Earth's subsystems Geosphere
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Plate tectonics shapes the Earth's surface through the movement of tectonic plates driven by mantle convection in Earth's interior. The geosphere consists of a thin crust overlaying a thick mantle made up of solid rock that makes up 84% of Earth's volume and lies between the core and crust. The mantle and core are separated by discontinuities discovered by scientists like Mohorovicic and Lehmann.
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Layers of the Earth
The document describes the four main layers that make up the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer, upon which we live, and is broken into tectonic plates. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into the upper and lower mantle. The lower mantle is very thick and contains molten rock that moves in convection currents. Deepest inside the Earth is the core, with a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field and a solid inner core under intense heat and pressure.
Crust core and mantle
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the Earth's layers. It describes the crust, mantle, and core based on composition, thickness, temperature, and density. The crust is the outermost solid layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. The mantle lies below the crust and is also divided into layers. Seismic wave measurements indicate the mantle transitions to a liquid outer core and solid inner core at the Earth's center.
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The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
Convection Currents
Convection currents are caused by the movement of warm materials rising and cool materials sinking. Within the atmosphere, convection is the primary method of heat transfer through the troposphere. Convection also occurs in the mantle as very hot material deep in the mantle rises, cools, sinks, and repeats this cycle. In oceans and pots of water, convection currents form as warmer water rises and cooler water sinks, moving in a continuous cycle. Convection also takes place within the sun as large amounts of hot gas rise towards the surface, cool, and fall back towards the center to repeat the cycle.
The earth system
The document discusses the interconnected nature of Earth's four main spheres: the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It explains that the geosphere, made up of Earth's solid interior and surface, interacts with the other spheres through volcanism, rock weathering, and nutrient cycling. The atmosphere exchanges gases with the hydrosphere and biosphere and affects climate. The hydrosphere connects the other spheres via the water cycle and influences rock weathering. The biosphere interacts with all spheres through life processes like photosynthesis and nutrient transport. Appreciating these interconnected systems is important for understanding fields like medical geology and forensic geology.
Earth's subsystems
The document discusses Earth's four main subsystems - the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It provides basic definitions and descriptions of each subsystem. For example, it states that the atmosphere is made up of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. It also discusses interactions between the subsystems, like how the biosphere is made up of biomes where similar plants and animals live together. The document includes tasks for students, like drawing a scenario showing the subsystems interacting and explaining their importance to Earth's systems.
Earth Subsystem
Learning objectives:
Identify the different subsystems that make up the earth
Describe the interactions that transpire in each subsystem
Diagram the subsystems that make up the earth including the interactions that transpire in each interface.
Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow
Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
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The document describes the four main layers that make up the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer, upon which we live, and is broken into tectonic plates. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into the upper and lower mantle. The lower mantle is very thick and contains molten rock that moves in convection currents. Deepest inside the Earth is the core, with a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field and a solid inner core under intense heat and pressure.
Crust core and mantle
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the Earth's layers. It describes the crust, mantle, and core based on composition, thickness, temperature, and density. The crust is the outermost solid layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. The mantle lies below the crust and is also divided into layers. Seismic wave measurements indicate the mantle transitions to a liquid outer core and solid inner core at the Earth's center.
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The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
Convection Currents
Convection currents are caused by the movement of warm materials rising and cool materials sinking. Within the atmosphere, convection is the primary method of heat transfer through the troposphere. Convection also occurs in the mantle as very hot material deep in the mantle rises, cools, sinks, and repeats this cycle. In oceans and pots of water, convection currents form as warmer water rises and cooler water sinks, moving in a continuous cycle. Convection also takes place within the sun as large amounts of hot gas rise towards the surface, cool, and fall back towards the center to repeat the cycle.
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The document discusses the interconnected nature of Earth's four main spheres: the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It explains that the geosphere, made up of Earth's solid interior and surface, interacts with the other spheres through volcanism, rock weathering, and nutrient cycling. The atmosphere exchanges gases with the hydrosphere and biosphere and affects climate. The hydrosphere connects the other spheres via the water cycle and influences rock weathering. The biosphere interacts with all spheres through life processes like photosynthesis and nutrient transport. Appreciating these interconnected systems is important for understanding fields like medical geology and forensic geology.
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The document discusses Earth's four main subsystems - the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It provides basic definitions and descriptions of each subsystem. For example, it states that the atmosphere is made up of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. It also discusses interactions between the subsystems, like how the biosphere is made up of biomes where similar plants and animals live together. The document includes tasks for students, like drawing a scenario showing the subsystems interacting and explaining their importance to Earth's systems.
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Identify the different subsystems that make up the earth
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Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
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The document summarizes the three main layers that make up the structure of the Earth:
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lecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptx
lecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptx
Earth's layer
The earth is composed of three main layers: the crust, mantle, and core. The crust makes up less than 1% of the earth's mass and is the thinnest layer. Underneath is the mantle, which comprises most of the earth's mass and volume. The mantle originates magma and is divided into upper and lower sections. At the center is the core, with a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core.
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1. The document discusses the water cycle and identifies the key processes as condensation, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, and surface run-off.
2. It also discusses the composition of the atmosphere, noting it is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and trace amounts of other gases. Atmospheric circulation plays an important role in redistributing heat across the Earth's surface.
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The document discusses the sources and transfer of Earth's internal heat. It identifies two main sources: primordial heat from the planet's formation and radiogenic heat from the radioactive decay of elements in Earth's interior like uranium, thorium, and potassium. It describes three processes for transferring heat within Earth: conduction within solid portions, convection through mass movement in the mantle, and radiation between the Sun and Earth's surface.
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The document discusses endogenic and exogenic geological processes. Endogenic processes occur beneath the Earth's surface and include folding, faulting, volcanism, metamorphism, and earthquakes. They shape geological structures and form important mineral resources. Exogenic processes happen on the surface and include weathering, erosion, mass wasting, and sedimentation. Weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through physical and chemical means. Erosion then transports weathered material, which can sediment in bodies of water. Mass wasting involves downward rock and soil movement due to gravity.
10. Earth's Interior Heat Notes
Earth's interior heat comes from two main sources: residual heat left over from the planet's formation and ongoing radioactive decay within Earth's core and mantle. This heat keeps the outer core liquid through convection of iron and nickel, generating the Earth's magnetic field, and drives thermal convection in the mantle which powers plate tectonics at the surface. Heat is eventually released through volcanic and tectonic activity that forms and cools new crust.
Earth's Subsystems Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere refers to all water on Earth, including water in the hydrological cycle that circulates between oceans, atmosphere, and land via evaporation, condensation and precipitation. Only a small percentage of 2.5% of Earth's total water is freshwater, with most found as surface water or groundwater stored in aquifers underground between rock and soil particles.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and related landforms, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It begins by describing the four main types of plate boundaries and associated landforms such as mid-oceanic ridges, trenches, and island arcs. It then covers causes of earthquakes including sudden stress release along faults, and factors that influence earthquake damage such as magnitude, building design, and population density. Prediction methods like elastic rebound theory and seismic gaps are also mentioned. Finally, it discusses volcanoes, noting where they form at plate boundaries and hotspots, how scientists monitor and predict eruptions, associated hazards from lava to tsunamis, and ways to reduce risks like controlling lava flows and using hazard maps.
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF EARTH
The document summarizes the three main layers that make up the structure of the Earth:
1. The crust is the outermost layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. The continental crust is thicker while the oceanic crust is thinner.
2. The mantle is the largest layer and is divided into upper and lower mantle. It is composed mainly of iron and magnesium and contains most of the Earth's internal heat.
3. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core. The outer core is responsible for the Earth's magnetic field and rotation, while the inner core is made mostly of solid iron.
Geologic Processes on Earth
Geologic processes on Earth include exogenous and endogenous processes. Exogenous processes occur near the surface and include weathering, erosion, mass wasting, and sedimentation, which are driven by gravity, water, wind, and organisms. Endogenous processes occur within Earth and are driven by thermal energy in the mantle, resulting in magmatism, volcanism, metamorphism, and mountain building. While these processes shape the landscape and present risks, there may be no completely safe place, as all locations can be affected over millions of years.
Introduction to Earth
Earth is composed of four main layers - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer and is made up of either continental or oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, upper mantle, and lower mantle. The outer core is a liquid layer made of nickel and iron that generates Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is made of solid iron deep within Earth. Overall, Earth's composition is approximately 34.6% iron, 29.5% oxygen, and 15.2% silicon.
Earth layers
The Earth is divided into four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer and makes up only 1% of the Earth. Below the crust lies the mantle, which is the largest layer and consists of the upper and lower mantle. At the center are the inner and outer core, with the outer core being liquid iron that generates the Earth's magnetic field and the inner core being solid iron.
The Dynamic Earth
The document summarizes key facts about the dynamic Earth. It describes the different layers of the Earth including the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is divided into continental and oceanic crust of varying thicknesses. The mantle makes up most of the Earth's mass and is divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere layers. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core. The document also briefly outlines the Earth's rotation, revolution around the sun, and reasons for the seasons.
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The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's structure and composition. It describes Earth's distinct atmospheric layers and how pressure decreases with altitude. It also outlines Earth's internal layering, including the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is divided into continental and oceanic types based on differences in density and thickness. The mantle conveys heat via convection currents. The liquid outer core generates Earth's magnetic field through the geodynamo process.
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This document discusses several endogenic (internal) geologic processes that occur within the Earth, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, folding, faulting, and magmatism. These processes are driven by pressure deep within the lithosphere (Earth's crust and upper mantle) and the movement of tectonic plates, which can cause the surface to buckle, bend, or split apart. Magmatism and volcanism play key roles in mountain formation through the emplacement and eruption of magma at the surface. Various types of stress, such as compression, tension, and shear, influence these endogenic geologic processes.
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This document discusses exogenic processes that shape the Earth's surface. It describes weathering as the breakdown of rocks at or near the surface through mechanical or chemical means. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through processes like freeze-thaw cycling, while chemical weathering alters rock composition through reactions with water and gases. Erosion then transports weathered materials like sand and soil through agents such as water, wind, and gravity. Mass movement involves large-scale slope movements under gravitational forces, like landslides. Together, weathering, erosion, and mass movement continuously reshape the landscape over time.
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Chapter 3: the composition and structure of the earth
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Similar to Earth's subsystems Geosphere
lecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptx
lecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptxlecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptx
Earth's layer
The earth is composed of three main layers: the crust, mantle, and core. The crust makes up less than 1% of the earth's mass and is the thinnest layer. Underneath is the mantle, which comprises most of the earth's mass and volume. The mantle originates magma and is divided into upper and lower sections. At the center is the core, with a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core.
Seismology
This presentation is helpful for the student who have an interest in structural dynamics and seismology
INTERIOR OF THE EARTH
The document summarizes the layers that make up the Earth's interior. It is divided into four main layers from outermost to innermost: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the topmost layer and ranges from 5-40km thick. It is divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is the largest layer and makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume. The outer core is a liquid layer of iron and nickel beneath the mantle. The very center of Earth is the inner core, made of solid iron and nickel.
Interior structure of the earth
The document summarizes the interior structure of the Earth based on scientific evidence. It is divided into three main layers: the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost solid layer that varies in thickness and composition between oceanic and continental areas. Below the crust lies the mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's volume and is divided into the upper and lower mantle. The lower mantle is solid while the upper mantle contains the asthenosphere. At the center are the core layers, with the solid inner core surrounded by the liquid outer core. Seismic waves have revealed discontinuities that define the boundaries between these internal layers.
EARTH'S INTERIOR.ppt
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the Earth's interior. It can be divided into the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the thinnest layer and is made up of two types - oceanic and continental. Below is the mantle, made of silicate rock and divided into upper and lower sections. The hottest innermost layer is the core, consisting of a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core of iron and nickel alloys. Seismic waves provide evidence of discontinuities between these layers.
Structure of the earth
The document summarizes the structure and composition of the Earth's main layers. It discusses that the Earth has an inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The crust varies in thickness and composition, with continental crust being thicker than oceanic crust. The mantle, made of solid hot rock, transfers heat via conduction and convection. The core is dense metal, mostly iron, and produces Earth's magnetic field through convection in the liquid outer core. Scientists determine this structure through geophysical surveys, seismic data, and properties of meteorites.
layers of earth.
The Earth is composed of four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the topmost layer and ranges from 7-50 km thick. It is broken into tectonic plates that move and allow heat to escape from the interior. Below the crust lies the mantle, which makes up 84% of the Earth's volume and is solid but capable of flowing. Within the mantle, convection currents transfer heat between the upper and lower regions. At the center is the core, with an outer liquid layer surrounding a solid inner core made of iron and nickel. The layers grow progressively hotter and denser toward the Earth's center.
Layers-of-the-Earth-notes.ppt
The document describes the four main layers of the Earth:
1) The crust is the thin outermost solid rock layer that is divided into tectonic plates.
2) The mantle is the largest layer, made of hot, flowing rock.
3) The outer core is a thick liquid layer of iron and nickel.
4) The inner core is a small, dense, solid ball of iron and nickel that generates the Earth's magnetic field.
G10_EARTH_STRUCTURE.pptx
The document discusses the internal structure of the Earth. It is composed of several concentric layers arranged based on density, from the least dense crust on the outside to the most dense inner core at the center. The main layers are the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The document provides details on the composition and characteristics of each layer.
parts of the earth
The Earth is composed of four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thinnest layer and makes up 1% of the Earth. Below the crust lies the mantle, which is the largest layer and makes up 84% of the Earth's volume. The mantle is divided into the upper and lower mantle. Below the mantle is the outer core, which is liquid and composed of iron. The inner core is solid and the hottest part of Earth.
Earthss-Internal-Structure.pptx bsc first
The internal structure of the Earth can be inferred from seismic data and is divided into layers. The crust is the topmost solid layer, varying in thickness and composition between continental and oceanic crust. Below is the mantle, which makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume and is semi-liquid. The mantle is separated from the core by the Mohorovicic discontinuity. The core is the innermost layer and is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core, both composed primarily of iron and nickel.
Earth's Internal Structure
Earth's Internal Structure - Earth and Life Science / Earth Science for SHS
I do not own any material in this presentation. Credits go to their respective owners.
Monika
The Earth is divided into layers based on composition - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the thinnest outermost layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust lies the mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's volume. Heat in the lower mantle causes convection currents. At the center is the core, with a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core. Currents in the outer core generate the Earth's magnetic field.
earthsinternalstructure-191119103943.pptx
The document summarizes the layers of the Earth. It begins by explaining how planets are formed through accretion. It then describes how differentiation led to denser materials like iron sinking to Earth's center while lighter materials rose to the surface. The rest of the document details the major layers from outermost to innermost - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It provides details on the composition, thickness, and characteristics of each layer.
L1_D1_INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH.pptx
The document describes the internal structure of the Earth. It is comprised of several concentric layers from the crust on the outside to the inner core at the center. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere which is broken into tectonic plates. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere which is hot and plastic allowing the tectonic plates to move via convection currents in the mantle. Driving and resisting forces influence plate motions. Evidence like matching continents and fossil/rock similarities support plate tectonics theory. The mantle comprises most of the Earth's volume and transfers heat via convection currents. The outer core is liquid while the solid inner core is extremely hot. Boundaries between layers are marked
Slideshare powerpoint
This document discusses the layers of the Earth and the internal and external processes that affect it. It describes the four major layers - the core, mantle, crust, and lithosphere. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core. The mantle is divided into upper and lower sections with an asthenosphere in between. The crust consists of thicker continental crust and thinner oceanic crust. Both internal processes like tectonics and volcanism in the mantle and core, and external processes like weathering and erosion powered by the sun impact the Earth's surface and shape its features over time.
3. Structure of Earth Notes
The document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth. It is made up of layers from the crust on the outside to the core at the center. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere which rests on the asthenosphere. Below the mantle is the core, with an outer liquid layer and inner solid center. Seismic waves provide evidence about the interior layers since humans have only been able to drill down 12 km.
Similar to Earth's subsystems Geosphere (20)
lecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptx
lecture 01 Intodution to Engg Geology and Earth.pptx
2.2. internal layers.pptx, like crust, mantle and core
2.2. internal layers.pptx, like crust, mantle and core
Class 7 chapter 2 geography inside our earth ppt x
Class 7 chapter 2 geography inside our earth ppt x
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The different common minerals and their uses.
This document discusses common minerals and their uses. It lists various rock-forming minerals and describes their main applications. Aggregates such as sand and gravel are used to make concrete and asphalt. Aluminum is used in automobiles, airplanes, bottling and canning. Other minerals and their major uses include: copper for wiring and electronics; gold for jewelry, dentistry and electronics; granite for buildings and construction; gypsum for plaster and wallboard; iron ore for steel production; quartz for instruments and glass; sandstone for buildings and construction; silver for photography, jewelry and electronics; and tin for cans and containers.
Mining
This document provides an overview of the mining process from exploration to extraction and processing to reclamation. It explains that exploration uses tools like satellites, planes and helicopters to identify mineral deposits, and involves geological mapping and sampling. Once an area looks promising, drilling extracts core samples for analysis. It also discusses environmental studies, career opportunities mining provides to local communities, the two main types of mining (surface and underground), extraction methods like drilling and blasting, processing techniques such as milling, concentration, smelting, and leaching, and modern reclamation practices to restore mined land.
Physical properties of minerals
Physical properties of minerals such as luster, cleavage, color, streak, hardness, fracture, transparency, magnetism, and tenacity.
the different Rock forming minerals
This document discusses rock-forming minerals and mineral resources. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic solids with crystalline structures and fixed or varying chemical compositions. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks and undergo geological processes to form rocks. Some rocks contain useful mineral resources like metals that are extracted. Metallic mineral resources include ferrous minerals like iron ore and non-ferrous minerals like gold and copper. Non-metallic mineral resources like coal, clay and salt are associated with sedimentary rocks. Examples of common rock-forming minerals discussed are quartz, pyrite and talc.
Earth's Subsystems Biosphere
The biosphere encompasses all living things on Earth and the areas that can support life. It includes land, water, and air and all living things within those areas. The biosphere interacts with the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
Theories on the origin of the Universe.
The document describes several historical theories on the origin and structure of the universe from ancient times through the 20th century. These include: the Hindu cyclical universe theory; the Greek theories of a primordial mixture and atomic universes; the geocentric Aristotelian and Ptolemaic universes; the heliocentric theories of Aristarchus and Copernicus; Newton's static universe; the nebular hypothesis; Einstein's static universe; and the modern Big Bang theory formulated by Lemaitre that the universe began in a hot, dense state around 13.7 billion years ago.
Theories on the origin of the Solar System
The document discusses theories on the origin of the solar system. It begins by describing the basic composition of the solar system, including stars, planets, natural satellites, comets, asteroids, and the interplanetary medium. It then discusses several theories for how the solar system formed, including:
- The nebular hypothesis proposed in the 1700s that a rotating gaseous cloud contracted to form the sun and planets from the surrounding disc. However, it did not fully explain the distribution of angular momentum.
- Encounter hypotheses proposed interactions between stars caused matter to be drawn off and form planets, but cannot explain the different ages of the sun and planets.
- The currently accepted protoplanet
Astronomy and the invention of Telescope
Before telescopes, ancient civilizations observed astronomical phenomena like star clusters and used constellations for agriculture and navigation. The Greeks developed geocentric models to mathematically describe planetary motions, prioritizing mathematical accuracy over physical reality. In the early 1600s, Hans Lippershey invented the telescope and Galileo was the first to use it for astronomy, discovering lunar craters, Jupiter's moons, Venusian phases, and sunspots, challenging existing paradigms.
Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
This document defines and explains key concepts in kinematics including speed, velocity, and acceleration. It provides the following definitions:
- Speed is a measure of how fast a body moves and is a scalar quantity. There are two types - average and instantaneous speed.
- Velocity is a measure of both speed and direction of motion, making it a vector quantity. Average and instantaneous velocity are also defined.
- Acceleration is a change in velocity over time. It is a vector quantity measured in meters/second squared. Positive acceleration means speeding up while negative acceleration means slowing down.
Motion, Scalar and Vector
This document defines and discusses key concepts related to motion, including reference points, distance, displacement, scalar and vector quantities. It notes that motion depends on the choice of reference point. Distance is the length of the path traveled between two positions, while displacement is a vector quantity referring to the straight line distance between two positions. Scalar quantities only have magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. Examples of each are provided.
Early model of the Universe
The document discusses early models of the universe including the ideas that the Earth was flat and then spherical. It describes models from Greek philosophers like Aristotle who believed the Earth was at the center of the universe and surrounded by spheres carrying the planets and stars. Later models from Copernicus, Brahe and Kepler placed the Sun at the center with Earth and other planets orbiting around it, moving astronomy toward a heliocentric understanding of the solar system.
Disaster, Hazard, Types of Hazard (Natural and Man Made Hazards), and Vulnera...
This document defines key concepts related to disasters, including the definitions of "disaster" provided by the UNISDR and WHO. It discusses how disasters cause multidimensional impacts by disrupting communities and exceeding local response capacity. Disasters result from the combination of exposure to hazards, existing vulnerabilities, and insufficient coping capacity. The document outlines the three main types of hazards - natural, human-made, and socio-natural. It also defines and provides examples of vulnerability at different levels - physical/material, social/organizational, and attitudinal/motivational. The most vulnerable sectors are identified as farmers, urban poor, laborers, indigenous people, persons with disabilities, women, and children.
Earthquake
A short discussion about faults and the earthquake. Senior High School k-12 Curriculum Guide Compliant. Grade 11 or 12
Endogenic Process
Volcanoes form as magma rises up from below the Earth's crust and erupts onto the surface. The type and violence of volcanic eruptions depends on factors like the amount of gas in the magma and how easily it can escape. The most common types of volcanoes are composite volcanoes, cinder cone volcanoes, and shield volcanoes, which erupt in different ways and produce different landforms. Most volcanoes occur along plate boundaries in the Pacific Ring of Fire and other convergence zones.
Exogenic Process
This document discusses various earth processes including weathering, mass wasting, and soil erosion. It defines weathering as the breakdown of rocks near the earth's surface due to elements like temperature, rainfall, and frost. Weathering occurs through physical processes like exfoliation or chemical processes like oxidation. Mass wasting is the downward movement of rock and soil under gravity, and includes different types of movement like falls, slides, and flows. Soil erosion is the removal of soil faster than its replacement, and can occur through various agents like wind, water, or human activities.
Deformation of Crust
The document discusses the deformation of rock crust through various tectonic processes. It defines deformation as the process by which crust is deformed along plate margins, producing geologic structures like folds, faults, joints and foliation. It describes how different rock types deform under stress through either ductile or brittle deformation. The key types of deformation discussed are folding, where layers of rock are bent, and faulting, where connected blocks of rock are displaced along a fracture plane. Common fold types include anticlines, synclines and monoclines. Fault types include normal, reverse, strike-slip and oblique-slip faults.
The different Biomolecules
This document discusses the key biomolecules found in living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains that carbohydrates like sugars, starches, and cellulose are used for energy storage and as structural components. Lipids such as fats and oils store energy and make up cell membranes. Proteins have many functions like structure, movement, defense, and catalysis as enzymes. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and enable inheritance and protein synthesis. The four main biomolecules all contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen arranged into larger structures that allow life.
Applications of chemistry in everyday life
The document discusses how the properties of materials, including their intermolecular and intramolecular forces of attraction, can be manipulated by scientists and engineers to create substances tailored for different applications. It provides examples of how materials are designed for uses in medicine like implants and prosthetics which require biocompatibility and strength, electronics which feature polar components, sports equipment which must be durable, and construction supplies which need to withstand forces through strong bonding. The document emphasizes how understanding molecular interactions allows the production of customized materials that improve lives by enabling medical devices, consumer products, and engineered structures.
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Earth's subsystems Geosphere
- 1. Plate tectonic is important in shaping the surface of the Earth Geosphere The primary driving mechanism is the Earth's internal heat, such as that in mantle convection.
- 3. geologists
- 4. Reminder:
- 6. Geosphere’s internal structure and surface features Consists of a 5-70 km thick layer of oceanic and continental crust overlaying another thick layer of rocks and metals. Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust.
- 7. glass(SiO2 ) concrete (CaCO3) and steel
- 10. The mantle is made of solid rock, and the largest part of Earth and makes up 84% of Earth’s total volume. It lies between the extremely hot core and the thin outer layer, the crust.
- 16. outer core is in liquid form inner core is solid
- 18. .
- 20. Inge Lehmann “