This document discusses enhancing throughput and spectrum sensing capabilities in cognitive radio networks. It proposes a novel cognitive radio system that allows for simultaneous spectrum sensing and data transmission, overcoming the traditional tradeoff between these two functions. The proposed system achieves improved throughput compared to conventional opportunistic spectrum access approaches by maximizing both sensing time and data transmission time to the full frame duration. Simulation results are provided to compare the throughput of the proposed system to conventional methods under a high target detection probability constraint.
This document summarizes and compares different spectrum sensing methods for cognitive radio networks. It discusses periodogram and multitaper methods (MTM) for power spectrum estimation. MTM addresses problems with periodogram like bias and variance. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are used to compare detection performance of different methods. MTM performance depends on number of tapers and time-bandwidth product. The paper evaluates MTM in terms of these and other parameters. It also provides background on cognitive radio, IEEE 802.22 networks, and the cognitive cycle of spectrum sensing, analysis and decision making. Experimental results comparing periodogram and MTM methods are presented.
IRJET- Cooperative Spectrum Sensing based on Adaptive Threshold for Cognitive...IRJET Journal
This document discusses cooperative spectrum sensing based on an adaptive threshold for cognitive radio. It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and spectrum sensing. It then discusses energy detection, the most common spectrum sensing method due to its low complexity. However, energy detection may not perform well in low signal-to-noise ratio environments. To address this, an adaptive threshold is proposed that varies based on the received primary user signal's SNR. The document also discusses cooperative spectrum sensing, where multiple cognitive radios sense the spectrum individually and share their decisions with a fusion center. The fusion center combines the decisions to make an overall determination with better performance than non-cooperative sensing. Simulation results showed that an adaptive threshold combined with cooperative spectrum sensing provides better detection
Transferring quantum information through theijngnjournal
Transmission of information in the form of qubits much faster than the speed of light is the important
aspects of quantum information theory. Quantum information processing exploits the quantum nature of
information that needs to be stored, encoded, transmit, receive and decode the information in the form of
qubits. Bosonic channels appear to be very attractive for the physical implementation of quantum
communication. This paper does the study of quantum channels and how best it can be implemented with
the existing infrastructure that is the classical communication. Multiple access to the quantum network is
the requirement where multiple users want to transmit their quantum information simultaneously without
interfering with each others.
Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks : QoS Considerations csandit
This document discusses spectrum sensing methods in cognitive radio networks and their impact on quality of service (QoS). It analyzes several spectrum sensing methods including energy detection, covariance-based detection, cyclostationarity feature detection, correlation detection, radio identification based sensing, and matched filtering. These methods are categorized as requiring no prior information, requiring prior information, or being based on cooperation between secondary users. The document notes that imperfect spectrum sensing can degrade QoS for both primary and secondary users. It also discusses how increasing sensing time and frequency improves detection of primary users but reduces data transmission time and degrades QoS for secondary users.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Cognitive radio allows unlicensed secondary users to access licensed spectrum bands not currently in use by licensed primary users through spectrum sensing and dynamic spectrum access. It aims to improve spectrum utilization efficiency by exploiting spectrum holes - unused spectrum portions in time, frequency or space. Key techniques for cognitive radio include spectrum sensing to detect spectrum holes, spectrum sharing which allocates holes to secondary users while avoiding interference to primary users, and spectrum mobility which allows secondary users to handoff between bands when primary users become active. Challenges include hidden terminal problems, synchronization issues and dealing with uncertainties from noise, fading and shadowing.
AN EFFICIENT MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN OF AON INCLUD...optljjournal
This paper recommends a systematic wavelength assignment scheme which deliberately enhance the quality of service by minimizing the average dispersion in optical network. In this approach assignment of the wavelength recommended that allocates the wavelength as per mathematical model based on the path length request. Results validate that path length-based scheme improves the system performance in comparison with the commonly used existing assignment technique which works on the principle of first fit wavelength assignment(FFWA) and former assignment methodology should be ideal choice when the number of connection requests extremely high.
This document summarizes and compares different spectrum sensing methods for cognitive radio networks. It discusses periodogram and multitaper methods (MTM) for power spectrum estimation. MTM addresses problems with periodogram like bias and variance. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are used to compare detection performance of different methods. MTM performance depends on number of tapers and time-bandwidth product. The paper evaluates MTM in terms of these and other parameters. It also provides background on cognitive radio, IEEE 802.22 networks, and the cognitive cycle of spectrum sensing, analysis and decision making. Experimental results comparing periodogram and MTM methods are presented.
IRJET- Cooperative Spectrum Sensing based on Adaptive Threshold for Cognitive...IRJET Journal
This document discusses cooperative spectrum sensing based on an adaptive threshold for cognitive radio. It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and spectrum sensing. It then discusses energy detection, the most common spectrum sensing method due to its low complexity. However, energy detection may not perform well in low signal-to-noise ratio environments. To address this, an adaptive threshold is proposed that varies based on the received primary user signal's SNR. The document also discusses cooperative spectrum sensing, where multiple cognitive radios sense the spectrum individually and share their decisions with a fusion center. The fusion center combines the decisions to make an overall determination with better performance than non-cooperative sensing. Simulation results showed that an adaptive threshold combined with cooperative spectrum sensing provides better detection
Transferring quantum information through theijngnjournal
Transmission of information in the form of qubits much faster than the speed of light is the important
aspects of quantum information theory. Quantum information processing exploits the quantum nature of
information that needs to be stored, encoded, transmit, receive and decode the information in the form of
qubits. Bosonic channels appear to be very attractive for the physical implementation of quantum
communication. This paper does the study of quantum channels and how best it can be implemented with
the existing infrastructure that is the classical communication. Multiple access to the quantum network is
the requirement where multiple users want to transmit their quantum information simultaneously without
interfering with each others.
Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks : QoS Considerations csandit
This document discusses spectrum sensing methods in cognitive radio networks and their impact on quality of service (QoS). It analyzes several spectrum sensing methods including energy detection, covariance-based detection, cyclostationarity feature detection, correlation detection, radio identification based sensing, and matched filtering. These methods are categorized as requiring no prior information, requiring prior information, or being based on cooperation between secondary users. The document notes that imperfect spectrum sensing can degrade QoS for both primary and secondary users. It also discusses how increasing sensing time and frequency improves detection of primary users but reduces data transmission time and degrades QoS for secondary users.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Cognitive radio allows unlicensed secondary users to access licensed spectrum bands not currently in use by licensed primary users through spectrum sensing and dynamic spectrum access. It aims to improve spectrum utilization efficiency by exploiting spectrum holes - unused spectrum portions in time, frequency or space. Key techniques for cognitive radio include spectrum sensing to detect spectrum holes, spectrum sharing which allocates holes to secondary users while avoiding interference to primary users, and spectrum mobility which allows secondary users to handoff between bands when primary users become active. Challenges include hidden terminal problems, synchronization issues and dealing with uncertainties from noise, fading and shadowing.
AN EFFICIENT MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN OF AON INCLUD...optljjournal
This paper recommends a systematic wavelength assignment scheme which deliberately enhance the quality of service by minimizing the average dispersion in optical network. In this approach assignment of the wavelength recommended that allocates the wavelength as per mathematical model based on the path length request. Results validate that path length-based scheme improves the system performance in comparison with the commonly used existing assignment technique which works on the principle of first fit wavelength assignment(FFWA) and former assignment methodology should be ideal choice when the number of connection requests extremely high.
SPECTRUM SENSING STRATEGY TO ENHANCE THE QOS IN WHITE-FI NETWORKSIJCNC Journal
The rapidly growing number of wireless devices running applications that require high bandwidths, has
resulted in increasing demands for the unlicensed frequency spectrum. Given the scarcity of allocated
unlicensed frequencies, meeting such demands can become a serious concern. Cognitive Radio (CR)
technology opens the door for the opportunistic use of the licensed spectrum to partially address the issues
relevant to the limited availability of unlicensed frequencies. Combining CR and Wi-Fi to form the socalled
White-Fi networks, has been proposed for achieving higher spectrum utilization. This article
discusses the spectrum sensing in White-Fi networks and the impacts that it has on the QoS of typical
applications. It also reports the analysis of such impacts through various simulation studies. Our results
demonstrate the advantages of an adaptive sensing strategy that is capable of changing the related
parameters based on QoS requirements. We also propose such a sensing strategy that can adapt to the
IEEE 802.11e requirements. The goal of the proposed strategy is the enhancement of the overall QoS of the
applications while maintaining efficient sensing of the spectrum. Simulation results of the scenarios that
implement the proposed mechanisms demonstrate noticeable QoS improvements compared to cases where
common sensing methods are utilized in IEEE802.11 networks.
This document discusses cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks to improve energy efficiency and throughput. It proposes deriving the optimal number of cooperating cognitive radios under two scenarios: 1) minimizing radios needed for a given detection performance to maximize energy efficiency, and 2) maximizing throughput by optimizing the reporting time given a detection constraint. Computer simulations show that an OR fusion rule outperforms AND in both scenarios using fewer radios.
IRJET- Simulating Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network using Cyclostat...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses simulating spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks using cyclostationary techniques. It aims to detect spectrum holes and classify primary user signals of different modulation schemes.
2) It reviews different spectrum sensing techniques and models/simulates cyclostationary-based sensing. Cyclostationary detection exploits the periodicity in primary user signals to identify their presence and can differentiate modulated signals from noise.
3) The methodology assumes a cognitive radio network with primary and secondary users. It formulates spectrum sensing as a hypothesis test to detect the presence or absence of primary users. It then discusses representing signals using their cyclostationary properties like the cyclic autocorrelation function.
1) Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can identify idle spectrum to transmit its own signals. It is based on software-defined radio and allows for opportunistic usage of available frequencies not being used by primary users.
2) Spectrum sensing techniques like cyclostationary feature detection can be used to detect primary user transmissions by analyzing the cyclic spectral correlation function. This method is more reliable and provides noise immunity.
3) Cooperative spectrum sensing allows multiple cognitive radios to cooperate and share sensing results to overcome issues like shadowing and multipath fading. This improves detection accuracy and agility.
The document discusses performance evaluation of local and cooperative spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio. It implements energy detection, one-order and two-order cyclostationary feature detection as local spectrum sensing techniques. It also implements cooperative spectrum sensing using an energy detector across multiple cognitive radios. Further, it presents a software-defined approach to dynamic spectrum management and sharing between primary and secondary users. Simulation results demonstrating the receiver operating characteristics of the techniques are also included.
This document discusses energy detection for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using Simulink. It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and its ability to opportunistically access unused spectrum bands. It then discusses spectrum sensing techniques, focusing on energy detection. Energy detection calculates the energy of the received signal and compares it to a threshold to determine if a primary user is present. The document presents a Simulink model for energy detection and shows output results for scenarios with different numbers of users and threshold values. It concludes that energy detection provides a simple method for cognitive radios to perform spectrum sensing without prior knowledge of primary user signals.
Performance Analysis of Ultra Wideband Communication SystemEditor IJMTER
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a radio transmission scheme that uses extremely low power
pulses of radio energy spread across a wide spectrum of frequencies. UWB has several advantages
over conventional continuous wave radio communications including potential support for high data
rates, robustness to multipath interference and fading. The paper covers Ultra Wide-Band
technology. General description, Challenges, various modulation schemes such as OOK, PAM,
PPM, and BPSK under specified Ultra Wide Band regimes: low Power spectral density, large
spreading ratio and a highly dispersive channel. The capacity and BER performance of a single user
ultra wideband communication is investigated for various modulation schemes and coded, uncoded
methods also simulated. Fading channel like Ricean and Rayleigh are compared. Channelized digital
receiver concept is discussed.
Simulation and analysis of cognitive radioijngnjournal
The increasing demand of wireless applications has put a lot of limitations on the use of available
radio spectrum is limited and precious resource. Many survey of spectrum utilization shows that entire
spectrum is not used at all the times, so many of the radio spectrum is underutilized. Some of the frequency
bands in the spectrum are unoccupied, some of the frequency bands less occupied and few bands are over
utilized. Cognitive radio system is a technique which overcomes that spectrum underutilization. Cognitive
radio is a technique where secondary user looks for a free band to use when primary user is not in use of
its licensed band. A function of cognitive radio is called Spectrum sensing which enables to search for the
free bands and it helps to detect the spectrum hole (frequency band which is free enough to be used) which
can be utilized by secondary user with high spectral resolution capability. The idea of simulation and
analysis of Cognitive Radio System to reuse unused spectrum to increase the total system capacity was
brought in this paper and this work digs into the practical implementation of a Cognitive radio system.
MATLAB R2007b (version7.5) has been used to test the performance of Cognitive radio dynamically.
A review paper based on spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio networksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes different spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio networks. It discusses cooperative detection techniques which involve multiple cognitive radios sharing sensing information, and non-cooperative detection where radios act independently. Specific techniques covered include centralized, distributed, and relay-assisted cooperative sensing as well as blind sensing, energy detection, and eigenvalue-based sensing. The document concludes that cooperative sensing performs better than non-cooperative sensing, especially for low signal-to-noise ratio primary user signals.
The document discusses using cognitive radio technology for disaster management and emergency services. It proposes using cognitive radios to intelligently identify unused spectrum and optimize spectrum utilization during disasters when emergency networks are overloaded. The cognitive radios would be able to quickly find and communicate with each other on available channels using a random rendezvous algorithm, and configure radio parameters to communicate on different standards used by emergency services.
Cooperative tv spectrum sensing in cognitive radio BY DEEPAK PORIYADeepak Poriya
This document discusses cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks for Wi-Fi. It describes the system model of a Wi-Fi zone with primary and secondary users. It analyzes single user and cooperative spectrum sensing using energy detection algorithms. Cooperative sensing can use OR, AND or K-out-of-N rules at a fusion center to determine primary user presence. The document derives the optimal number of secondary users for the K-out-of-N rule and numerically calculates the optimal sensing time to minimize detection error probability and maximize throughput.
Cognitive radio is a type of wireless communication that senses its operational environment and can change its transmission parameters accordingly. It allows unlicensed users to access portions of the radio spectrum normally reserved for licensed users, provided they do not cause harmful interference. Key functions of cognitive radio include spectrum sensing, analysis, management and sharing to efficiently utilize available spectrum. It provides benefits like optimal diversity, improved spectrum efficiency and quality of service. However, issues like spectrum management and ensuring co-existence with other systems need to be addressed for cognitive radio to be effectively implemented. Potential applications include use in emergency communications and wireless regional area networks.
Spectrum Sensing using Cooperative Energy Detection Method for Cognitive RadioSaroj Dhakal
This document summarizes cooperative spectrum sensing using energy detection in cognitive radio networks. It discusses how cooperative sensing can improve detection performance by exploiting spatial diversity among cognitive radio users. The key points are:
1. Cooperative sensing allows cognitive radio users to share sensing information to make a combined decision that is more accurate than individual decisions. This mitigates issues like multipath fading and shadowing.
2. Energy detection is commonly used for cooperative sensing due to its simplicity. However, its performance depends on noise power uncertainty. Cooperative sensing addresses this by fusing observations from multiple spatially distributed users.
3. The document also discusses challenges in spectrum sensing like hardware requirements, hidden primary users, and detecting spread spectrum
This thesis examines spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radios. It provides background on cognitive radios and their role in more efficiently utilizing allocated spectrum bands. The thesis describes challenges for spectrum sensing, such as multipath fading and shadowing. It then analyzes several key spectrum sensing techniques, including matched filter detection, and discusses cooperative spectrum sensing where multiple cognitive radios collaborate to detect spectrum holes. The goal is to thoroughly study approaches for cognitive radios to reliably sense spectrum usage without interfering with licensed users.
This document discusses cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum access (DSA). It defines cognitive radio as a new spectrum sharing paradigm that allows secondary users to access spectrum holes or white spaces. DSA allows for improved spectrum utilization by having secondary users dynamically search for and access idle spectrum bands, while avoiding interference to primary users through continuous monitoring. The key components and functions of cognitive radio are described, including spectrum awareness, cognitive processing, and spectrum access. Different DSA models like dynamic exclusive use, open sharing, and hierarchical access are also summarized.
IRJET- Research on Dynamic Spectrum AllocationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on dynamic spectrum allocation using cognitive radio. It first provides background on the increasing interference in wireless networks due to the growing number of devices operating in unlicensed bands like the ISM band. It then introduces cognitive radio as a potential solution, which can detect available channels and adapt transmission accordingly to allow more concurrent devices. It discusses the main challenges for cognitive radios in not interfering with licensed users. The document reviews several papers on related topics like online spectrum allocation algorithms and surveys of spectrum management techniques. It also describes common spectrum sensing methods used by cognitive radios to detect spectrum holes like matched filtering, cyclostationary detection, and energy detection. Results are presented on performance metrics like end-to-end delay
International journal of engineering issues vol 2015 - no 2 - paper7sophiabelthome
This document analyzes spectrum sensing for cognitive radios using an energy detection method. It discusses how energy detection works by passing a signal through a bandpass filter, squaring it to measure energy, and integrating over time to compare to a threshold. Energy detection is efficient as it doesn't require knowing the primary signal, but has disadvantages like longer sensing times and sensitivity to noise power uncertainty. The document evaluates the receiver operating characteristics of energy detection under varying signal-to-noise ratios and time-bandwidth factors, finding detection probability increases with higher SNR and decreases with higher time-bandwidth.
IRJET- Performance Comparison of Cognitive Radio Network by Spectrum Sensing ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares different spectrum sensing methods for cognitive radio networks. It focuses on analyzing the performance of energy detection spectrum sensing on various fading channels.
The key points are:
1. Cognitive radio can improve spectrum efficiency by allowing unlicensed secondary users to access spectrum holes not being used by licensed primary users, as long as they do not cause interference.
2. Energy detection is a commonly used spectrum sensing method that does not require prior knowledge of the primary signal. It works by comparing the detected signal energy to a threshold.
3. The performance of an energy detection based cognitive radio system is evaluated on different fading channels like AWGN, Rayleigh, and Nakagami fading channels using receiver
This document simulates a cognitive radio system using MATLAB. It describes how cognitive radios can detect unused spectrum bands (spectrum holes) to allow secondary users to transmit without interfering with primary users. The simulation initializes 6 carrier frequency bands, modulates user data, adds the modulated signals, estimates the power spectral density, allocates unused slots to new secondary users, and empties slots when requested. The results show the cognitive radio detecting spectrum holes and assigning secondary users to the vacant bands, optimizing spectrum usage until all bands are in use.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A BPSK MODULATION BASED COGNITIVE RADIO SYSTEM USING THE EN...cscpconf
We present in this work an energy detection algorithm, based on spectral power estimation, in
the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm is based on the Neyman-Pearson test where the
robustness of the appropriate spectral bands identification, is based, at one hand, on the
‘judicious’ choice of the probability of detection (PD) and false alarm probability (PF). First, we
accomplish a comparative study between two techniques for estimation of PSD (Power Spectral
Density): the periodogram and Welch methods. Also, the interest is focused on the choice of the
optimal duration of observation where we can state that this latter one should be inversely
proportional to the level of the SNR of the transmitted signal to be sensed. The developed
algorithm is applied in the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm aims to identify the free
spectral bands representing, reserved for the primary user, of the signal carrying information,
issued from an ASCII encoding alphanumeric message and utilizing the BPSK modulation,
transmitted through an AWGN (Added White Gaussian Noise) channel. The algorithm succeeds
in identifying the free spectral bands even for low SNR lev
Implementation of a bpsk modulation based cognitive radio system using the en...csandit
We present in this work an energy detection algorit
hm, based on spectral power estimation, in
the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm is ba
sed on the Neyman-Pearson test where the
robustness of the appropriate spectral bands identi
fication, is based, at one hand, on the
‘judicious’ choice of the probability of detection
(P
D
) and false alarm probability (P
F
). First, we
accomplish a comparative study between two techniqu
es for estimation of PSD (Power Spectral
Density): the periodogram and Welch methods. Also,
the interest is focused on the choice of the
optimal duration of observation where we can state
that this latter one should be inversely
proportional to the level of the SNR of the transmi
tted signal to be sensed. The developed
algorithm is applied in the context of cognitive ra
dio. The algorithm aims to identify the free
spectral bands representing, reserved for the prima
ry user, of the signal carrying information,
issued from an ASCII encoding alphanumeric message
and utilizing the BPSK modulation,
transmitted through an AWGN (Added White Gaussian N
oise) channel. The algorithm succeeds
in identifying the free spectral bands even for low
SNR levels (e.g. to -2 dB) and allocate them
to the informative signal representing the secondar
y user.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SPECTRUM SENSING STRATEGY TO ENHANCE THE QOS IN WHITE-FI NETWORKSIJCNC Journal
The rapidly growing number of wireless devices running applications that require high bandwidths, has
resulted in increasing demands for the unlicensed frequency spectrum. Given the scarcity of allocated
unlicensed frequencies, meeting such demands can become a serious concern. Cognitive Radio (CR)
technology opens the door for the opportunistic use of the licensed spectrum to partially address the issues
relevant to the limited availability of unlicensed frequencies. Combining CR and Wi-Fi to form the socalled
White-Fi networks, has been proposed for achieving higher spectrum utilization. This article
discusses the spectrum sensing in White-Fi networks and the impacts that it has on the QoS of typical
applications. It also reports the analysis of such impacts through various simulation studies. Our results
demonstrate the advantages of an adaptive sensing strategy that is capable of changing the related
parameters based on QoS requirements. We also propose such a sensing strategy that can adapt to the
IEEE 802.11e requirements. The goal of the proposed strategy is the enhancement of the overall QoS of the
applications while maintaining efficient sensing of the spectrum. Simulation results of the scenarios that
implement the proposed mechanisms demonstrate noticeable QoS improvements compared to cases where
common sensing methods are utilized in IEEE802.11 networks.
This document discusses cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks to improve energy efficiency and throughput. It proposes deriving the optimal number of cooperating cognitive radios under two scenarios: 1) minimizing radios needed for a given detection performance to maximize energy efficiency, and 2) maximizing throughput by optimizing the reporting time given a detection constraint. Computer simulations show that an OR fusion rule outperforms AND in both scenarios using fewer radios.
IRJET- Simulating Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network using Cyclostat...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses simulating spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks using cyclostationary techniques. It aims to detect spectrum holes and classify primary user signals of different modulation schemes.
2) It reviews different spectrum sensing techniques and models/simulates cyclostationary-based sensing. Cyclostationary detection exploits the periodicity in primary user signals to identify their presence and can differentiate modulated signals from noise.
3) The methodology assumes a cognitive radio network with primary and secondary users. It formulates spectrum sensing as a hypothesis test to detect the presence or absence of primary users. It then discusses representing signals using their cyclostationary properties like the cyclic autocorrelation function.
1) Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can identify idle spectrum to transmit its own signals. It is based on software-defined radio and allows for opportunistic usage of available frequencies not being used by primary users.
2) Spectrum sensing techniques like cyclostationary feature detection can be used to detect primary user transmissions by analyzing the cyclic spectral correlation function. This method is more reliable and provides noise immunity.
3) Cooperative spectrum sensing allows multiple cognitive radios to cooperate and share sensing results to overcome issues like shadowing and multipath fading. This improves detection accuracy and agility.
The document discusses performance evaluation of local and cooperative spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio. It implements energy detection, one-order and two-order cyclostationary feature detection as local spectrum sensing techniques. It also implements cooperative spectrum sensing using an energy detector across multiple cognitive radios. Further, it presents a software-defined approach to dynamic spectrum management and sharing between primary and secondary users. Simulation results demonstrating the receiver operating characteristics of the techniques are also included.
This document discusses energy detection for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using Simulink. It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and its ability to opportunistically access unused spectrum bands. It then discusses spectrum sensing techniques, focusing on energy detection. Energy detection calculates the energy of the received signal and compares it to a threshold to determine if a primary user is present. The document presents a Simulink model for energy detection and shows output results for scenarios with different numbers of users and threshold values. It concludes that energy detection provides a simple method for cognitive radios to perform spectrum sensing without prior knowledge of primary user signals.
Performance Analysis of Ultra Wideband Communication SystemEditor IJMTER
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a radio transmission scheme that uses extremely low power
pulses of radio energy spread across a wide spectrum of frequencies. UWB has several advantages
over conventional continuous wave radio communications including potential support for high data
rates, robustness to multipath interference and fading. The paper covers Ultra Wide-Band
technology. General description, Challenges, various modulation schemes such as OOK, PAM,
PPM, and BPSK under specified Ultra Wide Band regimes: low Power spectral density, large
spreading ratio and a highly dispersive channel. The capacity and BER performance of a single user
ultra wideband communication is investigated for various modulation schemes and coded, uncoded
methods also simulated. Fading channel like Ricean and Rayleigh are compared. Channelized digital
receiver concept is discussed.
Simulation and analysis of cognitive radioijngnjournal
The increasing demand of wireless applications has put a lot of limitations on the use of available
radio spectrum is limited and precious resource. Many survey of spectrum utilization shows that entire
spectrum is not used at all the times, so many of the radio spectrum is underutilized. Some of the frequency
bands in the spectrum are unoccupied, some of the frequency bands less occupied and few bands are over
utilized. Cognitive radio system is a technique which overcomes that spectrum underutilization. Cognitive
radio is a technique where secondary user looks for a free band to use when primary user is not in use of
its licensed band. A function of cognitive radio is called Spectrum sensing which enables to search for the
free bands and it helps to detect the spectrum hole (frequency band which is free enough to be used) which
can be utilized by secondary user with high spectral resolution capability. The idea of simulation and
analysis of Cognitive Radio System to reuse unused spectrum to increase the total system capacity was
brought in this paper and this work digs into the practical implementation of a Cognitive radio system.
MATLAB R2007b (version7.5) has been used to test the performance of Cognitive radio dynamically.
A review paper based on spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio networksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes different spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio networks. It discusses cooperative detection techniques which involve multiple cognitive radios sharing sensing information, and non-cooperative detection where radios act independently. Specific techniques covered include centralized, distributed, and relay-assisted cooperative sensing as well as blind sensing, energy detection, and eigenvalue-based sensing. The document concludes that cooperative sensing performs better than non-cooperative sensing, especially for low signal-to-noise ratio primary user signals.
The document discusses using cognitive radio technology for disaster management and emergency services. It proposes using cognitive radios to intelligently identify unused spectrum and optimize spectrum utilization during disasters when emergency networks are overloaded. The cognitive radios would be able to quickly find and communicate with each other on available channels using a random rendezvous algorithm, and configure radio parameters to communicate on different standards used by emergency services.
Cooperative tv spectrum sensing in cognitive radio BY DEEPAK PORIYADeepak Poriya
This document discusses cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks for Wi-Fi. It describes the system model of a Wi-Fi zone with primary and secondary users. It analyzes single user and cooperative spectrum sensing using energy detection algorithms. Cooperative sensing can use OR, AND or K-out-of-N rules at a fusion center to determine primary user presence. The document derives the optimal number of secondary users for the K-out-of-N rule and numerically calculates the optimal sensing time to minimize detection error probability and maximize throughput.
Cognitive radio is a type of wireless communication that senses its operational environment and can change its transmission parameters accordingly. It allows unlicensed users to access portions of the radio spectrum normally reserved for licensed users, provided they do not cause harmful interference. Key functions of cognitive radio include spectrum sensing, analysis, management and sharing to efficiently utilize available spectrum. It provides benefits like optimal diversity, improved spectrum efficiency and quality of service. However, issues like spectrum management and ensuring co-existence with other systems need to be addressed for cognitive radio to be effectively implemented. Potential applications include use in emergency communications and wireless regional area networks.
Spectrum Sensing using Cooperative Energy Detection Method for Cognitive RadioSaroj Dhakal
This document summarizes cooperative spectrum sensing using energy detection in cognitive radio networks. It discusses how cooperative sensing can improve detection performance by exploiting spatial diversity among cognitive radio users. The key points are:
1. Cooperative sensing allows cognitive radio users to share sensing information to make a combined decision that is more accurate than individual decisions. This mitigates issues like multipath fading and shadowing.
2. Energy detection is commonly used for cooperative sensing due to its simplicity. However, its performance depends on noise power uncertainty. Cooperative sensing addresses this by fusing observations from multiple spatially distributed users.
3. The document also discusses challenges in spectrum sensing like hardware requirements, hidden primary users, and detecting spread spectrum
This thesis examines spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radios. It provides background on cognitive radios and their role in more efficiently utilizing allocated spectrum bands. The thesis describes challenges for spectrum sensing, such as multipath fading and shadowing. It then analyzes several key spectrum sensing techniques, including matched filter detection, and discusses cooperative spectrum sensing where multiple cognitive radios collaborate to detect spectrum holes. The goal is to thoroughly study approaches for cognitive radios to reliably sense spectrum usage without interfering with licensed users.
This document discusses cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum access (DSA). It defines cognitive radio as a new spectrum sharing paradigm that allows secondary users to access spectrum holes or white spaces. DSA allows for improved spectrum utilization by having secondary users dynamically search for and access idle spectrum bands, while avoiding interference to primary users through continuous monitoring. The key components and functions of cognitive radio are described, including spectrum awareness, cognitive processing, and spectrum access. Different DSA models like dynamic exclusive use, open sharing, and hierarchical access are also summarized.
IRJET- Research on Dynamic Spectrum AllocationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on dynamic spectrum allocation using cognitive radio. It first provides background on the increasing interference in wireless networks due to the growing number of devices operating in unlicensed bands like the ISM band. It then introduces cognitive radio as a potential solution, which can detect available channels and adapt transmission accordingly to allow more concurrent devices. It discusses the main challenges for cognitive radios in not interfering with licensed users. The document reviews several papers on related topics like online spectrum allocation algorithms and surveys of spectrum management techniques. It also describes common spectrum sensing methods used by cognitive radios to detect spectrum holes like matched filtering, cyclostationary detection, and energy detection. Results are presented on performance metrics like end-to-end delay
International journal of engineering issues vol 2015 - no 2 - paper7sophiabelthome
This document analyzes spectrum sensing for cognitive radios using an energy detection method. It discusses how energy detection works by passing a signal through a bandpass filter, squaring it to measure energy, and integrating over time to compare to a threshold. Energy detection is efficient as it doesn't require knowing the primary signal, but has disadvantages like longer sensing times and sensitivity to noise power uncertainty. The document evaluates the receiver operating characteristics of energy detection under varying signal-to-noise ratios and time-bandwidth factors, finding detection probability increases with higher SNR and decreases with higher time-bandwidth.
IRJET- Performance Comparison of Cognitive Radio Network by Spectrum Sensing ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares different spectrum sensing methods for cognitive radio networks. It focuses on analyzing the performance of energy detection spectrum sensing on various fading channels.
The key points are:
1. Cognitive radio can improve spectrum efficiency by allowing unlicensed secondary users to access spectrum holes not being used by licensed primary users, as long as they do not cause interference.
2. Energy detection is a commonly used spectrum sensing method that does not require prior knowledge of the primary signal. It works by comparing the detected signal energy to a threshold.
3. The performance of an energy detection based cognitive radio system is evaluated on different fading channels like AWGN, Rayleigh, and Nakagami fading channels using receiver
This document simulates a cognitive radio system using MATLAB. It describes how cognitive radios can detect unused spectrum bands (spectrum holes) to allow secondary users to transmit without interfering with primary users. The simulation initializes 6 carrier frequency bands, modulates user data, adds the modulated signals, estimates the power spectral density, allocates unused slots to new secondary users, and empties slots when requested. The results show the cognitive radio detecting spectrum holes and assigning secondary users to the vacant bands, optimizing spectrum usage until all bands are in use.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A BPSK MODULATION BASED COGNITIVE RADIO SYSTEM USING THE EN...cscpconf
We present in this work an energy detection algorithm, based on spectral power estimation, in
the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm is based on the Neyman-Pearson test where the
robustness of the appropriate spectral bands identification, is based, at one hand, on the
‘judicious’ choice of the probability of detection (PD) and false alarm probability (PF). First, we
accomplish a comparative study between two techniques for estimation of PSD (Power Spectral
Density): the periodogram and Welch methods. Also, the interest is focused on the choice of the
optimal duration of observation where we can state that this latter one should be inversely
proportional to the level of the SNR of the transmitted signal to be sensed. The developed
algorithm is applied in the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm aims to identify the free
spectral bands representing, reserved for the primary user, of the signal carrying information,
issued from an ASCII encoding alphanumeric message and utilizing the BPSK modulation,
transmitted through an AWGN (Added White Gaussian Noise) channel. The algorithm succeeds
in identifying the free spectral bands even for low SNR lev
Implementation of a bpsk modulation based cognitive radio system using the en...csandit
We present in this work an energy detection algorit
hm, based on spectral power estimation, in
the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm is ba
sed on the Neyman-Pearson test where the
robustness of the appropriate spectral bands identi
fication, is based, at one hand, on the
‘judicious’ choice of the probability of detection
(P
D
) and false alarm probability (P
F
). First, we
accomplish a comparative study between two techniqu
es for estimation of PSD (Power Spectral
Density): the periodogram and Welch methods. Also,
the interest is focused on the choice of the
optimal duration of observation where we can state
that this latter one should be inversely
proportional to the level of the SNR of the transmi
tted signal to be sensed. The developed
algorithm is applied in the context of cognitive ra
dio. The algorithm aims to identify the free
spectral bands representing, reserved for the prima
ry user, of the signal carrying information,
issued from an ASCII encoding alphanumeric message
and utilizing the BPSK modulation,
transmitted through an AWGN (Added White Gaussian N
oise) channel. The algorithm succeeds
in identifying the free spectral bands even for low
SNR levels (e.g. to -2 dB) and allocate them
to the informative signal representing the secondar
y user.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Implementation of Vacate on Demand Algorithm in Various Spectrum Sensing Netw...IJERA Editor
In present days the wireless communications are widely increases because of this reason spectrum utilization can be rapidly increased.For efficient usage of spectrum we can implement the Vacate on demand algorithm in different networks. CR users also need to sense the spectrum and vacate the channel upon the detection of the PU‟s presence to protectPUs from harmful interference. To achieve these fundamental CR functions, CR users usually coordinate with each other by using a common medium for control message exchange ensuring a priority of PUs over CR users. This paper presents the Vacate on Demand (VD) algorithm which enables dynamic spectrum access and ensures to vacate the assigned channel in case of PU activity and move the CR user to some other vacant channel to make spectrum available to PUs as well as to CR users. The basic idea is to use a ranking table of the available channels based on the PU activity detected on each channel. To improve the spectrum efficiency we can implement the Vacate on demand algorithm in MANET Network.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Hybrid Spectrum Sensing Method for Cognitive Radio IJECEIAES
With exponential rise in the internet applications and wireless communications, higher and efficient data transfer rates are required. Hence proper and effective spectrum is the need of the hour, As spectrum demand increases there are limited number of bands available to send and receive the data. Optimizing the use of these bands efficiently is one of the tedious tasks. Various techniques are used to send the data at same time, but for that we have to know which bands are free before sending the data. For this purpose various spectrum sensing approaches came with variety of solutions. In this paper the sensing problem is tackled with the use of hybrid spectrum sensing method, This new networking paradox uses the Centralized concept of spectrum sensing and creates one of the most trusted spectrums sensing mechanism. This proposed technique is simulated using MATLAB software.This paper also provides comparative study of various spectrum sensing methodologies.
A SURVEY ON DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS TECHNIQUES FOR COGNITIVE RADIOijngnjournal
Cognitive radio (CR) is a new paradigm that utilizes the available spectrum band. The key characteristic of CR system is to sense the electromagnetic environment to adapt their operation and dynamically vary its radio operating parameters. The technique of dynamically accessing the unused spectrum band is known as Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA). The dynamic spectrum access technology helps to minimize unused spectrum bands. In this paper, main functions of Cognitive Radio (CR) i.e. spectrum sensing, spectrum management, spectrum mobility and spectrum sharing are discussed. Then DSA models are discussed along with different methods of DSA such as Command and Control, Exclusive-Use, Shared Use of Primary Licensed User and Commons method. Game-theoretic approach using Bertrand game model, Markovian Queuing Model for spectrum allocation in centralized architecture and Fuzzy logic based method are also discussed and result are shown.
A comprehensive study of signal detection techniques for spectrum sensing in ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes several signal detection techniques for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems. It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and spectrum sensing. It then describes and compares three main non-cooperative (transmitter-based) detection techniques: matched filter detection, energy detection, and cyclostationary feature detection. Matched filter detection provides optimal detection but requires prior knowledge of the primary user's signal. Energy detection has lower complexity but cannot differentiate signals from noise. Cyclostationary feature detection can detect periodic signals but has higher complexity than energy detection.
enhanced cognitive radio network in dynamic spectrum sensingDinokongkham
The document discusses enhancing cognitive radio networks through dynamic spectrum sensing over fading channels. It proposes a methodology that uses a hidden Markov model for primary user detection along with signal strength and location information. This is combined with analyzing spectrum availability and channel estimation to optimize sensing time and maximize throughput while protecting primary users. Simulation results show the proposed approach improves performance metrics like throughput, loss rate, latency and delay compared to existing methods.
A Mathematical Approach for Hidden Node Problem in Cognitive Radio NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio (CR) technology has emerged as a realistic solution to the spectrum scarcity
problem in present day wireless networks. A major challenge in CR radio networks is the hidden node
problem, which is the inability of the CR nodes to detect the primary user. This paper proposes energy
detector-based distributed sequential cooperative spectrum sensing over Nakagami-m fading, as a tool to
solve the hidden node problem. The derivation of energy detection performance over Nakagami-m fading
channel is presented. Since the observation represents a random variable, likelihood ratio test (LRT) is
known to be optimal in this type of detection problem. The LRT is implemented using the Neyman-Pearson
Criterion (maximizing the probability of detection but at a constraint of false alarm probability). The
performance of the proposed method has been evaluated both by numerical analysis and simulations. The
effect of cooperation among a group of CR nodes and system parameters such as SNR, detection
threshold and number of samples per CR nodes is investigated. Results show improved detection
performance by implementing the proposed model.
IRJET- Achieving Cognitive Radio for Improved Spectrum Utilization: An Implem...IRJET Journal
1) Cognitive radio technology allows dynamic spectrum allocation by identifying unused frequency bands and making intelligent decisions to improve spectrum utilization.
2) This paper proposes a full cognitive radio implementation that includes spectrum sensing, modulation format, networking, and other communication parameters.
3) The key components of the cognitive radio system are spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum mobility, and spectrum sharing blocks which work together to detect unused spectrum, determine when handoffs are needed, initiate handoffs between channels, and ensure sharing is collision-free.
SPECTRUM SENSING STRATEGY TO ENHANCE THE QOS IN WHITE-FI NETWORKSIJCNCJournal
The rapidly growing number of wireless devices running applications that require high bandwidths, has resulted in increasing demands for the unlicensed frequency spectrum. Given the scarcity of allocated unlicensed frequencies, meeting such demands can become a serious concern. Cognitive Radio (CR) technology opens the door for the opportunistic use of the licensed spectrum to partially address the issues relevant to the limited availability of unlicensed frequencies. Combining CR and Wi-Fi to form the socalled White-Fi networks, has been proposed for achieving higher spectrum utilization. This article discusses the spectrum sensing in White-Fi networks and the impacts that it has on the QoS of typical applications. It also reports the analysis of such impacts through various simulation studies. Our results demonstrate the advantages of an adaptive sensing strategy that is capable of changing the related parameters based on QoS requirements. We also propose such a sensing strategy that can adapt to the IEEE 802.11e requirements. The goal of the proposed strategy is the enhancement of the overall QoS of the applications while maintaining efficient sensing of the spectrum. Simulation results of the scenarios that implement the proposed mechanisms demonstrate noticeable QoS improvements compared to cases where common sensing methods are utilized in IEEE802.11 networks.
Downlink beamforming and admissin control for spectrum sharing cognitive radi...acijjournal
This document summarizes research on downlink beamforming and admission control for spectrum sharing cognitive radio systems. It discusses maximizing the number of admitted secondary links under interference and QoS constraints, as well as maximizing the sum throughput of admitted secondary links. An iterative algorithm based on geometric programming is proposed to solve the non-convex throughput maximization problem. Simulation results show a tradeoff between number of admitted links and secondary network throughput, but that enforcing QoS constraints does not significantly reduce throughput. The goal is to minimize secondary transmitter power while meeting SINR and interference limits.
Downlink beamforming and admissin control for spectrum sharing cognitive radi...acijjournal
n this paper, to detect the moving objects between frames in compressed video and to obtain the bes
t
compression video
and the noiseless video. We describe a video in which frames by classifying
macroblocks (MB), and describe motion estimation (ME), motion vector field (MV) and motion
compensation (MC). we propose to classify Macroblocks of each video frame into different
classes and use
this class information to describe the frame content based on the motion vector. MB class informatio
n
video applications such as shot change detection, motion discontinuity detection, Outlier rejection
for
global motion estimation. To reduc
e the noise and to improve the clarity of the compressed video by using
contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) Algorithm
Methods for Detecting Energy and Signals in Cognitive Radio: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of methods for detecting energy and signals in cognitive radio. It begins with an abstract that introduces cognitive radio technology and its ability to dynamically access radio spectrum. It then discusses the principles of cognitive radio, including spectrum sensing, management, and sharing. The document reviews literature on various energy detection methods and techniques. It describes cognitive radio stations and networks, explaining how cognitive radios can sense spectrum usage and select channels to improve efficiency. The review identifies energy detection as a common sensing method due to its simplicity but notes limitations in detection performance. It surveys recent research on enhanced energy detection techniques aimed at improving performance while maintaining low complexity.
Similar to Enhancement of Throughput & Spectrum Sensing of Cognitive Radio Networks (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
AI in customer support Use cases solutions development and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
AI in customer support will integrate with emerging technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to enhance service delivery. AR-enabled smart glasses or VR environments will provide immersive support experiences, allowing customers to visualize solutions, receive step-by-step guidance, and interact with virtual support agents in real-time. These technologies will bridge the gap between physical and digital experiences, offering innovative ways to resolve issues, demonstrate products, and deliver personalized training and support.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/ai-in-customer-support/#How-does-AI-work-in-customer-support
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
This presentation is about Food Delivery Systems and how they are developed using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and other methods. It explains the steps involved in creating a food delivery app, from planning and designing to testing and launching. The slide also covers different tools and technologies used to make these systems work efficiently.