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Endogenic Process
- 2. Albert Garcia’s award-winning photo taken on June 15, 1991 was chosen by Time as one of the “Greatest Images of the 20th Century” and also by the National Geographic Magazine as one of “100 Best Pictures” of the 20th Century. Garcia is currently the photo editor of Manila Bulletin. Catastrophic http://www.balita.com/mt-pinatubo20-photo- exhibit-more-than-just-pictures-it-was-a- reunion-of-survivors-2/ 2 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 3. VOLCANISM? Volcanism is the eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of a planet. A volcano is the vent through which magma and gases are discharged. Magma that reaches the surface is called lava. Volcanos are named for Vulcan the Roman god of fire! 4 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 4. 6 How do volcanoes form? What causes volcanoes to erupt? Where do most volcanoes occur? What are the different types of volcanoes? What determines the degree of violence associated with volcanic activity? VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 5. Definition of terms A volcano is a vent or opening on planet’s surface which allows molten rock called magma, volcanic ash and gas to escape out onto its surface. A volcano gives a look like a mountain from which lava erupts. The hot magma erupting from a volcano is called lava. ERUPTION Definition of Terms http://eschooltoday.com/volcanoes/images/part s-of-a-volcano.jpg 7 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 6. Most volcanoes are formed by the movement of tectonic plates on the surface of the earth. These plates are basically huge pieces of rock that ‘float’ on the mantle (a layer of the earth that is sort-of liquid rock). ERUPTION How Volcanoes Form http://media- 2.web.britannica.com/eb- media/53/4953-004-C647C3B2.jpg TECTONIC PLATES 8 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 7. ERUPTION Origin of Volcanoes 1. Magma rises 2. As the magma rises it melts gaps in the surrounding rock 3. As more magma rises a large reservoir 4. Pressure from the surrounding rock causes the magma to blast 5. The magma, now called lava, builds up at the vent forming a volcano. 6. Often the volcano sides will be higher than the vent forming a depression called a crater 9 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 8. ERUPTION What Causes Volcanoes to Erupt? http://media- 2.web.britannica.com/eb- media/34/3534-004-8B3097CF.jpg TECTONIC PLATES AND SETTINGS Subducting Plate Margins Spreading Plate Margins Intraplate (Hotspot) 10 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 9. Again, it’s in the edge of TECTONIC PLATES. ERUPTION Areas Where Most Volcanoes Occur http://www.bucknell.edu/Images/Dept s/Geology/PTmap.gif 11 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 10. The Pacific Ring of Fire ERUPTION Areas Where Most Volcanoes Occur http://oem.bmj.com/content/ 63/2/149/F2.large.jpg -It is a string of volcanoes and sites of seismic activity around the edges of the Pacific Ocean. -It isn’t quite a circular ring. It is shaped more like a 40,000- kilometer (25,000- mile) horseshoe. -A string of 452 volcanoes. 12 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 11. ERUPTION What determines the degree of violence associated with volcanic activity? Magma – molten rock or liquid that is mostly silica Lava – solidified magma Pyroclasts – from the Greek pyro, “fire”, and clast “broken” – rock fragments (pyroclastic debris is also called tephra) Lava flows – fissures in the ground Extrusive rock - surface rock resulting from volcanic activity (rock formed by solidification of lava) 13 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 12. ERUPTION! What determines the degree of violence associated with volcanic activity? Crater – funnel shaped pit at the top of a volcano. formed when material is blown out of the volcano by explosions Caldera – when the volcano collapses due to an empty magma chamber CRATER CALDERA 14 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 13. ERUPTION! What determines the degree of violence associated with volcanic activity? DEVELOPMENT OF A CRATER LAKE https://volcanocafe.files.wor dpress.com/2014/05/fg04_1 8.jpg 15 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 14. ERUPTION! What determines the degree of violence associated with volcanic activity? Whether eruptions are very explosive or relatively "quiet" is largely determined by two factors: (1) the amount of gas in the lava or magma (2) the ease or difficulty with which the gas can escape to the atmosphere Viscosity – resistance to flow PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAVA 16 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 15. ERUPTION! What determines the degree of violence associated with volcanic activity? Felsic Contains more than 65% Silica TYPES OF LAVA Mafic Silica (Poor) (45-52%) RholiteBasaltAndesite Intermediate Silica Composition (53-65%) 17 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 16. The two most important factors that influence viscosity are the (1) temperature of the lava relative to the cooler temperature which it solidifies (2) the silica (Si𝑂2 content of the lava) ERUPTION! What determines the degree of violence associated with volcanic activity? 18 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 17. ERUPTION! Composite volcanoes often form the largest and tallest volcanoes. They are the most explosive and dangerous of the types of volcanoes. Types of Volcano Composite Volcanoes Mt. Saint Helens in Washington state. 19
- 18. ERUPTION! Usually smaller in size than composite volcanoes, and the eruptions are smaller also. They form into steep cone shaped hills. Types of Volcano Cinder Cone Volcanoes Paricutin in Mexico 20
- 19. ERUPTION! Shield volcanoes do not erupt or explode like composite or cinder cone volcanoes. Shield volcanoes have much smaller eruptions producing less ash. Types of Volcano Shield Volcanoes Muana Loa in Hawaii. 21
- 20. ERUPTION! Pyroclastic flow descending Mayon volcano, Philippines. -Most of the gas released during eruption is water vapor -Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrochloric acid, are given off in lesser amounts -Surface water introduced into a volcanic system can greatly increase the explositivity of an eruption. -At high altitudes, the pyroclastics often spread out into a dark, mushroom cloud. The fine particles are transported downwind by high atmosphere winds. Eventually debris settles back to earth under gravity's influence as ashfall (or sometimes pumicefili) deposits. A pyroclastic flow is a mixture of gas and pyroclastic debris that is so dense that it hugs the ground as it flows rapidly into low areas. Gases and Pyroclastics 2 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 21. ERUPTION! Types of Volcanic Eruptions In a Hawaiian eruption, fluid lava is ejected from a vent as fire fountains or lava flows. The 1969 eruption at Mauna Ulu, a vent of Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii, was a spectacular example of fire fountaining. Photo by D.A. Swanson, USGS, August 22, 1969. Hawaiian Eruption 2 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 22. ERUPTION! Types of Volcanic Eruptions Short bursts of glowing lava, created from the bursting of large gas bubbles at the summit vent of a volcano typify a Strombolian eruption. This photo, taken from the summit of Stromboli, a volcano in the Aeolian Islands, Italy, shows a classic example of this activity. Photo by Andrew Hague, Istockphoto.com. Strombolian Eruption 22 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 23. ERUPTION! Types of Volcanic Eruptions Relatively small but violent explosions of viscous lava create columns of ash and gas and occasional pyroclastic flows, as seen at this eruption of the Santiaguito volcanic dome complex in Guatemala. Photo by Jessica Ball, March 15, 2009. Vulcanian Eruption 23 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 24. ERUPTION! Types of Volcanic Eruptions The largest and most violent of all explosive eruptions, Plinian eruptions send columns of pulverized rock, ash, and gases that rise miles into the atmosphere in a matter of minutes. Mount St. Helens in Washington State experienced a Plinian eruption following a major flank collapse in 1980. Photo by Austin Post, USGS, May 18, 1980. Plinian Eruption 24 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 25. ERUPTION! Types of Volcanic Eruptions Lava domes, such as this example in the crater of Mount St. Helens, are piles of viscous lava that are too cool and sticky to flow far. Domes grow and collapse in cycles, and often form at volcanoes that also experience Plinian eruptions. Photo by Lyn Topinka, USGS, August 12, 1985. Lava Dome 25 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 26. ERUPTION! Types of Volcanic Eruptions Lava erupting through water creates the dramatic plumes of scoria and billowing ash- and-gas clouds of a Surtseyan eruption. The type example of this eruption occurred at Surtsey, a volcanic island off the coast of Iceland. NOAA image of the 1963 eruption. Surtseyan Eruption 26 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 27. ERUPTION! Types of Lava Flow A smooth and continuous lava crust. Pahoehoe forms when the effusion rate is low and consequently the velocity of lava flow is slow. Pahoehoe lava flow is usually at least 10 times slower than typical aa lava flow. Pahoehoe 27 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 28. ERUPTION! Types of Lava Flow Aa lava is a rough rubbly crust of a lava flow. It is a major lava flow type. Aa 28 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 29. ERUPTION! Types of Lava Flow A distinctive lava flow morphology that has been appearing in our dredges is pillow lava. Pillow lavas form when hot lava flows into water and cools rapidly, creating long tubes and bulbous pillow-shaped mounds of rock. Pillow lavas are found not only in the ocean but also under glaciers that overlie volcanoes. Pillow Lava 29 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 30. ERUPTION! Types of Lava Flow Blocky flows are common if the silica content of lavas is higher (composition of basaltic andesite to rhyolite). Blocky 30 VOLCANISM: Its Features
- 31. ERUPTION! Three Definitions of Volcanoes https://s-media-cache- ak0.pinimg.com/736x/8f/ef/ c7/8fefc7cf8d5b66f437ec1b 2cb8b3e504.jpg 31 VOLCANISM: Its Features
Editor's Notes
- Why do volcanoes erupt? The heat from the inside of the earth creates pressure and pushes up through weak spots in the crust like at the edge of plates or in hot spots and causes volcanoes to erupt.
- The tectonic plates are in constant motion, albeit very slow motion. They sometimes move toward each other, other times they’ll move apart, and still other times one will sink while the other rises above it. When a tectonic plate sinks, it sinks down into the mantle and becomes very hot. So hot, in fact, that the rock melts. This molten rock will gradually make its way up to the surface of the earth through a series of cracks. When it reaches the surface of the earth, we refer to it as lava. As layer upon layer of lava builds up, a volcano is formed.
- 1.- Magma 50-100 miles below the earth’s surface slowly begins to rise to the surface. 2.- As the magma rises it melts gaps in the surrounding rock. 3.- As more magma rises a large reservoir forms as close as 2 miles below the surface (magma chamber) 4.- Pressure from the surrounding rock causes the magma to blast or melt a conduit (channel) to the surface where magma erupts onto the surface through a vent (opening). 5.- The magma, now called lava, builds up at the vent forming a volcano. 6.- Often the volcano sides will be higher than the vent forming a depression called a crater
- A few volcanoes are formed by hot spots. Hot spots are incredibly hot places in the mantle where it has melted a hole through the crust. •When the plates move over the hot spot it can form new volcanoes like the Hawaiian Islands.
- Roughly 90% of all earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire, and the ring is dotted with 75% of all active volcanoes on Earth. A string of 452 volstretches from the southern tip of South America, up along the coast of North America, across the Bering Strait, down through Japan, and into New Zealand
- At least some of the magma (molten rock or liquid that is mostly silica) works its way upward to the earth's surface to erupt. Magma does not always reach the earth's surface before solidifying, but when it does it is called lava. At Mount St. Helens the lava solidified quickly as it was blasted explosively by gases into the air, producing rock fragments known as pyroclasts (from the Greekpyro, "fire," and clart, "broken"). Pyroclastic debris is also known as tcphra. Elsewhere in the world (notably Hawaii) lava extrudes out of fissures in the ground as lava flows. Pyrodastic debris and rock formed by solidification of lava are collectively regarded as extrusive rock, surface rock resulting from volcanic acrivity.
- At least some of the magma (molten rock or liquid that is mostly silica) works its way upward to the earth's surface to erupt. Magma does not always reach the earth's surface before solidifying, but when it does it is called lava. At Mount St. Helens the lava solidified quickly as it was blasted explosively by gases into the air, producing rock fragments known as pyroclasts (from the Greekpyro, "fire," and clart, "broken"). Pyroclastic debris is also known as tcphra. Elsewhere in the world (notably Hawaii) lava extrudes out of fissures in the ground as lava flows. Pyrodastic debris and rock formed by solidification of lava are collectively regarded as extrusive rock, surface rock resulting from volcanic acrivity.
- At least some of the magma (molten rock or liquid that is mostly silica) works its way upward to the earth's surface to erupt. Magma does not always reach the earth's surface before solidifying, but when it does it is called lava. At Mount St. Helens the lava solidified quickly as it was blasted explosively by gases into the air, producing rock fragments known as pyroclasts (from the Greekpyro, "fire," and clart, "broken"). Pyroclastic debris is also known as tcphra. Elsewhere in the world (notably Hawaii) lava extrudes out of fissures in the ground as lava flows. Pyrodastic debris and rock formed by solidification of lava are collectively regarded as extrusive rock, surface rock resulting from volcanic acrivity.
- Volcanic rocks, and the magma from which they formed, have a silica content that ranges from 45% to 75% by weight. Felsic rocks are silica-rich (65% or more SiO2) rocks. Rhyolite is the most abundant silica volcanic rock. Mafic rocks are silica-diffecient rocks. Their silica content is close to 50%. Basalt is the most common mafic rock. Intermediate rocks have a chemical content between that of felsic and mafic rocks. The most common intermediate rock is andesite.
- Mafic, intermediate, felic
- A famous composite volcano is Mt. Saint Helens in Washington state. In 1980, it erupted destroying most of the life around it and sending ash across much of the western United States.
- A famous cinder cone volcano is Paricutin in Mexico.
- However they pour out a lot more lava over a long period of time. One of the most famous shield volcanoes is MuanaLoa in Hawaii.
- During an eruption, expanding, hot gases may propel pyroclastics high into the atmosphere as a column rising from a volcano.
- Scoria - cindery, vesicular basaltic lava, typically having a frothy texture. Fume- gas, smoke, or vapor that smells strongly or is dangerous to inhale. Plume-a long, soft feather or arrangement of feathers used by a bird for display or worn by a person for ornament. NOAA-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- Pahoehoe and aa lava are strikingly different in appearance but their composition may be identical or very similar. Lava flow that was originally pahoehoe may transform into aa lava but the reverse is impossible — once lava crust is broken it can not return back to smooth and continuous form3.
- Aa and pahoehoe are terms that were brought to geological terminology from the Hawaiian language. Aa is according to native Hawaiians a sound one makes if he or she tries to walk barefoot on such a lava flow. There are different spelling versions, ‘a’a, a’a, a-aa are used as well as simple aa. Pahoehoe means in Hawaiian “on which one can walk”6. Walking on it is very slow and potentially dangerous even if one has good hiking boots. It is such a miserable experience because the uppermost part of aa lava is composed of loose clinkery unstable blocks. You can never be sure that the rocks you are stepping on do not move. They often do. This means that ground beneath your feet is unstable and you may easily lose balance.
- They are a classic geological indicator that the area you are standing in was once under water. Pillow lavas are a very common eruption product, especially on seamounts, so understanding something about the conditions under which they form can help us understand how seamounts form.
- Blocky lava flows resemble aa lavas. They also have highly irregular surfaces covered with debris but they contain larger lava blocks with smoother sides and angular edges with common dimensions from few decimeters to several meters. Blocky flows grow higher as they advance and may reach more than 100 meters in height3.
- An active volcano is a volcano that has had at least one eruption during the past 10,000 years. An active volcano might be erupting or dormant. An erupting volcano is an active volcano that is having an eruption... A dormant volcano is an active volcano that is not erupting, but supposed to erupt again. An extinct volcano has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again in a comparable time scale of the future.