This presentation describes how organisms are classified by biologists (taxonomy) and how the system developed. There is also a very brief description of the main taxa.
These slides contain short definitions and history of systematic zoology and taxonomy. The information in slides is taken from 2-3 taxonomy books and lectures from university at master level.
These slides contain short definitions and history of systematic zoology and taxonomy. The information in slides is taken from 2-3 taxonomy books and lectures from university at master level.
ViBRANT—Virtual Biodiversity Research and Access Network for TaxonomyVince Smith
Presented by Dave Roberts and coauthored by Vince Smith at BioIdentify 2010, the National Muséum of Natural History (MNHN), Paris, France. 20-22 Sept, 2010.
ViBRANT—Virtual Biodiversity Research and Access Network for TaxonomyVince Smith
Presented by Dave Roberts and coauthored by Vince Smith at BioIdentify 2010, the National Muséum of Natural History (MNHN), Paris, France. 20-22 Sept, 2010.
Small pieces loosely joined: a unified theory of biodiversity for the web.Vince Smith
Invited presentation, given in connection with my 2008 Ebbe Nielsen Prize. Part of the 15th meeting of the Governing Board (GB15) of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Arusha, Tanzania. November 5, 2008.
A Level Biology - Classification and Biodiversitymrexham
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 3 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
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Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
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Emp1003 biodiversity and classification
1.
2. All organisms have different names in different
languages. Besides these so-called ‘common’ names
they also have one – in Latin - which is recognised all
over the world. This is known as the scientific name.
2Istitut tal-Agrikoltura
3.
4. Taxonomy is that branch of biology dealing with the
identification and naming of organisms.
Aristotle (384-322 BC) apparently began
the discussion on taxonomy by attempting
to put ‘order’ in the environment around
him.
This is how Aristotle divided the objects around him and
started taking the first steps in classification
4Institute of Earth Systems
5. Taxonomy comes from the Greek taxis "arrangement"
and nomia "method“.
5
It is not simply the
naming of organisms
but refers to their
classification – the
names themselves
are derived from this
arrangement.
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6. Aristotle considered
that nature is ordered
from the lower to the
higher, ranging from
nonliving beings, to
plants and animals,
all the way to
humans.
These are the "steps
of nature,“.
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7. Institute of Earth Systems
Hardly any progress was made in
medieval times. In fact, there was
a lot of confusion between real
and mythical creatures.
7
8. The Renaissance
marked the beginning
of a new era that
would gradually bring
about a disctinction
between science and
superstition.
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9. The discovery and
gradual exploration
of the New World
produced large
numbers of new
plants and animals
that needed naming,
describing and
classifying.
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10. The old systems made it
difficult to study and
locate all these new
specimens within a
collection and often the
same plants or animals
were given different
names simply because
there were too many
species to keep track of.
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11. A system was needed
that could group these
specimens together so
they could be found. In
the late 16th – early
17th century, a
systematic study of
animals started being
carried out.
11Institute of Earth Systems
12. The system concerned
familiar animals first
and then was
gradually extended
until it developed
enough to serve as
basis for classification.
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13. John Ray (1627-1705) is
credited with working on a
concept of naming and
describing organisms.
13
He was an English naturalist
and botanist who contributed
significantly to the
identification of different
species and to making the
"species" the ultimate unit of
taxonomy.
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14. 14
Among Ray’s publications
were Catalogus
plantarum (1660),
Ornithology (1676) (see
plate right) and Historia
insectorum (1710).
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15. In 1674, Antoine van Leeuwenhoek,
sent a copy of his first observations
of microscopic single-celled
“animalcules” to the Royal Society
of London.
15Institute of Earth Systems
16. 16
His first microscope
consisted of one
very small spherical
lens inserted in a
tiny hole in a metal
plate.
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek,
is known as the "father of
microscopy“.
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17. Until then the existence of
such microscopic organisms
was entirely unknown.
17
At first these organisms were divided into animals and
plants and placed in the appropriate Kingdom.
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18.
19. Carl Linne (1707-1778) , a
Swedish doctor and naturalist,
studied plants and other
organisms and published
several important books.
He was undoubtedly the most
important scientist where
classification is concerned and
is considered the father of
taxonomy.
19Institute of Earth Systems
20. In 1753 Linnaeus
published his Systema
Naturae describing plants
and seeking to find out
how they were related to
each other.
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21. In the same year (1753) he published Species lantarum
which reolutionised the way in which scientific names
were applied to plants and fungi.
21Institute of Earth Systems
22. In this publication, Linneus stated that plants should be
identified according to their flowers, not their leaves
or other organs. This was a very intuitive observation
and the method is still used today.
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23. Before Linneaus the
Wild Briar Rose was
known to botanists as
Rosa sylvestris alba
cum rubore, folio
glabro (pinkish white
woodland rose with
hairless leaves), or
Rosa sylvestris
inodora seu canina
(odourless woodland
dog rose).
23Institute of Earth Systems
24. How was one to know if
these names referred to
the same plant or two
different ones?
24Institute of Earth Systems
25. Institute of Earth Systems
By the Linnaean System the plant became simply Rosa
canina
25
27. 27
Modern Classification systems use a two-word naming
system called Binomial Nomenclature developed by
Linnaeus to identify species.
Vicia sativa L.
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28. Institute of Earth Systems 28
In this system, the FIRST WORD identifies the genus name
of the organism. A genus (plural form = genera) consists of
a group of similar species.
The SECOND WORD, the descriptive word, often describing
a characteristic of the organism, follows the genus name.
Vicia = common name in Latin
for vetch
sativa = cultivated
29. 29
Thus, the scientific name of each species is made up of the
generic name, followed by the descriptive specific name.
Vicia sativa Vicia faba
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30. The genus name always begins with a capital letter, but
the specific (second) name always begins with a lower
case letter. Both names are always italicized or
underlined.
30
Sometimes the genus
may be written as an
initial when it does not
create confusion but the
specific name is always
written in full.
Vicia sativa
or
V. sativa
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31. The binomial name may
be followed by another
word which indicates the
sub-species.
Vicia sativa nigra
or
Vicia sativa ssp nigra
31Institute of Earth Systems
32. While he was naming organisms, Linneus
also placed them in groups according to
their characteristics
Istitut tal-Agrikoltura 32
34. 34
Lineus placed organisms in
groups known as taxa (singular
taxon) according to their
characteristics
The broader the taxon the more
general its characteristics & the
more species it contains.
Each taxon is a further broken-
down level of classification found
within each kingdom.
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35. The Kingdoms are divided into the following groups:
Phylum (aka Division or Type)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Each group has also super-groups and sub-groups.
35Institute of Agriculture
44. Institute of Earth Systems
Classi Insecta
44
Class Arachnida
Class Crustacea
45. Institute of Earth Systems
Phylum Arthropoda
45
Phylum
Nematoda
Phylum
Chordata
Phylum
Mollusca
46. As can be seen, therefore, classifying an organism does
not consist only in naming it but, more importantly,
placing it within a context of similar organisms.
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47. Is the striped zebra related to the
striped tiger or the grey rhino?
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48. The zebra is related to the rhino (same order) because,
they have the same structure of the hooved odd-toed feet.
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Such a character is
what a taxonomist
looks for when
classifying an
organism.
The bone structure
of the foot is
therefore a more
significant
character than the
pattern of the coat.
49. The extinct Tasmanian wolf (thylacine) had the same
dentition as the wolf. Are they related?
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50. The two mammals are not related because the thylacine
was a marsupial while the wolf is a placental animal.
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A newborn marsupial in its
mother’s pouch.
A newborn wolf is
relatively self-sufficient
The reproductive system is considered more important
than dentition, to show relationship.
51. The characters which are relevant to classification are
known as
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diagnostic characters or taxonomic characters
One of the most important skills of the taxonomist is
recognising which particular characters are of taxonomic
significance.
Example: Wings are
taxonomic characters for
insect orders.
52. This is the
“history” of a group
of organisms
especially as
regards their
ancestry. In
Greek, Phylon
means ‘group’ or
‘tribe’ while
Genesis means
‘creation’ or ‘birth’.
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53. When a group is descended from one ancestor it is said
to be monophylitic.
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When the group
is descended
from two or
more ancestors
it is said to be
polyphylitic.
54. Sometimes, a common ancestor may give rise to more
than one group.
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In this case each
group, representing
only a part of the
descendents of that
common ancestor, is
said to be
paraphylitic.
55. Although the system devised
by Linneus is still in use, time
has obviously brought
changes.
One of them is that while
Linneus divided all living
creatures into two kingdoms*
(Plant and Animal), these have
now been divided into five.
55
*He was influenced by Aristotle
according to whom the universe was
made up of three Kingdoms:
mineral, plant and animal.
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57. By the mid-19th century it
had become clear that the
existing boundary between
plant and animal kigdoms
as as created by Aristotle
was becoming blurred and
unsatisfactory.
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58. In 1866, a German biologist, Ernst Haeckel proposed a
third kingdom of life to include the unicellular organisms.
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Protista
59. By mid 20th century the
importance of having an
enclosed nucleus became
more evident and another
kingdom (Monera) was
proposed for organisms
not having such a nucleus.
59Institute of Earth Systems
60. The organisms without a
nucleus enclosed by a
membrane were called the
Monera and comprised the
bacteria.
60Institute of Earth Systems
61. The next innovation involved the
breaking up of the Plant Kingdom
to take into account the
differences between true plants
and fungi.
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62. This system, proposed in 1969, has now become a
popular standard and, with some refinement, is still
used in many works. It forms the basis for modern multi-
kingdom systems.
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64. From around the mid-1970s onwards, there was an
increasing emphasis on DNA to assess relationships
between organisms. This is now considered more
significant than outward appearance and physiology.
64Institute of Earth Systems
65. Yet another new kingdom is sometimes being proposed
today. The Protista (single-celled with enclosed
nucleus) would be broken up to divide the algae from
the rest of the unicellular organisms. This idea is not yet
widely accepted.
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69. Monera form the only
kingdom composed of
prokaryotic
organisms.
They have a cell wall
but lack membrane-
bound organelles,
including a nucleus.
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70. Monera can be rod-shaped,
spiral-shaped or round and may
have hairs (cilia) or tails
(flagella) that let them move
around. They reproduce by
dividing and their populations
can grow very quickly.
71. The kingdom is divided into two main groups:
Myxomonera – blue-green algae
Mastigomonera - bacteria
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72. These photosynthesising organisms live in water and
form groups of cells. They can survive in polluted
waters and the remains of ancient organisms become
petroleum.
73. Bacteria are present in most
habitats on Earth and are
extremely abundant: their
bimass exceeds that of all
other organisms combined.
They help to recycle nutrients,
through processes such as
the fixation of nitrogen
from the atmosphere
and putrefaction.
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74. The Archaebacteria, the most ancient members of this
kingdom, are so different that they may belong to a
separate kingdom.
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75. These are
organisms that
don’t seem to fit
anywhere else.
They include some
of the earliest living
things on Earth and
gave rise to fungi,
plants, and
animals.
The first eukaryotic
cells are thought to
have been protists.
Slimemould
76. The most ancient eukaryotic
kingdom, protists include a wide
variety of organisms that can be
heterotrophic or autotrophic.
Perhaps they are
best defined by
what they are not:
they are not fungi,
animals, or plants.
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77. The oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells are 1.5 billion
years old although the earliest eukaryotic cells may
have arisen 2.1 billion years ago. The oldest fossils of
prokaryotes are 3.6 billion years old.
.
78. Th kingdom shows great diversity. It is made up by many
groups of which the main ones are:
Animal-like - all motile (protozoa)
Plant-like - mostly non-motile; photosynthetic; often called
algae or seaweeds
Fungus-like - grow in dark, shady habitats and are called
slime moulds; most are colourful and can be found
underneath rotting logs or leaves.
84. A fungus is a eukaryotic organism that digests its food
externally and absorbs the nutrient molecules into its cells.
Most are multicellular but some (the yeasts) are simple
unicellular organisms probably evolved from multicellular
ancestors.
85. The fungus body is made of tiny
filaments or tubes called hyphae,
usually with cross-walls (septa) with
a chitin cell wall.
Each hyphae is one continuous cell
that continually grows and
branches.
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86. Tangled mats of hyphae are
known as mycelium.
Hyphae grow rapidly from the
tips by cell division
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87. Most fungi reproduce asexually and sexually by means
of spores.
Asexual reproduction produces identical organisms and
is the most common method used. Sexual reproduction
occurs when nutrients or water are scarce. Wind,
animals and water spread spores.
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89. The majority of fungi are decomposers, breaking dead
organisms down and returning inorganic nutrients to the
ecosystem.
Many other forms are
parasitic, especially on
plants but sometimes also
on animals or other fungi.
91. Some fungi also cause
disease (yeast infections,
rusts and blights), while
others are useful in
baking, brewing, as
foods, drugs and sources
for antibiotics.
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Claviceps purpurea, causing
ergot disease of rye
92. The cell walls are similar in
structure to plants’ but differ in
chemical composition - fungal
cell walls are composed mostly
of chitin rather than cellulose.
This is one of the taxonomic characters that distinguish fungi
from true plants
93. Most fungi store glucose as glycogen (like animals)
while plants store food as starch.
94. Fungi may be grouped in four Classes:
Oomycetes – Mycelium without septa. Reproduce by
conjugation of large and small cell (oogonium and
antheridium).
Ascomycetese - Sexual reproduction via spores
produced in asci (sac-like cases)
Basidiomycetes - Sexual reproduction via club-shaped
reproductive structures: basidia.
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Deuteromycetes - Diverse
group of unclassified species.
Sexual structures unknown,
hence also called Imperfect
fungi.
96. Plants are immobile, multicellular eukaryotes that
produce their food by photosynthesis and have cells
encased in cellulose cell walls.
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97. They are important sources of oxygen, food,
textiles, construction materials and other products.
97Institute of Earth Systems
98. They are important sources of oxygen, food, and
clothing/construction materials, as well as pigments,
spices, dyes, and drugs.
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99. The kingdom
Plantae includes all
land plants:
mosses, ferns,
conifers and
flowering plants.
With more than
300,000 species, they
are second in size only
to the Phylum
Arthropoda.
100. Among the characters which distinguish plants from
other organisms are the following:
Multicellular
Cellulose cell walls
Autotrophic
Growth occurs in specific regions
Reproduction vegetative or sexual
101. Plants have adapted to life on land and have
adaptations to reduce water loss, such as:
• Leaves and stems are covered by an impermeable
waxy cuticle.
• Leaf openings
(stomata) that open and
close to regulate gas
and water exchange.
102. Plants are divided into two main groups:
Green Algae -
Bryophytes - Non-vascular plants
Tracheophytes - Vascular plants
103. All plants are
thought to have
evolved from
ancestral green
algae.
Within the plant
kingdom, there
are many
different types
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104. The Plantae may be divided first of all in two main groups:
Green algae
Embryophytes (terrestrial plants)
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105. These are a large group from which the embryophytes
(higher plants) emerged. There are about 6000 species.
Many are single cells, while other species form colonies or
long filaments.
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106. The advantages of being a
water plant include:
More access to water
More support (from the
surrounding water)
Water helps disperse gametes
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108. The advantages of being a land
plant include
• High concentrations of CO2 in air
(compared to water)
• More access to sunlight
• Initially: less competition for
resources, fewer predators
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110. These small plants lack specialized tissues for
transporting water, minerals, and organic nutrients and
have no roots, leaves or stems. Because of this they dry
out very quickly, so they are usually found in moist
habitats.
115. This group is divided in 2 sections:
Seedless Plants – including horsetails and ferns
Seed Plants – Plants which produce flowers and seeds
116. Seedless tracheophytes are further divided into two groups:
Lycophytes – club moss and horsetails
Pterophytes - Ferns
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Typical lycophytes – club mosses
117.
118.
119. Ferns grow in moist, shady habitats
because their water-saving
adaptations are not as efficient as
those of other plants. Their leaves
are called fronds.
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120. Classification of this group varies but we’re considering
here a simplified version which contains two Classes. :
Gymnosperms – conifers
Angiosperms – broad-leaved plants
121. The two groups of seed-plants are divided by whether
or not they have enclosed seeds -protected inside a fruit
- or if the seeds are exposed to the environment.
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Tracheophytes
Seedless Seeded
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
“naked” or
exposed seeds
Flowers produce fruit
w/ enclosed seeds
122. Characters of Gymnosperms
(Conifers)
– Seed is not protected by
fruit
– Has cones
Characters of Angiosperms
(Flowering Plants)
– Seed is further protected
by a fruit
– Has flowers
123. Gymnosperm means “naked
seed”.
They are more advanced than
ferns and do not have spores
but seeds.
Their seeds lack a protective
enclosure (unlike flowering
plants which have flowers and
fruit).
Examples of gymnosperms:
Conifers (pine trees),
cycads,
Ginkgo biloba
124.
125. Conifers, which bear seeds in cones, are most important
group of gymnosperms.
Staminate cones – male cones
Ovulate cones – female cones
127. They do not produce any flowers or fruit. The seeds are
carried on an open ‘scale’.
128. Conifers are adapted to temperate to cold regions. They
have narrow leaves (needles) to help conserve water
and protect them from the cold. The plants are covered
by resins for protection from predators, fire, etc
129.
130. Angiosperm means “covered seed”. They have
flowers, fruits with seeds.
Live everywhere – dominant plants in the world
260,000 species (88% of Plant Kingdom)
131. The phylogenetic classification of Angiosperms is
complex and in continuous evolution. We will here use a
simplified version that is sufficient for our purposes
Angiosperms may be divided in two sub-classes:
Monocotyledonae – one cotyledon
Dicotyledonae – two cotyledons.
The Dicotyledonae may be further subdivided into
several groups.
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132. Although the names of the two sub-groups are derived
from the number of cotyledons, there are several other
taxonomic characters which distinguish them.
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133. Although the names of the two sub-groups are derived
from the number of cotyledons, there are several other
taxonomic characters which distinguish them.
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136. Animals are organisms with the following
characteristics:
Multicellular Have cell membranes
Heterotrophic Growth occurs all over body
Motile Sexual Reproduction
Irritability Food stored as glycogen
137. Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that
are capable of motility at some stage during their lives,
and that have cells lacking cell walls. Animals provide
food, clothing, fats, scents, companionship and work.
137Institute of Earth Systems
138. The Protozoa are now placed in the Kingdom Protista
and no loner considered animals so that the grouping
matazoa has become irrelevant.
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140. The grouping vertebrates has now been replaced by
Chordates as there are animals which have a spinal chord
but no vertebrae.
141. This is an informal and not a monophyletic grouping as
it comprises practically all animals except Chordates.
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142. Invertebrates are animals that do not have backbones.
They constitute 97 % of the Animal Kingdom and can
be found in aquatic and damp encironments. Several
types have have exoskeletons.
156. Have long thin round non-
segmented bodies covered by
a cuticle.
Mouthparts consist of a set of
stylets and a pharynx.
Nematodes may be parasitic
on plants or animals or free-
living, predatory or living on
decaying matter.
160. Have lots of legs and segmented bodies. There are several
Classes of arthropods including:
– Arachnids
– Centipedes
– Millipedes
– Crustaceans
– Insects
173. This is the largest group of vertebrates. They live only in
water, breathe through gills and are usually covered in
scales.
174. The old class pisces is no longer used. Instead fish are
divided into three classes:
a) Agnatha - jawless fish
b) Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fish
c) Osteichthyes - bony fish
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a
b
c
176. Loss of habitat makes
this the most endangered
group of all animals.
177. Amphibians are cold-blooded and hatch from
jelly-coated eggs. As juveniles they have gills
and live in water. Their skin is smooth
and moist.
178. The 6000+ species are divided in three orders:
Anura - frogs
Caudata or Urodela - newts, salamanders
Gymnophiona or Apoda - caecilian
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181. Reptiles are covered in scales and
lay leathery-shelled eggs on land.
Their body temperature varies with their
environment and they are always free-living.
182. The old Class Reptilia has around 8000 species in four
orders:
Crocodilia — crocodiles
Sphenodontia — tuataras
Squamata — lizards and snakes
Testudines — turtles and tortoises
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185. Birds are warm-blooded, have true wings and
feathers and lay hard-shelled eggs. The usually
have hollow bones.
They are always free-living, never parasitic.
186. There are about 10
thousand species divided
into 20 orders. The main
taxonomic differences
regard the bills and feet.
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190. Produce milk to feed their young. Females
possess a modified sweat gland – a mammary
gland – activated by hormonal changes that occur
with pregnancy. In fact, this trait is what inspired
the term “mammal,” a derivation of “mammary.”
191. Skin covered with fur or hair. A characteristic that's seen
only in mammals.
192. Mammals are divided into
14 orders
Monotremata and
Marsupials are two of them
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