Electricity tariff types
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Tariff refers to the rates charged for electricity consumption. The objectives of tariffs are to distribute costs among consumers and recover capital, operational, and maintenance costs as well as provide a return on investment. Tariffs vary based on consumer type and electricity usage levels, with different rates applied for different usage times or amounts. Common tariff structures include simple tariffs based solely on consumption, two-part tariffs with fixed and running charges, and time-of-use tariffs with higher rates during peak periods. Tariffs are designed both to allocate costs fairly and encourage efficient electricity use.
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Recommended
Principles of Power Systems V.K Mehta Complete Book - Chapter 5
Tariff
The electrical energy produced by a power
station is delivered to a large number of
consumers. The consumers can be per-
suaded to use electrical energy if it is sold at rea-
sonable rates. The tariff i.e., the rate at which
electrical energy is sold naturally becomes atten-
tion inviting for electric supply company. The
supply company has to ensure that the tariff is
such that it not only recovers the total cost of
producing electrical energy but also earns profit
on the capital investment. However, the profit
must be marginal particularly for a country like
India where electric supply companies come un-
der public sector and are always subject to criti-
cism. In this chapter, we shall deal with various
types of tariff with special references to their ad-
vantages and disadvantages.
Input output , heat rate characteristics and Incremental cost
This document discusses the input-output, heat rate, and incremental cost characteristics of thermal power plants. It defines input-output characteristics as a plot of fuel input versus power output. Heat rate is the ratio of fuel input to energy output and is the slope of the input-output curve. An incremental fuel rate curve plots the incremental fuel rate, or change in input divided by change in output, versus output. The incremental cost curve multiplies incremental fuel rate by fuel cost to determine incremental cost in monetary terms per unit of output. Economic dispatch of power plants aims to minimize total incremental costs while meeting demand.
Load on power system
The load on a power station varies over time rather than being constant. This variability in load presents challenges for power stations, as they must produce power whenever demanded by consumers. Variable loads can necessitate additional equipment to vary the fuel supply and increase production costs, as generator efficiency decreases during light loads. Load curves are used to analyze and understand load patterns, showing how demand changes over various time periods from daily to annually. This information is important for power station operation and planning.
PV Wind Hybrid Systems
This document discusses PV-Wind hybrid systems which combine photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines to generate electricity. Such hybrid systems are well-suited for locations where sunlight and wind availability vary seasonally. Key components include solar panels, a wind turbine, batteries, an inverter to convert DC to AC power, and instrumentation to monitor performance. Advantages are 24-hour power generation and reduced outage risks from multiple energy sources, while disadvantages include higher infrastructure costs and intermittent wind. Further research can improve performance and integration of renewable technologies.
Types of Tariffs
There are various types of tariffs that electric companies use to charge customers for electrical energy. The main tariff types are simple tariff, flat rate tariff, block rate tariff, two-part tariff, maximum demand tariff, power factor tariff, and three-part tariff. Each tariff type determines the rate charged per unit of electricity in different ways, such as having a constant rate, different rates for customer classes, or splitting the total charge into multiple components including fixed demand charges and energy usage charges. Tariffs can also differ based on whether a customer receives low tension or high tension supply, and some utilities implement time of day tariffs where rates vary depending on the time electricity is used.
Energy efficient motors
This document provides an overview of energy efficient motors. It defines an energy efficient motor as one that uses less power to produce the same output as a standard motor. It notes that energy efficient motors have higher efficiencies of 2-6% compared to standard motors due to features like more copper in the windings and reduced fan losses. The document discusses the need for and advantages of energy efficient motors, including energy and cost savings. It also notes some potential disadvantages like higher initial cost and issues with speed control. Applications mentioned include various industrial uses.
1.10 types of tariff
This document discusses different types of tariffs for electricity pricing: simple tariff, flat rate tariff, block rate tariff, two part/maximum demand tariff, power factor tariff, and three part tariff. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each tariff type. Block rate tariff divides consumption into blocks and charges different rates for different blocks. Two part tariff considers both maximum demand and energy consumption. Power factor tariff accounts for the power factor of the consumer's usage. Three part tariff has charges for fixed costs, maximum demand, and energy consumption. The document explains how tariffs are used for power requirement management and agricultural activities.
Economic load dispatch
This document presents an overview of economic load dispatch in power systems. It discusses the objectives of economic dispatch as generating required power at minimum cost. It describes different constraints like generator limits, transmission limits and voltage limits that need to be considered. It explains the operating costs of thermal plants using heat rate and fuel cost curves. It provides formulations for economic dispatch neglecting and including transmission losses. The document uses examples to illustrate the iterative method used to solve economic dispatch problems.
Recommended
Principles of Power Systems V.K Mehta Complete Book - Chapter 5
Tariff
The electrical energy produced by a power
station is delivered to a large number of
consumers. The consumers can be per-
suaded to use electrical energy if it is sold at rea-
sonable rates. The tariff i.e., the rate at which
electrical energy is sold naturally becomes atten-
tion inviting for electric supply company. The
supply company has to ensure that the tariff is
such that it not only recovers the total cost of
producing electrical energy but also earns profit
on the capital investment. However, the profit
must be marginal particularly for a country like
India where electric supply companies come un-
der public sector and are always subject to criti-
cism. In this chapter, we shall deal with various
types of tariff with special references to their ad-
vantages and disadvantages.
Input output , heat rate characteristics and Incremental cost
This document discusses the input-output, heat rate, and incremental cost characteristics of thermal power plants. It defines input-output characteristics as a plot of fuel input versus power output. Heat rate is the ratio of fuel input to energy output and is the slope of the input-output curve. An incremental fuel rate curve plots the incremental fuel rate, or change in input divided by change in output, versus output. The incremental cost curve multiplies incremental fuel rate by fuel cost to determine incremental cost in monetary terms per unit of output. Economic dispatch of power plants aims to minimize total incremental costs while meeting demand.
Load on power system
The load on a power station varies over time rather than being constant. This variability in load presents challenges for power stations, as they must produce power whenever demanded by consumers. Variable loads can necessitate additional equipment to vary the fuel supply and increase production costs, as generator efficiency decreases during light loads. Load curves are used to analyze and understand load patterns, showing how demand changes over various time periods from daily to annually. This information is important for power station operation and planning.
PV Wind Hybrid Systems
This document discusses PV-Wind hybrid systems which combine photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines to generate electricity. Such hybrid systems are well-suited for locations where sunlight and wind availability vary seasonally. Key components include solar panels, a wind turbine, batteries, an inverter to convert DC to AC power, and instrumentation to monitor performance. Advantages are 24-hour power generation and reduced outage risks from multiple energy sources, while disadvantages include higher infrastructure costs and intermittent wind. Further research can improve performance and integration of renewable technologies.
Types of Tariffs
There are various types of tariffs that electric companies use to charge customers for electrical energy. The main tariff types are simple tariff, flat rate tariff, block rate tariff, two-part tariff, maximum demand tariff, power factor tariff, and three-part tariff. Each tariff type determines the rate charged per unit of electricity in different ways, such as having a constant rate, different rates for customer classes, or splitting the total charge into multiple components including fixed demand charges and energy usage charges. Tariffs can also differ based on whether a customer receives low tension or high tension supply, and some utilities implement time of day tariffs where rates vary depending on the time electricity is used.
Energy efficient motors
This document provides an overview of energy efficient motors. It defines an energy efficient motor as one that uses less power to produce the same output as a standard motor. It notes that energy efficient motors have higher efficiencies of 2-6% compared to standard motors due to features like more copper in the windings and reduced fan losses. The document discusses the need for and advantages of energy efficient motors, including energy and cost savings. It also notes some potential disadvantages like higher initial cost and issues with speed control. Applications mentioned include various industrial uses.
1.10 types of tariff
This document discusses different types of tariffs for electricity pricing: simple tariff, flat rate tariff, block rate tariff, two part/maximum demand tariff, power factor tariff, and three part tariff. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each tariff type. Block rate tariff divides consumption into blocks and charges different rates for different blocks. Two part tariff considers both maximum demand and energy consumption. Power factor tariff accounts for the power factor of the consumer's usage. Three part tariff has charges for fixed costs, maximum demand, and energy consumption. The document explains how tariffs are used for power requirement management and agricultural activities.
Economic load dispatch
This document presents an overview of economic load dispatch in power systems. It discusses the objectives of economic dispatch as generating required power at minimum cost. It describes different constraints like generator limits, transmission limits and voltage limits that need to be considered. It explains the operating costs of thermal plants using heat rate and fuel cost curves. It provides formulations for economic dispatch neglecting and including transmission losses. The document uses examples to illustrate the iterative method used to solve economic dispatch problems.
Energy management & audit
The document provides an overview of energy management and energy audits. It defines energy and various types of energy like mechanical, thermal, nuclear, chemical, and electromagnetic. Energy management aims to optimize energy use and reduce costs. The objectives are to minimize energy procurement and utilization costs without affecting production. Energy audits identify ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of output. Preliminary audits establish baseline consumption while detailed audits evaluate all energy consuming systems and equipment to identify savings opportunities through a ten step process. The document outlines the various instruments used in energy audits to measure consumption.
Combined operation of power plants
Combined operation of power plants, steam and gas, steam and diesel, nuclear and steam, base load plants, peak load plants.
economics of power generation
This document discusses load curves and economics of power generation. It provides definitions for key terms like connected load, demand, maximum demand, load factor, diversity factor, and plant capacity factor. Load curves show the variation of load on a power station over time and can be daily, monthly, or yearly. The combined daily load curve shows higher loads during the day and lower loads at night. Tariffs for electricity aim to recover the fixed and operating costs of power generation through rates that consider maximum demand and energy consumed. Different tariff structures include flat demand rate, straight line meter rate, block meter rate, and two-part or three-part tariffs.
Reactive power compensation
This document presents an overview of reactive power compensation. It defines reactive power compensation as managing reactive power to improve AC system performance. There are two main aspects: load compensation to increase power factor and voltage regulation, and voltage support to decrease voltage fluctuations. Several methods of reactive power compensation are discussed, including shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, series compensation, static VAR compensators (SVCs), static compensators (STATCOMs), and synchronous condensers. SVC and STATCOM technologies are compared, with STATCOMs having advantages of smaller components, better control, and transient response.
Introduction
1. Shunt compensation involves connecting FACTS devices in parallel with transmission lines to act as controllable current sources.
2. There are two types of shunt compensation: shunt capacitive compensation improves power factor by injecting a leading current, while shunt inductive compensation increases power transfer capability by reducing voltage amplification.
3. Examples of FACTS devices for shunt compensation include STATCOM, SVC using TCR, TSC and TSR to continuously or stepwise vary the equivalent reactance.
Permanent magnet synchronousgenerator
The document discusses synchronous generators which generate 3-phase AC voltage through electromagnetic induction. Synchronous generators consist of a rotor with a magnetic field and a stationary stator containing windings. They can use permanent magnets or wound field coils to create the magnetic field. The stator produces a 3-phase AC voltage as the rotor rotates. Synchronous generators are commonly used in applications such as wind turbines.
EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Functions and Performance Requirements
Elements of an Excitation System
Types of Excitation Systems
Control and Protection Functions
Modeling of Excitation Systems
The functions of an excitation system are
to provide direct current to the synchronous generator field winding, and
to perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory operation of the power system
The performance requirements of the excitation system are determined by
Generator considerations:
supply and adjust field current as the generator output varies within its continuous capability
respond to transient disturbances with field forcing consistent with the generator short term capabilities:
rotor insulation failure due to high field voltage
rotor heating due to high field current
stator heating due to high VAR loading
heating due to excess flux (volts/Hz)
Power system considerations:
contribute to effective control of system voltage and improvement of system stability
Wind farm grid issues
This document discusses power quality issues related to wind power integration. It begins with an abstract noting how increasing electricity demand is leading to more renewable energy sources like wind power, but wind integration can negatively impact the grid's power quality. The document then covers international power quality standards, defines power quality, and lists various power quality issues caused by wind power like power imbalances, voltage variations, harmonics, and flickers. Challenges of wind power integration to power system stability are also discussed. Finally, the document presents some mitigation strategies for integrating wind energy conversion systems onto the grid.
Circuit breaker
The document discusses different types of circuit breakers, including air blast, vacuum, oil, and SF6 circuit breakers. It explains that a circuit breaker can make, carry, and break currents under normal and abnormal circuit conditions. The operating mechanism involves using stored energy to move a moving contact to open or close the circuit. When contacts separate during a fault, an arc is formed that must be quickly quenched for circuit interruption. Each breaker type uses a different medium, such as air, vacuum, oil or SF6 gas, to rapidly cool and extinguish the arc. Modern systems commonly use vacuum or SF6 breakers for their fast, reliable performance.
Power factor improvement
This document discusses power factor, causes of low power factor, disadvantages of low power factor, and methods for improving power factor. It begins by defining power factor as the ratio of active power to apparent power. Inductive loads like transformers and motors cause low power factors by introducing reactive power. Low power factor results in larger equipment sizes, greater losses, and reduced system capacity. Methods for improving power factor include installing capacitors to offset reactive power and replacing standard motors with high efficiency models. The document concludes with a case study where installing capacitors at a factory's main board improved the average power factor from 0.75 to 0.95.
Voltage sag
The commonly used definition of sag duration is the number of cycles during which the RMS voltage is below a given threshold.
Load curve
The load curve shows the variation in load on an electrical power station over time. It provides important information such as average daily load, maximum demand, number of generating units needed, and operation scheduling. The demand factor is the ratio of maximum demand to connected load and is used to determine plant equipment capacity. The load factor is the ratio of average load to maximum demand and indicates plant utilization.
Restructuring
The document discusses the restructuring of power systems from monopolistic to deregulated markets. It explains that restructuring separates generation, transmission, distribution and supply functions. This creates new business opportunities and lower costs for consumers. Various restructuring models are presented including poolco, bilateral contracts and hybrid models. The poolco model uses a centralized market to set prices while bilateral contracts allow direct negotiations. The hybrid model combines features of the first two. An independent system operator maintains grid operations.
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The document discusses energy management and auditing. It begins by defining energy management as achieving quality production with the least energy costs without harming the environment. It then outlines the objectives of energy management programs, which include minimizing energy costs and waste, environmental impacts, and increasing efficiency. The document describes the necessary steps to implement an effective energy management program, including committing to the program, assessing current energy performance, setting goals, creating an action plan, implementing the plan, evaluating progress, and recognizing achievements. It also discusses the roles and skills needed of an energy manager to lead a company's energy management strategy and develop an energy policy.
tariff and its types
This document discusses different types of electricity tariffs. It begins by defining tariff as the rate at which electrical energy is supplied to consumers. The objectives of tariffs are to recover costs of production, transmission, distribution, operation and maintenance, as well as provide a profit. Desirable characteristics include proper return, fairness, simplicity and reasonable profit. Common tariffs discussed include simple/uniform rate tariff, flat rate tariff, block rate tariff, two-part tariff based on maximum demand and energy consumed, and three-part tariff based on fixed, semi-fixed and running charges. The document provides examples to illustrate calculations under different tariff structures.
Demand Side Management
Demand Side Management” means the actions of a Distribution Licensee, beyond the customer's meter, with the objective of altering the end-use of electricity
Basics of AC transmission
This document discusses the key components and types of AC power transmission systems. It begins with an introduction that describes how electrical energy generated at power plants is transmitted through transmission lines to consumers. It then provides a single line diagram showing the steps of increasing voltage for transmission and decreasing it for distribution. The main types of transmission line systems are described as single phase, two phase, and three phase AC systems, as well as DC systems. Finally, the key elements of transmission lines are outlined, including conductors, transformers, insulators, support towers, and protective devices.
Testing of circuit breakers
This PPT explains about the circuit breaker, and its types. Then about the need and purpose of the circuit breaker. And finally the testing and types of testing of circuit breakers.
Economic operation of power system
This topic is belongs to Power System Operation and Control. It will help to all electrical engineering students and faculties.
Et wind
This document provides information about the components and working of wind energy conversion systems (WECS). It discusses the key components of WECS including the rotor, windmill head, transmission system, control system and supporting structure. It explains how the kinetic energy of wind is captured and converted into mechanical and electrical energy. The document also covers wind energy basics such as power in wind, forces on turbine blades, site selection criteria, classification of WECS, and advantages and disadvantages of wind energy.
electricitytarriftypes-180204133528.pptx
Tariff refers to the rates charged for electricity consumption. The objectives of tariff are to distribute costs among consumers and recover capital, operation, and maintenance costs as well as provide a return on investment. Different rates are set for varying consumer types. There are several types of tariff structures including simple tariff based only on consumption, block rate tariff which increases rates for higher consumption blocks, and time-of-use tariff which has different rates for peak, off-peak, and normal periods. Tariff structures aim to encourage efficient use of electricity and maximize utility for generation plants and equipment.
10801621061_Yuvraj.pdf
Tariff is defined as the rate of consumption of electrical power. There are different tariff structures that distribute the cost of electricity among consumers in a fair manner and help utilities recover their capital investment costs. Some common tariff structures include simple tariff, flat demand tariff, block rate tariff, flat rate tariff, two part tariff, maximum demand tariff, power factor tariff, three part tariff, and peak tariff. Each structure determines electricity rates and bills in a different way based on factors like units consumed, maximum demand, time of use, and power factor.
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The document provides an overview of energy management and energy audits. It defines energy and various types of energy like mechanical, thermal, nuclear, chemical, and electromagnetic. Energy management aims to optimize energy use and reduce costs. The objectives are to minimize energy procurement and utilization costs without affecting production. Energy audits identify ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of output. Preliminary audits establish baseline consumption while detailed audits evaluate all energy consuming systems and equipment to identify savings opportunities through a ten step process. The document outlines the various instruments used in energy audits to measure consumption.
Combined operation of power plants
Combined operation of power plants, steam and gas, steam and diesel, nuclear and steam, base load plants, peak load plants.
economics of power generation
This document discusses load curves and economics of power generation. It provides definitions for key terms like connected load, demand, maximum demand, load factor, diversity factor, and plant capacity factor. Load curves show the variation of load on a power station over time and can be daily, monthly, or yearly. The combined daily load curve shows higher loads during the day and lower loads at night. Tariffs for electricity aim to recover the fixed and operating costs of power generation through rates that consider maximum demand and energy consumed. Different tariff structures include flat demand rate, straight line meter rate, block meter rate, and two-part or three-part tariffs.
Reactive power compensation
This document presents an overview of reactive power compensation. It defines reactive power compensation as managing reactive power to improve AC system performance. There are two main aspects: load compensation to increase power factor and voltage regulation, and voltage support to decrease voltage fluctuations. Several methods of reactive power compensation are discussed, including shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, series compensation, static VAR compensators (SVCs), static compensators (STATCOMs), and synchronous condensers. SVC and STATCOM technologies are compared, with STATCOMs having advantages of smaller components, better control, and transient response.
Introduction
1. Shunt compensation involves connecting FACTS devices in parallel with transmission lines to act as controllable current sources.
2. There are two types of shunt compensation: shunt capacitive compensation improves power factor by injecting a leading current, while shunt inductive compensation increases power transfer capability by reducing voltage amplification.
3. Examples of FACTS devices for shunt compensation include STATCOM, SVC using TCR, TSC and TSR to continuously or stepwise vary the equivalent reactance.
Permanent magnet synchronousgenerator
The document discusses synchronous generators which generate 3-phase AC voltage through electromagnetic induction. Synchronous generators consist of a rotor with a magnetic field and a stationary stator containing windings. They can use permanent magnets or wound field coils to create the magnetic field. The stator produces a 3-phase AC voltage as the rotor rotates. Synchronous generators are commonly used in applications such as wind turbines.
EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Functions and Performance Requirements
Elements of an Excitation System
Types of Excitation Systems
Control and Protection Functions
Modeling of Excitation Systems
The functions of an excitation system are
to provide direct current to the synchronous generator field winding, and
to perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory operation of the power system
The performance requirements of the excitation system are determined by
Generator considerations:
supply and adjust field current as the generator output varies within its continuous capability
respond to transient disturbances with field forcing consistent with the generator short term capabilities:
rotor insulation failure due to high field voltage
rotor heating due to high field current
stator heating due to high VAR loading
heating due to excess flux (volts/Hz)
Power system considerations:
contribute to effective control of system voltage and improvement of system stability
Wind farm grid issues
This document discusses power quality issues related to wind power integration. It begins with an abstract noting how increasing electricity demand is leading to more renewable energy sources like wind power, but wind integration can negatively impact the grid's power quality. The document then covers international power quality standards, defines power quality, and lists various power quality issues caused by wind power like power imbalances, voltage variations, harmonics, and flickers. Challenges of wind power integration to power system stability are also discussed. Finally, the document presents some mitigation strategies for integrating wind energy conversion systems onto the grid.
Circuit breaker
The document discusses different types of circuit breakers, including air blast, vacuum, oil, and SF6 circuit breakers. It explains that a circuit breaker can make, carry, and break currents under normal and abnormal circuit conditions. The operating mechanism involves using stored energy to move a moving contact to open or close the circuit. When contacts separate during a fault, an arc is formed that must be quickly quenched for circuit interruption. Each breaker type uses a different medium, such as air, vacuum, oil or SF6 gas, to rapidly cool and extinguish the arc. Modern systems commonly use vacuum or SF6 breakers for their fast, reliable performance.
Power factor improvement
This document discusses power factor, causes of low power factor, disadvantages of low power factor, and methods for improving power factor. It begins by defining power factor as the ratio of active power to apparent power. Inductive loads like transformers and motors cause low power factors by introducing reactive power. Low power factor results in larger equipment sizes, greater losses, and reduced system capacity. Methods for improving power factor include installing capacitors to offset reactive power and replacing standard motors with high efficiency models. The document concludes with a case study where installing capacitors at a factory's main board improved the average power factor from 0.75 to 0.95.
Voltage sag
The commonly used definition of sag duration is the number of cycles during which the RMS voltage is below a given threshold.
Load curve
The load curve shows the variation in load on an electrical power station over time. It provides important information such as average daily load, maximum demand, number of generating units needed, and operation scheduling. The demand factor is the ratio of maximum demand to connected load and is used to determine plant equipment capacity. The load factor is the ratio of average load to maximum demand and indicates plant utilization.
Restructuring
The document discusses the restructuring of power systems from monopolistic to deregulated markets. It explains that restructuring separates generation, transmission, distribution and supply functions. This creates new business opportunities and lower costs for consumers. Various restructuring models are presented including poolco, bilateral contracts and hybrid models. The poolco model uses a centralized market to set prices while bilateral contracts allow direct negotiations. The hybrid model combines features of the first two. An independent system operator maintains grid operations.
Energy management
The document discusses energy management and auditing. It begins by defining energy management as achieving quality production with the least energy costs without harming the environment. It then outlines the objectives of energy management programs, which include minimizing energy costs and waste, environmental impacts, and increasing efficiency. The document describes the necessary steps to implement an effective energy management program, including committing to the program, assessing current energy performance, setting goals, creating an action plan, implementing the plan, evaluating progress, and recognizing achievements. It also discusses the roles and skills needed of an energy manager to lead a company's energy management strategy and develop an energy policy.
tariff and its types
This document discusses different types of electricity tariffs. It begins by defining tariff as the rate at which electrical energy is supplied to consumers. The objectives of tariffs are to recover costs of production, transmission, distribution, operation and maintenance, as well as provide a profit. Desirable characteristics include proper return, fairness, simplicity and reasonable profit. Common tariffs discussed include simple/uniform rate tariff, flat rate tariff, block rate tariff, two-part tariff based on maximum demand and energy consumed, and three-part tariff based on fixed, semi-fixed and running charges. The document provides examples to illustrate calculations under different tariff structures.
Demand Side Management
Demand Side Management” means the actions of a Distribution Licensee, beyond the customer's meter, with the objective of altering the end-use of electricity
Basics of AC transmission
This document discusses the key components and types of AC power transmission systems. It begins with an introduction that describes how electrical energy generated at power plants is transmitted through transmission lines to consumers. It then provides a single line diagram showing the steps of increasing voltage for transmission and decreasing it for distribution. The main types of transmission line systems are described as single phase, two phase, and three phase AC systems, as well as DC systems. Finally, the key elements of transmission lines are outlined, including conductors, transformers, insulators, support towers, and protective devices.
Testing of circuit breakers
This PPT explains about the circuit breaker, and its types. Then about the need and purpose of the circuit breaker. And finally the testing and types of testing of circuit breakers.
Economic operation of power system
This topic is belongs to Power System Operation and Control. It will help to all electrical engineering students and faculties.
Et wind
This document provides information about the components and working of wind energy conversion systems (WECS). It discusses the key components of WECS including the rotor, windmill head, transmission system, control system and supporting structure. It explains how the kinetic energy of wind is captured and converted into mechanical and electrical energy. The document also covers wind energy basics such as power in wind, forces on turbine blades, site selection criteria, classification of WECS, and advantages and disadvantages of wind energy.
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Tariff refers to the rates charged for electricity consumption. The objectives of tariff are to distribute costs among consumers and recover capital, operation, and maintenance costs as well as provide a return on investment. Different rates are set for varying consumer types. There are several types of tariff structures including simple tariff based only on consumption, block rate tariff which increases rates for higher consumption blocks, and time-of-use tariff which has different rates for peak, off-peak, and normal periods. Tariff structures aim to encourage efficient use of electricity and maximize utility for generation plants and equipment.
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Many residential consumers are currently unaware of one of the easiest ways to reduce their cost of living. Some spend hours researching different smartphone data plans and cable services to save only a few dollars a month. By understanding what utility tariffs are and which ones are available, residents can unlock a new way to save more money in less time.
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A brief description of different types of tariffs is provided here. It also covers the basic concept of Electrical wiring systems and lighting systems. Working of different types of lamp with figures are also included.
Students of APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University (KTU) may find this helpful for their sixth module preparation.
Demand side management
An overview of Demand Side Management with a concept of demand and supply in Power Distribution with Demand Response and Energy Efficiency in adherence to Indian Installation Capacity
What does merit order mean
What does merit order mean What does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order mean
Rate Designs for Changing Times
The utility landscape is dynamic. Some pundits claim that traditional utility regulation is becoming obsolete. Others are calling for a complete overhaul of utility ratemaking as we know it; distributed energy resources, technology advancements and societal trends are changing the way utilities function. In such turbulent times, how can utilities manage their financials through rate structures? How can utilities bridge the span between the rate and regulatory frameworks of yesterday and tomorrow? One way to do so is to revisit the design of rate offerings available to all utility customers and to residential customers in particular.
What does merit order mean
The merit order is a model used in the electricity industry to determine the optimal sequence in which power plants should generate electricity based on their marginal costs. Power plants with the lowest marginal costs are dispatched first to meet demand while higher cost plants are brought online only when needed. This helps minimize production costs. Electricity prices are determined by the marginal costs of the last power plant needed to meet demand. Increasing renewable energy is shifting the merit order and lowering wholesale prices through the merit order effect. However, the model has limitations and does not reflect all long-term costs and factors influencing prices.
Presentation Demand Management
Demand side management
It is also called as energy demand management
The modification of consumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentive and education is termed as demand side management.
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Electricity tariff types
- 2. Tariff is defined as the rate of consumption of electrical power. The main objectives of tariff are to distribute the cost among different of the consumer. The Tariff must recover the cost of capital investment. The cost of operation, maintenance cost and a satisfactory return on the total capital investment. Different rates are maintained for a different level of consumers. What is ‘Tariff’
- 3. The electric rate is the price you pay per unit of electricity to your energy utility or retailer. The electricity tariff (or rate) structure is the combination of rates, additional charges, and other rules that determine how your electricity bill is calculated. What is a tariff/rate structur
- 4. The various type of tariff structures is as follows: Types of ‘Tariff’ Simple Tariff Flat demand tariff Block Rate tariff Flat rate tariff Two part tariff Maximum Demand tariff Power factor tariff Three part tariff Peak tariff
- 5. This is the simplest type of tariff structure. In this structure, the cost of electrical energy is charged only on the basis of units consumed. This is also known as uniform rate tariff. This type of tariff encourages the consumer to disconnect the equipment after being used. In Simple Tariff C=BY Where C = total cost B = kWh of energy consumed Y = rate of kWh Simple Tariff
- 6. Flat demand tariff In this type of tariff structure, different consumers are charged at the same rate but the total demand and the energy consumption were fixed. Electricity bill depends only on maximum demand and independent of energy consumed. In the early phase of electricity generation, energy consumption is confined in few applications such as in light and hour of electricity used is also fixed. They used to be charged on the basis of a number of a lamp installed and the hour of usage. Block Rate tariff In this type of tariff, consumers are charged blockwise. One block is charged at higher rated and other blocks are charged at relatively reduced rate. This type of tariff structure increases the Load factor so the generation cost is reduced.
- 7. Two part tariff In this type of tariff structure, the charged rate is split into two components which are fixed charge and running charge. Fixed charge is proportional to the maximum demand whereas running charge is proportional to the unit consumed. This tariff structure is also called as Hopkinson Demand rate. In this tariff type, consumers have to pay the bill on maximum demand irrespective of their consumption. In this type of tariff, different consumers are charged at a different rate. Usually, higher rates are charged for power load than normal load. This type of rate is defined on the basis of load factor and diversity factor. This type of method is usually employed in public. In this type of tariff, the different meter is used for a different load. It is based on diversity factor which is difficult to derive. Flat rate tariff
- 8. Two part tariff charges fixed rate on the maximum demand which is not actually measured so consumers have to pay the unnecessary price. These disadvantages are removed using a maximum demand tariff structure in which the maximum demand is actually measured. This type of tariff structure is usually applied to bulk supply and industrial consumer Maximum Demand tariff Peak tariff The load can be divided into three parts which are normal load, peak load, and off-peak load. Peak load is that load at which the amount of consumption is high which causes stress on generation station. So tariff rates are different for different load type. Tariff rates are higher for peak load and lower for the off-peak load.
- 9. Power factor tariff The efficiency of the system depends on the power factor of the system. Low power factor means high loss which leads to the poor efficiency. So consumers are charged for poor power factor in order to increase the utility of plant and equipment to be maximum. KVA maximum demand, kWh and kVARh tariff and average power factor tariff are the methods of power factor tariff. KVA maximum tariff is same as two-part tariff but instead of KW, KVA is measured. Power factor increases with a decrease in KVARh so it is charged separately. In average power factor tariff, one reference power factor is taken as reference and rate is charged. More rate is charged for low power factor then reference and discount is given for high power factor than the reference value.