemical treatment
using alum with different doses the best removal
efficiency of 94.9% has been achieved at an alum dose of
160 mg/L. This alum concentration has been used as the
optimum coagulant dosage for the treatment of leachate.
Fig. 3: Determination of Optimum Coagulant Dosage
The synthetic wastewater was subjected to activated
sludge process at neutral pH in the bioreactor. The
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
100 120 140 160 180 200
Turbidity(NTU)
Alum Dosage (mg/L)
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optimum HRT was obtained by analyzing the COD
removal efficiency in each day.
Fig.4: COD removal at different HRTs
So the leachate sample was treated by coagulation process
with an optimum coagulant dosage of 160 mg/l and MBR
with an optimum HRT of 5 days.
3.2 Pretreatment of Leachate by Coagulation
Leachate was pretreated by coagulation process with an
optimum coagulant dosage of 160 mg/l and at neutral pH.
The removals of various parameters by coagulation
process were studied.
Table.3: Percentage removal of pollutants after
pretreatment (coagulation)
Parameters
(mg/L)
Concentrati
on of
Parameters
before
pretreatme
nt
Concentra
tion of
Parameter
s after
pretreatme
nt
%
Rem
ovel
BOD 30800 8008 74
COD 51060 11743.8 77
TSS 8635 1554.3 82
TDS 18590 3532.1 81
Turbidity
(NTU)
1230 86.1 93
Chloride 4551.7 773.78 83
Ammonia
nitrogen
3800 532 86
Phosphate 720 151.2 79
Sulphate 5600 1008 82
Sulphide 415 124.5 70
Potassium 3625 906.25 75
From the above Table 3 it is clear that coagulation as a
pretreatment is efficient to operate. The percentage
removals of BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, turbidity, chloride,
ammonia nitrogen, phosphate, sulphate, sulphide and
potassium were 74%, 77%, 82%, 81%, 93%, 83%, 86%,
79%, 82%, 70% and 75% respectively.
3.3 Treatment of Leachate by MBR Process
The pretreated leachate sample was passed through MBR
process for the secondary treatment at an optimum HRT
of 5 days. The removals of various parameters by MBR
process were studied.
Table.4 : Percentage removal of pollutants after MBR
Parameters
(mg/L)
Conc. of
Parameters
before MBR
Conc. of
Parameters
after MBR
%
Rem
ovel
BOD 8008 960.9 87
COD 11743.8 1761.6 85
TSS 1554.3 139.9 91
TDS 3532.1 353.2 90
Turbidity
(NTU)
86.1 5.2 94
Chloride 773.78 85.1 89
Ammonia
nitrogen
532 37.2 93
Phosphate 151.2 6 96
Sulphate 1008 100.8 90
Sulphide 124.5 13.7 89
Potassium 906.25 326.3 91
The membrane can capture most of the suspended solids
in the reactor because of its fine pore size. Therefore,
non-biodegradable organic compounds are removed
through filtration of particulates and discharge sludge.
The percentage removal increases after MBR process.
The percentage removals of BOD, COD, TSS, TDS,
turbidity, chloride, ammonia nitrogen, phosphate,
sulphate, sulphide and potassium were 87%, 85%, 91%,
90%, 94%, 89%, 93%, 96%, 90%, 89% and 91%
respectively.
Table.5: Evaluation of performance of MBR process after
pretreatment in leachate based on relevant Indian
Standards
Parameters
(mg/L)
Final Effluent
Characteristics
General standards
for discharge of
environmental
pollutants as per
The Environment
(Protection) Rules,
1986, Govt. of
India
Into
surface
water
To land
for
irrigation
BOD 960.9 <30 <100
COD 1761.6 <250 -----
TSS 139.9 <100 <200
TDS 353.2 <1500 ----
Turbidity
(NTU)
5.2 <40 ----
Chloride 85.1 <1000 <600
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CODRemoval(%)
HRT (Days)
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Ammonia
nitrogen
37.2 <50 -----
Phosphate 6 <2 ----
Sulphate 100.8 <1000 <1000
Sulphide 13.7 <2 -----
Potassium 326.3 <30 ----
The Table 5 summarizes the result of all treatment done
using original leachate. The table shows the performance
of coagulation and membrane bioreactor process based on
the relevant Indian Standards. These standards are
inserted by the Govt. of India by Rule 2(d) of the
Environment (Protection) Second Amendment Rules,
1993 notified vide G.S.R. 422(E) dated 19.05.1993,
published in the Gazette No. 174 dated 19.05.1993.The
table shows that final treated effluent have not met all the
relevant standards. The value of BOD, COD, phosphate,
TSS and sulphide is not within the limit and has not met
the standards of discharge into surface water. So the
effluent could not be discharged into surface water. After
all treatments, all the parameters of the effluent except
BOD have met the standards of discharge as irrigation
water.
Fig.5: Comparison of effeciency of treatment process for
COD, BOD and TDS removal
After pretreatment the removal percentages were 77%,
74% and 81% for COD, BOD and TDS respectively. The
removal ratios has increased to 85%, 87% and 90% for
those parameters after MBR process.
Fig. 6 : Comparison of treatment process for TSS,
Sulphate and Chloride removal
The removal ratios of TSS, sulphate and chloride has
increased from 82%, 82% and 83% to 91%, 90% and
89% after MBR process.
Fig. 6 : Comparison of treatment process for Potassium,
Ammonia Nitrogen and Turbidity removal
After pretreatment the removal percentages were 75%,
86% and 93% for potassium, ammonia nitrogen and
turbidity respectively. After MBR process, 91%, 93% and
94% removal ratios were obtained.
Fig. 7 : Comparison of treatment process for Phosphate
and sulphide removal
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
COD
BOD
TDS
Initial
Value
After
Pretreatme
nt
After MBR
Process
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
TSS
Sulphate
Chloiride
Initial
Value
After
Pretreatm
ent
After
MBR
Process
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Potassium
Ammonia
Nitrogen
TurbidityInitial
Value
After
Pretreatm
ent
After MBR
Process
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Phosphate
Sulphide
Initial
Value
After
Pretreat
ment
After
MBR
Process
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The removal ratios of phosphate and sulphide has
increased from 79%, and 70% to 96%, and 89% after
MBR process.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this study, landfill leachate was treated by coagulation
as a pretreatment and MBR process in order to meet the
effluent discharge standards.
The sample was pretreated by coagulation with an
Optimum coagulant dosage of 160 mg/L. In case of MBR
process the sample was treated with an optimum HRT of
5 days and at neutral pH in batch mode. After coagulation
process the percentage removal obtained for BOD, COD,
TSS, TDS, turbidity, chloride, ammonia nitrogen,
phosphate, sulphate, sulphide and potassium were 74%,
77%, 82%, 81%, 93%, 83%, 86%, 79%, 82%, 70%, and
75% respectively. The percentage removal obtained for
BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, turbidity, chloride, ammonia
nitrogen, phosphate, sulphate, sulphide and potassium
after MBR treatment were 96.9%, 96.5%, 98%, 98%,
99.5%, 98%, 99%, 99%, 98%, 96.7% and 91%
respectively. From the result it can be seen that
percentage removal of pollutants increased after MBR
treatment. But final treated effluent has not met all the
relevant Indian Standards for discharge in to surface
water. But for discharging as irrigation water all the
parameters except BOD has met the relevant Indian
Standards. So the final treated effluent can be used as
irrigation water after doing a post treatment. So it can be
concluded that coagulation process can be used as a
pretreatment of MBR system. It gives high percentage
removal of pollutants.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by Malabar College of
Engineering and Technology, Thrissur, Kerala.
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