This document provides a review of methods for detecting energy and signals in cognitive radio. It begins with an abstract that introduces cognitive radio technology and its ability to dynamically access radio spectrum. It then discusses the principles of cognitive radio, including spectrum sensing, management, and sharing. The document reviews literature on various energy detection methods and techniques. It describes cognitive radio stations and networks, explaining how cognitive radios can sense spectrum usage and select channels to improve efficiency. The review identifies energy detection as a common sensing method due to its simplicity but notes limitations in detection performance. It surveys recent research on enhanced energy detection techniques aimed at improving performance while maintaining low complexity.
With cloud computing, users can remotely store their data into the cloud and use on-demand high-quality applications. Data outsourcing: users are relieved from the burden of data storage and maintenance When users put their data (of large size) on the cloud, the data integrity protection is challenging enabling public audit for cloud data storage security is important Users can ask an external audit party to check the integrity of their outsourced data. Purpose of developing data security for data possession at un-trusted cloud storage servers we are often limited by the resources at the cloud server as well as at the client. Given that the data sizes are large and are stored at remote servers, accessing the entire file can be expensive in input output costs to the storage server. Also transmitting the file across the network to the client can consume heavy bandwidths. Since growth in storage capacity has far outpaced the growth in data access as well as network bandwidth, accessing and transmitting the entire archive even occasionally greatly limits the scalability of the network resources. Furthermore, the input output to establish the data proof interferes with the on-demand bandwidth of the server used for normal storage and retrieving purpose. The Third Party Auditor is a respective person to manage the remote data in a global manner.
METHODS FOR DETECTING ENERGY AND SIGNALS IN COGNITIVE RADIOIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for detecting energy and signals in cognitive radio systems. It begins with an overview of cognitive radio and the importance of spectrum sensing. It then describes several signal detection techniques used in cognitive radio, including energy detection, matched filtering, cyclostationary feature detection, and others. It also discusses more advanced techniques for signal detection in noisy environments, such as cooperative spectrum sensing. The main components of cognitive radio systems are outlined. Finally, specific spectrum sensing methods like wavelet packet transform and cyclostationary spectrum sensing are explained in more detail.
IRJET- Research on Dynamic Spectrum AllocationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on dynamic spectrum allocation using cognitive radio. It first provides background on the increasing interference in wireless networks due to the growing number of devices operating in unlicensed bands like the ISM band. It then introduces cognitive radio as a potential solution, which can detect available channels and adapt transmission accordingly to allow more concurrent devices. It discusses the main challenges for cognitive radios in not interfering with licensed users. The document reviews several papers on related topics like online spectrum allocation algorithms and surveys of spectrum management techniques. It also describes common spectrum sensing methods used by cognitive radios to detect spectrum holes like matched filtering, cyclostationary detection, and energy detection. Results are presented on performance metrics like end-to-end delay
IRJET- Dynamic Spectrum Sensing using Matched Filter Method and MATLAB Simula...IRJET Journal
The document discusses spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio networks, focusing on the matched filter method. It explains that the matched filter is the optimal detection method when the primary user's signal is known, as it maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio. The paper also presents the process of implementing matched filter detection to identify spectrum holes and determine whether a primary user is present or absent based on comparing the matched filter output to a predetermined threshold.
This document discusses energy detection for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using Simulink. It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and its ability to opportunistically access unused spectrum bands. It then discusses spectrum sensing techniques, focusing on energy detection. Energy detection calculates the energy of the received signal and compares it to a threshold to determine if a primary user is present. The document presents a Simulink model for energy detection and shows output results for scenarios with different numbers of users and threshold values. It concludes that energy detection provides a simple method for cognitive radios to perform spectrum sensing without prior knowledge of primary user signals.
IRJET- Simulating Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network using Cyclostat...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses simulating spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks using cyclostationary techniques. It aims to detect spectrum holes and classify primary user signals of different modulation schemes.
2) It reviews different spectrum sensing techniques and models/simulates cyclostationary-based sensing. Cyclostationary detection exploits the periodicity in primary user signals to identify their presence and can differentiate modulated signals from noise.
3) The methodology assumes a cognitive radio network with primary and secondary users. It formulates spectrum sensing as a hypothesis test to detect the presence or absence of primary users. It then discusses representing signals using their cyclostationary properties like the cyclic autocorrelation function.
Project:- Spectral occupancy measurement and analysis for Cognitive Radio app...Aastha Bhardwaj
This document provides a summary of a report on spectral occupancy measurement and analysis for cognitive radio applications. It discusses using a discone antenna and RF Explorer spectrum analyzer to collect wireless spectrum usage data sets over time. MATLAB is then used to analyze the data sets, including plotting power spectral density vs. frequency graphs and waterfall charts of power spectral density over frequency and time. Time series analysis techniques are applied to model the radio spectrum occupancy for purposes like predicting spectrum availability to enable opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio systems. The goal is to study 24-hour spectrum usage patterns and identify underutilized bands that could be accessed without interfering with primary users.
IRJET- Achieving Cognitive Radio for Improved Spectrum Utilization: An Implem...IRJET Journal
1) Cognitive radio technology allows dynamic spectrum allocation by identifying unused frequency bands and making intelligent decisions to improve spectrum utilization.
2) This paper proposes a full cognitive radio implementation that includes spectrum sensing, modulation format, networking, and other communication parameters.
3) The key components of the cognitive radio system are spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum mobility, and spectrum sharing blocks which work together to detect unused spectrum, determine when handoffs are needed, initiate handoffs between channels, and ensure sharing is collision-free.
With cloud computing, users can remotely store their data into the cloud and use on-demand high-quality applications. Data outsourcing: users are relieved from the burden of data storage and maintenance When users put their data (of large size) on the cloud, the data integrity protection is challenging enabling public audit for cloud data storage security is important Users can ask an external audit party to check the integrity of their outsourced data. Purpose of developing data security for data possession at un-trusted cloud storage servers we are often limited by the resources at the cloud server as well as at the client. Given that the data sizes are large and are stored at remote servers, accessing the entire file can be expensive in input output costs to the storage server. Also transmitting the file across the network to the client can consume heavy bandwidths. Since growth in storage capacity has far outpaced the growth in data access as well as network bandwidth, accessing and transmitting the entire archive even occasionally greatly limits the scalability of the network resources. Furthermore, the input output to establish the data proof interferes with the on-demand bandwidth of the server used for normal storage and retrieving purpose. The Third Party Auditor is a respective person to manage the remote data in a global manner.
METHODS FOR DETECTING ENERGY AND SIGNALS IN COGNITIVE RADIOIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for detecting energy and signals in cognitive radio systems. It begins with an overview of cognitive radio and the importance of spectrum sensing. It then describes several signal detection techniques used in cognitive radio, including energy detection, matched filtering, cyclostationary feature detection, and others. It also discusses more advanced techniques for signal detection in noisy environments, such as cooperative spectrum sensing. The main components of cognitive radio systems are outlined. Finally, specific spectrum sensing methods like wavelet packet transform and cyclostationary spectrum sensing are explained in more detail.
IRJET- Research on Dynamic Spectrum AllocationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on dynamic spectrum allocation using cognitive radio. It first provides background on the increasing interference in wireless networks due to the growing number of devices operating in unlicensed bands like the ISM band. It then introduces cognitive radio as a potential solution, which can detect available channels and adapt transmission accordingly to allow more concurrent devices. It discusses the main challenges for cognitive radios in not interfering with licensed users. The document reviews several papers on related topics like online spectrum allocation algorithms and surveys of spectrum management techniques. It also describes common spectrum sensing methods used by cognitive radios to detect spectrum holes like matched filtering, cyclostationary detection, and energy detection. Results are presented on performance metrics like end-to-end delay
IRJET- Dynamic Spectrum Sensing using Matched Filter Method and MATLAB Simula...IRJET Journal
The document discusses spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio networks, focusing on the matched filter method. It explains that the matched filter is the optimal detection method when the primary user's signal is known, as it maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio. The paper also presents the process of implementing matched filter detection to identify spectrum holes and determine whether a primary user is present or absent based on comparing the matched filter output to a predetermined threshold.
This document discusses energy detection for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using Simulink. It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and its ability to opportunistically access unused spectrum bands. It then discusses spectrum sensing techniques, focusing on energy detection. Energy detection calculates the energy of the received signal and compares it to a threshold to determine if a primary user is present. The document presents a Simulink model for energy detection and shows output results for scenarios with different numbers of users and threshold values. It concludes that energy detection provides a simple method for cognitive radios to perform spectrum sensing without prior knowledge of primary user signals.
IRJET- Simulating Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network using Cyclostat...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses simulating spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks using cyclostationary techniques. It aims to detect spectrum holes and classify primary user signals of different modulation schemes.
2) It reviews different spectrum sensing techniques and models/simulates cyclostationary-based sensing. Cyclostationary detection exploits the periodicity in primary user signals to identify their presence and can differentiate modulated signals from noise.
3) The methodology assumes a cognitive radio network with primary and secondary users. It formulates spectrum sensing as a hypothesis test to detect the presence or absence of primary users. It then discusses representing signals using their cyclostationary properties like the cyclic autocorrelation function.
Project:- Spectral occupancy measurement and analysis for Cognitive Radio app...Aastha Bhardwaj
This document provides a summary of a report on spectral occupancy measurement and analysis for cognitive radio applications. It discusses using a discone antenna and RF Explorer spectrum analyzer to collect wireless spectrum usage data sets over time. MATLAB is then used to analyze the data sets, including plotting power spectral density vs. frequency graphs and waterfall charts of power spectral density over frequency and time. Time series analysis techniques are applied to model the radio spectrum occupancy for purposes like predicting spectrum availability to enable opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio systems. The goal is to study 24-hour spectrum usage patterns and identify underutilized bands that could be accessed without interfering with primary users.
IRJET- Achieving Cognitive Radio for Improved Spectrum Utilization: An Implem...IRJET Journal
1) Cognitive radio technology allows dynamic spectrum allocation by identifying unused frequency bands and making intelligent decisions to improve spectrum utilization.
2) This paper proposes a full cognitive radio implementation that includes spectrum sensing, modulation format, networking, and other communication parameters.
3) The key components of the cognitive radio system are spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum mobility, and spectrum sharing blocks which work together to detect unused spectrum, determine when handoffs are needed, initiate handoffs between channels, and ensure sharing is collision-free.
A review paper based on spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio networksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes different spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio networks. It discusses cooperative detection techniques which involve multiple cognitive radios sharing sensing information, and non-cooperative detection where radios act independently. Specific techniques covered include centralized, distributed, and relay-assisted cooperative sensing as well as blind sensing, energy detection, and eigenvalue-based sensing. The document concludes that cooperative sensing performs better than non-cooperative sensing, especially for low signal-to-noise ratio primary user signals.
REALISATION OF SIMPLE COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORK BASED ON A POWER SPECTRAL DENSI...ARIK KUMAR DUTTA
This document discusses a project to realize a simple cognitive radio network based on power spectral density sensing. It introduces cognitive radio and spectrum sensing techniques. The project aims to illustrate how a cognitive radio network can provide advantages like improved spectrum sensing and coverage by allowing data to be relayed between nodes. Future work areas include refining spectrum sensing bandwidth, transmission type sensing, accuracy, and timing windows.
This document summarizes and compares different spectrum sensing methods for cognitive radio networks. It discusses periodogram and multitaper methods (MTM) for power spectrum estimation. MTM addresses problems with periodogram like bias and variance. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are used to compare detection performance of different methods. MTM performance depends on number of tapers and time-bandwidth product. The paper evaluates MTM in terms of these and other parameters. It also provides background on cognitive radio, IEEE 802.22 networks, and the cognitive cycle of spectrum sensing, analysis and decision making. Experimental results comparing periodogram and MTM methods are presented.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A BPSK MODULATION BASED COGNITIVE RADIO SYSTEM USING THE EN...cscpconf
We present in this work an energy detection algorithm, based on spectral power estimation, in
the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm is based on the Neyman-Pearson test where the
robustness of the appropriate spectral bands identification, is based, at one hand, on the
‘judicious’ choice of the probability of detection (PD) and false alarm probability (PF). First, we
accomplish a comparative study between two techniques for estimation of PSD (Power Spectral
Density): the periodogram and Welch methods. Also, the interest is focused on the choice of the
optimal duration of observation where we can state that this latter one should be inversely
proportional to the level of the SNR of the transmitted signal to be sensed. The developed
algorithm is applied in the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm aims to identify the free
spectral bands representing, reserved for the primary user, of the signal carrying information,
issued from an ASCII encoding alphanumeric message and utilizing the BPSK modulation,
transmitted through an AWGN (Added White Gaussian Noise) channel. The algorithm succeeds
in identifying the free spectral bands even for low SNR lev
Implementation of a bpsk modulation based cognitive radio system using the en...csandit
We present in this work an energy detection algorit
hm, based on spectral power estimation, in
the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm is ba
sed on the Neyman-Pearson test where the
robustness of the appropriate spectral bands identi
fication, is based, at one hand, on the
‘judicious’ choice of the probability of detection
(P
D
) and false alarm probability (P
F
). First, we
accomplish a comparative study between two techniqu
es for estimation of PSD (Power Spectral
Density): the periodogram and Welch methods. Also,
the interest is focused on the choice of the
optimal duration of observation where we can state
that this latter one should be inversely
proportional to the level of the SNR of the transmi
tted signal to be sensed. The developed
algorithm is applied in the context of cognitive ra
dio. The algorithm aims to identify the free
spectral bands representing, reserved for the prima
ry user, of the signal carrying information,
issued from an ASCII encoding alphanumeric message
and utilizing the BPSK modulation,
transmitted through an AWGN (Added White Gaussian N
oise) channel. The algorithm succeeds
in identifying the free spectral bands even for low
SNR levels (e.g. to -2 dB) and allocate them
to the informative signal representing the secondar
y user.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document discusses cyclostationary feature detection for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using various modulation schemes. It presents the block diagrams for cyclostationary feature detection without and with modulation. It simulates the detection using BPSK, QPSK, and 8-PSK modulation and analyzes the output cyclic spectral correlation function. The main results are that BPSK produces one primary and one secondary peak, QPSK produces one primary and two secondary peaks, and 8-PSK produces one primary and four secondary peaks in the output, allowing identification of the modulation scheme used.
This document provides an overview of cognitive radio, including its definition, characteristics, applications, and architecture. Cognitive radio is a form of wireless communication that can detect unused portions of the radio spectrum and move between them, improving spectrum efficiency. It has the ability to sense its environment, learn from interactions, and adapt transmission parameters accordingly. Potential applications of cognitive radio discussed include improving regulation and access to spectrum, enhancing public safety networks, and improving cellular networks by offloading data. The document outlines a cognitive radio architecture with components like an RF front-end, software-defined radio modem, and general processor to support reconfigurability and spectrum etiquette policies.
International journal of engineering issues vol 2015 - no 2 - paper7sophiabelthome
This document analyzes spectrum sensing for cognitive radios using an energy detection method. It discusses how energy detection works by passing a signal through a bandpass filter, squaring it to measure energy, and integrating over time to compare to a threshold. Energy detection is efficient as it doesn't require knowing the primary signal, but has disadvantages like longer sensing times and sensitivity to noise power uncertainty. The document evaluates the receiver operating characteristics of energy detection under varying signal-to-noise ratios and time-bandwidth factors, finding detection probability increases with higher SNR and decreases with higher time-bandwidth.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Enhanced signal detection slgorithm using trained neural network for cognitiv...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, Cognitive Radio has become an important research area in the field of wireless communications. It can play an important role in dynamic spectrum management and interference identification. There are many spectrum sensing techniques proposed in literature for cognitive radio, but all those techniques detect only presence or absence of the primary user in the designated band and do not give any information about the used modulation scheme. In certain applications, in cognitive radio receiver, it is necessary to identify the modulation type of the signal so that the receiver parameters can be adjusted accordingly. Most of the modulated signals exhibit the property of Cyclostationarity that can be used for the purpose of correct detection of primary user and the modulation type. In this paper, we have proposed an enhanced signal detection algorithm for cognitive radio receiver which makes use of cyclostationarity property of the modulated signal to exactly detect, the modulation type of the received signal using a trained neural network. The algorithm gives better accuracy of signal detection even in low SNR conditions. The use of a trained neural network makes it more flexible and extendible for future applications
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
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Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
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Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document summarizes research on evaluating the performance of spectrum sensing for Wi-Fi and WiMAX signals over Rayleigh and Rician fading channels using cyclostationary detection techniques. Simulation results show that WiMAX has slightly higher bit error rates than Wi-Fi at the same signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed cyclostationary spectrum sensing method can detect orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals in noise with less complexity than previous approaches. This technique is evaluated using Wi-Fi and WiMAX systems to validate its effectiveness.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Optimization of Cognitive Radio spectrum and
1. To optimise maximum throughput and SNIR of secondary user’s w.r.t Primary user’s.
2. To calculate throughput w.r.t no of slots by varying time slots and channel bandwidth.
3. To study the performance characteristics achieved through Greedy Algorithm and Optimal algorithm.
Transmitter Detection Methods of Spectrum Sensing For Cognitive Radio Network...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares two spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio networks: energy detection and matched filter detection. It analyzes the performance of these techniques based on probability of detection and probability of false alarm under different signal-to-noise ratio levels and fading channel models (AWGN, flat fading, Rayleigh fading). The key findings are that matched filter detection has better performance than energy detection, but requires prior knowledge of the primary signal. Energy detection has lower complexity but performs poorly in low SNR scenarios. Overall, matched filter detection results in lower probability of false alarms compared to energy detection.
Reactive Power Compensation in Single Phase Distribution System using SVC, ST...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares two spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio networks: energy detection and matched filter detection. It analyzes the performance of these techniques based on probability of detection and probability of false alarm under different signal-to-noise ratio levels and fading channel models (AWGN, flat fading, Rayleigh fading). The key findings are that matched filter detection has better performance than energy detection, but requires prior knowledge of the primary signal. Energy detection has lower complexity but performs poorly in low SNR scenarios. Overall, matched filter detection results in lower probability of false alarms compared to energy detection.
This document discusses cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks to improve energy efficiency and throughput. It proposes deriving the optimal number of cooperating cognitive radios under two scenarios: 1) minimizing radios needed for a given detection performance to maximize energy efficiency, and 2) maximizing throughput by optimizing the reporting time given a detection constraint. Computer simulations show that an OR fusion rule outperforms AND in both scenarios using fewer radios.
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
More Related Content
Similar to Methods for Detecting Energy and Signals in Cognitive Radio: A Review
A review paper based on spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio networksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes different spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio networks. It discusses cooperative detection techniques which involve multiple cognitive radios sharing sensing information, and non-cooperative detection where radios act independently. Specific techniques covered include centralized, distributed, and relay-assisted cooperative sensing as well as blind sensing, energy detection, and eigenvalue-based sensing. The document concludes that cooperative sensing performs better than non-cooperative sensing, especially for low signal-to-noise ratio primary user signals.
REALISATION OF SIMPLE COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORK BASED ON A POWER SPECTRAL DENSI...ARIK KUMAR DUTTA
This document discusses a project to realize a simple cognitive radio network based on power spectral density sensing. It introduces cognitive radio and spectrum sensing techniques. The project aims to illustrate how a cognitive radio network can provide advantages like improved spectrum sensing and coverage by allowing data to be relayed between nodes. Future work areas include refining spectrum sensing bandwidth, transmission type sensing, accuracy, and timing windows.
This document summarizes and compares different spectrum sensing methods for cognitive radio networks. It discusses periodogram and multitaper methods (MTM) for power spectrum estimation. MTM addresses problems with periodogram like bias and variance. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are used to compare detection performance of different methods. MTM performance depends on number of tapers and time-bandwidth product. The paper evaluates MTM in terms of these and other parameters. It also provides background on cognitive radio, IEEE 802.22 networks, and the cognitive cycle of spectrum sensing, analysis and decision making. Experimental results comparing periodogram and MTM methods are presented.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A BPSK MODULATION BASED COGNITIVE RADIO SYSTEM USING THE EN...cscpconf
We present in this work an energy detection algorithm, based on spectral power estimation, in
the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm is based on the Neyman-Pearson test where the
robustness of the appropriate spectral bands identification, is based, at one hand, on the
‘judicious’ choice of the probability of detection (PD) and false alarm probability (PF). First, we
accomplish a comparative study between two techniques for estimation of PSD (Power Spectral
Density): the periodogram and Welch methods. Also, the interest is focused on the choice of the
optimal duration of observation where we can state that this latter one should be inversely
proportional to the level of the SNR of the transmitted signal to be sensed. The developed
algorithm is applied in the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm aims to identify the free
spectral bands representing, reserved for the primary user, of the signal carrying information,
issued from an ASCII encoding alphanumeric message and utilizing the BPSK modulation,
transmitted through an AWGN (Added White Gaussian Noise) channel. The algorithm succeeds
in identifying the free spectral bands even for low SNR lev
Implementation of a bpsk modulation based cognitive radio system using the en...csandit
We present in this work an energy detection algorit
hm, based on spectral power estimation, in
the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm is ba
sed on the Neyman-Pearson test where the
robustness of the appropriate spectral bands identi
fication, is based, at one hand, on the
‘judicious’ choice of the probability of detection
(P
D
) and false alarm probability (P
F
). First, we
accomplish a comparative study between two techniqu
es for estimation of PSD (Power Spectral
Density): the periodogram and Welch methods. Also,
the interest is focused on the choice of the
optimal duration of observation where we can state
that this latter one should be inversely
proportional to the level of the SNR of the transmi
tted signal to be sensed. The developed
algorithm is applied in the context of cognitive ra
dio. The algorithm aims to identify the free
spectral bands representing, reserved for the prima
ry user, of the signal carrying information,
issued from an ASCII encoding alphanumeric message
and utilizing the BPSK modulation,
transmitted through an AWGN (Added White Gaussian N
oise) channel. The algorithm succeeds
in identifying the free spectral bands even for low
SNR levels (e.g. to -2 dB) and allocate them
to the informative signal representing the secondar
y user.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document discusses cyclostationary feature detection for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using various modulation schemes. It presents the block diagrams for cyclostationary feature detection without and with modulation. It simulates the detection using BPSK, QPSK, and 8-PSK modulation and analyzes the output cyclic spectral correlation function. The main results are that BPSK produces one primary and one secondary peak, QPSK produces one primary and two secondary peaks, and 8-PSK produces one primary and four secondary peaks in the output, allowing identification of the modulation scheme used.
This document provides an overview of cognitive radio, including its definition, characteristics, applications, and architecture. Cognitive radio is a form of wireless communication that can detect unused portions of the radio spectrum and move between them, improving spectrum efficiency. It has the ability to sense its environment, learn from interactions, and adapt transmission parameters accordingly. Potential applications of cognitive radio discussed include improving regulation and access to spectrum, enhancing public safety networks, and improving cellular networks by offloading data. The document outlines a cognitive radio architecture with components like an RF front-end, software-defined radio modem, and general processor to support reconfigurability and spectrum etiquette policies.
International journal of engineering issues vol 2015 - no 2 - paper7sophiabelthome
This document analyzes spectrum sensing for cognitive radios using an energy detection method. It discusses how energy detection works by passing a signal through a bandpass filter, squaring it to measure energy, and integrating over time to compare to a threshold. Energy detection is efficient as it doesn't require knowing the primary signal, but has disadvantages like longer sensing times and sensitivity to noise power uncertainty. The document evaluates the receiver operating characteristics of energy detection under varying signal-to-noise ratios and time-bandwidth factors, finding detection probability increases with higher SNR and decreases with higher time-bandwidth.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Enhanced signal detection slgorithm using trained neural network for cognitiv...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, Cognitive Radio has become an important research area in the field of wireless communications. It can play an important role in dynamic spectrum management and interference identification. There are many spectrum sensing techniques proposed in literature for cognitive radio, but all those techniques detect only presence or absence of the primary user in the designated band and do not give any information about the used modulation scheme. In certain applications, in cognitive radio receiver, it is necessary to identify the modulation type of the signal so that the receiver parameters can be adjusted accordingly. Most of the modulated signals exhibit the property of Cyclostationarity that can be used for the purpose of correct detection of primary user and the modulation type. In this paper, we have proposed an enhanced signal detection algorithm for cognitive radio receiver which makes use of cyclostationarity property of the modulated signal to exactly detect, the modulation type of the received signal using a trained neural network. The algorithm gives better accuracy of signal detection even in low SNR conditions. The use of a trained neural network makes it more flexible and extendible for future applications
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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This document summarizes research on evaluating the performance of spectrum sensing for Wi-Fi and WiMAX signals over Rayleigh and Rician fading channels using cyclostationary detection techniques. Simulation results show that WiMAX has slightly higher bit error rates than Wi-Fi at the same signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed cyclostationary spectrum sensing method can detect orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals in noise with less complexity than previous approaches. This technique is evaluated using Wi-Fi and WiMAX systems to validate its effectiveness.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Optimization of Cognitive Radio spectrum and
1. To optimise maximum throughput and SNIR of secondary user’s w.r.t Primary user’s.
2. To calculate throughput w.r.t no of slots by varying time slots and channel bandwidth.
3. To study the performance characteristics achieved through Greedy Algorithm and Optimal algorithm.
Transmitter Detection Methods of Spectrum Sensing For Cognitive Radio Network...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares two spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio networks: energy detection and matched filter detection. It analyzes the performance of these techniques based on probability of detection and probability of false alarm under different signal-to-noise ratio levels and fading channel models (AWGN, flat fading, Rayleigh fading). The key findings are that matched filter detection has better performance than energy detection, but requires prior knowledge of the primary signal. Energy detection has lower complexity but performs poorly in low SNR scenarios. Overall, matched filter detection results in lower probability of false alarms compared to energy detection.
Reactive Power Compensation in Single Phase Distribution System using SVC, ST...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares two spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio networks: energy detection and matched filter detection. It analyzes the performance of these techniques based on probability of detection and probability of false alarm under different signal-to-noise ratio levels and fading channel models (AWGN, flat fading, Rayleigh fading). The key findings are that matched filter detection has better performance than energy detection, but requires prior knowledge of the primary signal. Energy detection has lower complexity but performs poorly in low SNR scenarios. Overall, matched filter detection results in lower probability of false alarms compared to energy detection.
This document discusses cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks to improve energy efficiency and throughput. It proposes deriving the optimal number of cooperating cognitive radios under two scenarios: 1) minimizing radios needed for a given detection performance to maximize energy efficiency, and 2) maximizing throughput by optimizing the reporting time given a detection constraint. Computer simulations show that an OR fusion rule outperforms AND in both scenarios using fewer radios.
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Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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