Chapter 18.3
•Download as PPT, PDF•
6 likes•4,749 views
1) The document discusses the evolution of classification systems for living things from Linnaeus's original two kingdoms to the current three domain system. 2) Originally, organisms were classified as animals or plants, but new information led to five kingdoms being recognized - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. 3) Further genetic analysis resulted in the current three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which better reflects evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![THINK ABOUT IT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
Chapter 18.1
The document discusses the goals and development of binomial nomenclature and scientific classification systems. It explains that Carolus Linnaeus developed a two-word naming system for species and a hierarchical taxonomy with seven levels (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species). The taxonomy aims to organize living and fossil species into meaningful groups based on anatomical similarities and evolutionary relationships. However, traditional classification based only on outward similarities has limitations that modern schemes seek to address.
Chapter 18.2
1) Evolutionary classification groups organisms into taxa based on their evolutionary relationships and common ancestry rather than just physical similarities.
2) A clade is a group containing an ancestor and all its descendants. Cladograms illustrate how clades are related by showing branching patterns of evolutionary lineages.
3) Cladistic analysis focuses on shared derived characters, traits that evolved more recently in a lineage, to determine how organisms are related and assign them to clades.
Powerpoint12.3
The document discusses DNA replication. It explains that before a cell divides, it must first copy its DNA using a process called replication. This ensures each new cell has the same DNA. Replication involves the DNA double helix separating into single strands, which then serve as templates for new complementary strands to form. In prokaryotes, replication begins at a single origin point and proceeds bidirectionally to copy the entire chromosome, while in eukaryotes it can begin at multiple sites. Key enzymes like DNA polymerase facilitate the process by adding complementary nucleotides.
Lesson 13.1
RNA plays an important role in decoding the genetic instructions contained in DNA and directing protein production. There are three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries copies of gene instructions from DNA to the ribosomes, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which makes up part of the ribosomes, and transfer RNA (tRNA), which transfers amino acids to the ribosomes during protein production according to the mRNA instructions. RNA is produced from DNA in a process called transcription, in which RNA polymerase uses a DNA strand as a template to make a complementary RNA molecule.
Powerpoint12.2
The document discusses the structure of DNA. It describes how DNA is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. Rosalind Franklin discovered through X-ray diffraction that DNA has a twisted, X-shaped structure with two strands. James Watson and Francis Crick then developed the double helix model of DNA, which showed two antiparallel strands coiled around each other and held together through hydrogen bonding between specific base pairs. Their model explained existing evidence about DNA's structure.
Powerpoint 13.2
Ribosomes play a key role in protein synthesis by using messenger RNA (mRNA) to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains. The mRNA code is read in three-letter sequences called codons that each specify a single amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome according to their complementary anticodons. Through a series of steps, the ribosome links amino acids together until a stop codon is reached, completing translation and protein production according to the DNA's genetic instructions.
Packaging of DNA helix...
The document discusses several key concepts related to DNA packaging and gene expression. It describes the central dogma where genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. It also discusses how DNA is packaged in cells through nucleosomes and chromatin, and how chromatin exists in two forms - euchromatin which is loosely packed and transcriptionally active, and heterochromatin which is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive. It provides information on calculating DNA length and the number of base pairs.
Earth's early history
1) Early Earth had a different atmosphere than today and was bombarded by asteroids and comets. 2) Miller-Urey experiments showed how organic molecules could form in early Earth conditions. 3) RNA may have come before DNA and led to early life forms. Photosynthetic bacteria later produced oxygen that changed Earth's atmosphere.
Recommended
Chapter 18.1
The document discusses the goals and development of binomial nomenclature and scientific classification systems. It explains that Carolus Linnaeus developed a two-word naming system for species and a hierarchical taxonomy with seven levels (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species). The taxonomy aims to organize living and fossil species into meaningful groups based on anatomical similarities and evolutionary relationships. However, traditional classification based only on outward similarities has limitations that modern schemes seek to address.
Chapter 18.2
1) Evolutionary classification groups organisms into taxa based on their evolutionary relationships and common ancestry rather than just physical similarities.
2) A clade is a group containing an ancestor and all its descendants. Cladograms illustrate how clades are related by showing branching patterns of evolutionary lineages.
3) Cladistic analysis focuses on shared derived characters, traits that evolved more recently in a lineage, to determine how organisms are related and assign them to clades.
Powerpoint12.3
The document discusses DNA replication. It explains that before a cell divides, it must first copy its DNA using a process called replication. This ensures each new cell has the same DNA. Replication involves the DNA double helix separating into single strands, which then serve as templates for new complementary strands to form. In prokaryotes, replication begins at a single origin point and proceeds bidirectionally to copy the entire chromosome, while in eukaryotes it can begin at multiple sites. Key enzymes like DNA polymerase facilitate the process by adding complementary nucleotides.
Lesson 13.1
RNA plays an important role in decoding the genetic instructions contained in DNA and directing protein production. There are three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries copies of gene instructions from DNA to the ribosomes, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which makes up part of the ribosomes, and transfer RNA (tRNA), which transfers amino acids to the ribosomes during protein production according to the mRNA instructions. RNA is produced from DNA in a process called transcription, in which RNA polymerase uses a DNA strand as a template to make a complementary RNA molecule.
Powerpoint12.2
The document discusses the structure of DNA. It describes how DNA is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. Rosalind Franklin discovered through X-ray diffraction that DNA has a twisted, X-shaped structure with two strands. James Watson and Francis Crick then developed the double helix model of DNA, which showed two antiparallel strands coiled around each other and held together through hydrogen bonding between specific base pairs. Their model explained existing evidence about DNA's structure.
Powerpoint 13.2
Ribosomes play a key role in protein synthesis by using messenger RNA (mRNA) to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains. The mRNA code is read in three-letter sequences called codons that each specify a single amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome according to their complementary anticodons. Through a series of steps, the ribosome links amino acids together until a stop codon is reached, completing translation and protein production according to the DNA's genetic instructions.
Packaging of DNA helix...
The document discusses several key concepts related to DNA packaging and gene expression. It describes the central dogma where genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. It also discusses how DNA is packaged in cells through nucleosomes and chromatin, and how chromatin exists in two forms - euchromatin which is loosely packed and transcriptionally active, and heterochromatin which is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive. It provides information on calculating DNA length and the number of base pairs.
Earth's early history
1) Early Earth had a different atmosphere than today and was bombarded by asteroids and comets. 2) Miller-Urey experiments showed how organic molecules could form in early Earth conditions. 3) RNA may have come before DNA and led to early life forms. Photosynthetic bacteria later produced oxygen that changed Earth's atmosphere.
IB Biology 3.2 Slides: Chromosomes
Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes. Prokaryotes may also contain extra circular DNA molecules called plasmids. Eukaryotic chromosomes are associated with histone proteins and contain different genes, existing as homologous chromosome pairs in diploid cells and single copies in haploid cells like eggs and sperm. The number and structure of chromosomes is consistent within a species and can be used to determine sex or diagnose conditions like Down syndrome.
8.3 photosynthesis
Light energy is converted to chemical energy through photosynthesis. In the light-dependent reactions, light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes which generates excited electrons. These electrons are used to produce ATP and NADPH. In the light-independent reactions that occur in the chloroplast stroma, CO2 is fixed into carbohydrates using ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. The structure of the chloroplast, including the thylakoid membranes, is adapted to efficiently carry out these photosynthetic reactions.
Powerpoint Chapter 12.1
The document discusses experiments that identified DNA as the genetic material. Frederick Griffith discovered that live bacteria could be transformed by dead bacteria, indicating transfer of some transforming factor. Avery determined this factor was DNA. Hershey and Chase found that when bacteriophage infected bacteria, only the DNA core, not the protein coating, entered the bacterial cells. Their results confirmed that DNA is the genetic material that carries inheritable traits.
DNA Grade 12
Chromatin, which contains DNA and proteins, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Histone proteins help package DNA into chromatin and condense it further into chromosomes during cell division. DNA is a double-stranded polymer composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It forms the twisted ladder-shaped structure known as a double helix and carries the genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring. DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself before cell division, involving unwinding of the DNA strands, formation of a replication fork, and synthesis of new strands along the original templates.
DNA SLIDES GRADE 12 LIFE SCIENCES
The document discusses the structure and location of DNA in cells. It provides details about DNA's double helix structure, how it is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates. DNA contains the genetic code and is found coiled tightly in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells associated with chromatin and histone proteins. DNA replicates itself through a process where the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for new partner strands to be synthesized by DNA polymerase and nucleotides to form two new double helix DNA molecules.
7.1 dna structure & replication
DNA is a double-stranded helix that can be replicated semi-conservatively, with each new strand pairing with an existing "old" strand. This allows DNA to be copied and passed on to future generations of cells. While DNA is highly stable, its double helix structure allows it to be efficiently replicated through base pairing between strands.
Powerpoint 13.1
The document discusses the roles and functions of RNA. It explains that RNA differs from DNA in its sugar (ribose vs. deoxyribose), structure (single-stranded vs. double-stranded), and nucleotide composition (uracil replaces thymine). RNA acts as a messenger to copy genetic instructions from DNA and direct protein production. The three main types of RNA - messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA - each have specialized functions in protein synthesis.
Lesson 1 mendelian genetics & heredity
The first lesson in a series on Mendelian genetics and heredity. This PP is meant to serve as a guide/framework for the lesson.
Dna and rna
DNA and RNA differ in their chemical structures. While DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded. There are four main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and small stable RNA. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome. It is modified with a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail. tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis. rRNA makes up the ribosomal subunits and is involved in protein synthesis.
Dna
DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It consists of two long strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Attached to each strand are four types of nucleobases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine - that provide genetic information. The structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.
IB Biology 3.1 Slides: Genes
Genes are segments of DNA that influence or directly code for specific traits. A gene occupies a specific locus on a chromosome and can exist in different allelic forms that differ slightly in their DNA sequence. New alleles are formed through mutations in genes over time. A notable example is sickle cell anemia, which is caused by a single base substitution mutation leading to a change in the hemoglobin polypeptide. The human genome project mapped the entire DNA sequence of humans, identifying around 23,000 genes, though much non-coding DNA was also found to have important functions.
Introduction to DNA and Genetics
This document provides an introduction to genetics, including the basics of DNA structure, genes, chromosomes, heredity, and Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that laid the foundations for genetics. It explains that DNA contains the genetic instructions passed down from parents to offspring, and that genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes that influence traits. It summarizes Mendel's key conclusions from his experiments, including the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
A Brief introduction to DNA and its structure.
A short Introduction to DNA and the structure of DNA. It also explains base pairing and Chargaff's rule. It informs you of who built the first model of DNA using wire and tin to show a description of how DNA looks like.
Dna presentation
DNA contains the genetic instructions that allow living things to develop, live and reproduce. It is made up of nucleotides with a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). DNA has a double helix structure, with the bases on each strand binding to their complement on the other strand. DNA replication is the process where the cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix, forming replication forks, and using each old strand as a template to build a new complementary strand. Replication can occur through conservative, semi-conservative, or dispersive mechanisms.
Chapter 17.2
This document discusses how natural selection and genetic drift can cause evolution by changing allele frequencies in populations over time. It explains that natural selection may cause some alleles to become more common if they increase an individual's chances of survival and reproduction. Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies that can occur in small populations by chance. The document also describes the conditions required by the Hardy-Weinberg principle for a population to maintain genetic equilibrium and not evolve.
The central dogma
The Central Dogma of Biology describes the process of protein synthesis from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and the process of translation occurs in the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein chain based on the mRNA codon sequence. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match their anticodons to the mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids to the growing protein chain. Eventually a whole protein is produced based on the DNA code provided in the gene.
TAXONOMICAL CATEGORIES
This document discusses taxonomy, systematics, and taxonomic categories. It defines taxonomy as the classification of organisms based on observable characteristics into hierarchical taxa. Systematics is the study of relationships between organisms. There are defined taxonomic categories including species, genus, family, order, class, division/phylum, and kingdom. Each category represents a rank in the taxonomic hierarchy and groups organisms with decreasingly similar characteristics as the category level increases. The categories are used to systematically classify all known organisms.
IB Biology Option D.5: Phylogeny and systematics
This document provides information about phylogeny and systematics in biology. It discusses the value of classifying organisms, including identification, showing evolutionary links, and predicting characteristics. It explains the evidence for common ancestry from universal DNA and protein structures. Variations in specific molecules like cytochrome c can indicate phylogeny. Biochemical variations can be used as an evolutionary clock. Clades are groups of organisms descended from a common ancestor, and cladistics uses clades to classify organisms. The document contrasts homologous and analogous characteristics and outlines constructing and analyzing cladograms to show phylogenetic relationships. Classification systems are related to cladograms and monophyletic groups.
Chapter12 packet
- Bacterial transformation occurs when DNA from heat-killed bacteria alters the inherited traits of living bacteria. Griffith and Avery discovered that DNA is the transforming factor that carries genetic information.
- Hershey and Chase used radioactive tracers to show that when a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, only the phage's DNA enters the cell, demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material of phages.
- DNA is made of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates. The double helix structure of DNA contains two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. Watson and Crick developed the first model of DNA's double helix structure based on Franklin's X-ray crystal
Biotechnology Ap
1. The document discusses genetic engineering and biotechnology, including techniques like recombinant DNA, gene cloning, PCR, and cloning organisms.
2. Key terms defined include genetic engineering, biotechnology, recombinant DNA, gene cloning, restriction enzymes, and plasmids.
3. Recombinant DNA is made by cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and ligating pieces into plasmids, which are then inserted into bacteria.
Chapter 32.2
There are three main types of muscle tissue in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is striated and attached to bones, enabling voluntary movement. Smooth muscle is found in internal organs and blood vessels, allowing involuntary functions. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, where it contracts rhythmically to pump blood throughout the body. Muscle contraction occurs via a sliding filament model, where myosin cross-bridges attach and pull actin filaments inward, shortening the sarcomere. Skeletal muscles connect to bones via tendons and work in opposing pairs to leverage bones and create movement around joints.
Chapter 30.2
The document provides an overview of food and nutrition, including:
1) Food provides energy and raw materials for the body. Energy comes from calories released during cellular respiration from food molecules. Raw materials are used to build and repair tissues.
2) The body needs nutrients including water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins provide energy while vitamins and minerals help chemical reactions.
3) Nutrients come from foods and have different classifications. Carbohydrates are simple or complex, saturated and unsaturated fats affect health differently, and proteins supply amino acids for growth.
More Related Content
What's hot
IB Biology 3.2 Slides: Chromosomes
Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes. Prokaryotes may also contain extra circular DNA molecules called plasmids. Eukaryotic chromosomes are associated with histone proteins and contain different genes, existing as homologous chromosome pairs in diploid cells and single copies in haploid cells like eggs and sperm. The number and structure of chromosomes is consistent within a species and can be used to determine sex or diagnose conditions like Down syndrome.
8.3 photosynthesis
Light energy is converted to chemical energy through photosynthesis. In the light-dependent reactions, light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes which generates excited electrons. These electrons are used to produce ATP and NADPH. In the light-independent reactions that occur in the chloroplast stroma, CO2 is fixed into carbohydrates using ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. The structure of the chloroplast, including the thylakoid membranes, is adapted to efficiently carry out these photosynthetic reactions.
Powerpoint Chapter 12.1
The document discusses experiments that identified DNA as the genetic material. Frederick Griffith discovered that live bacteria could be transformed by dead bacteria, indicating transfer of some transforming factor. Avery determined this factor was DNA. Hershey and Chase found that when bacteriophage infected bacteria, only the DNA core, not the protein coating, entered the bacterial cells. Their results confirmed that DNA is the genetic material that carries inheritable traits.
DNA Grade 12
Chromatin, which contains DNA and proteins, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Histone proteins help package DNA into chromatin and condense it further into chromosomes during cell division. DNA is a double-stranded polymer composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It forms the twisted ladder-shaped structure known as a double helix and carries the genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring. DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself before cell division, involving unwinding of the DNA strands, formation of a replication fork, and synthesis of new strands along the original templates.
DNA SLIDES GRADE 12 LIFE SCIENCES
The document discusses the structure and location of DNA in cells. It provides details about DNA's double helix structure, how it is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates. DNA contains the genetic code and is found coiled tightly in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells associated with chromatin and histone proteins. DNA replicates itself through a process where the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for new partner strands to be synthesized by DNA polymerase and nucleotides to form two new double helix DNA molecules.
7.1 dna structure & replication
DNA is a double-stranded helix that can be replicated semi-conservatively, with each new strand pairing with an existing "old" strand. This allows DNA to be copied and passed on to future generations of cells. While DNA is highly stable, its double helix structure allows it to be efficiently replicated through base pairing between strands.
Powerpoint 13.1
The document discusses the roles and functions of RNA. It explains that RNA differs from DNA in its sugar (ribose vs. deoxyribose), structure (single-stranded vs. double-stranded), and nucleotide composition (uracil replaces thymine). RNA acts as a messenger to copy genetic instructions from DNA and direct protein production. The three main types of RNA - messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA - each have specialized functions in protein synthesis.
Lesson 1 mendelian genetics & heredity
The first lesson in a series on Mendelian genetics and heredity. This PP is meant to serve as a guide/framework for the lesson.
Dna and rna
DNA and RNA differ in their chemical structures. While DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded. There are four main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and small stable RNA. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome. It is modified with a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail. tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis. rRNA makes up the ribosomal subunits and is involved in protein synthesis.
Dna
DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It consists of two long strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Attached to each strand are four types of nucleobases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine - that provide genetic information. The structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.
IB Biology 3.1 Slides: Genes
Genes are segments of DNA that influence or directly code for specific traits. A gene occupies a specific locus on a chromosome and can exist in different allelic forms that differ slightly in their DNA sequence. New alleles are formed through mutations in genes over time. A notable example is sickle cell anemia, which is caused by a single base substitution mutation leading to a change in the hemoglobin polypeptide. The human genome project mapped the entire DNA sequence of humans, identifying around 23,000 genes, though much non-coding DNA was also found to have important functions.
Introduction to DNA and Genetics
This document provides an introduction to genetics, including the basics of DNA structure, genes, chromosomes, heredity, and Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that laid the foundations for genetics. It explains that DNA contains the genetic instructions passed down from parents to offspring, and that genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes that influence traits. It summarizes Mendel's key conclusions from his experiments, including the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
A Brief introduction to DNA and its structure.
A short Introduction to DNA and the structure of DNA. It also explains base pairing and Chargaff's rule. It informs you of who built the first model of DNA using wire and tin to show a description of how DNA looks like.
Dna presentation
DNA contains the genetic instructions that allow living things to develop, live and reproduce. It is made up of nucleotides with a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). DNA has a double helix structure, with the bases on each strand binding to their complement on the other strand. DNA replication is the process where the cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix, forming replication forks, and using each old strand as a template to build a new complementary strand. Replication can occur through conservative, semi-conservative, or dispersive mechanisms.
Chapter 17.2
This document discusses how natural selection and genetic drift can cause evolution by changing allele frequencies in populations over time. It explains that natural selection may cause some alleles to become more common if they increase an individual's chances of survival and reproduction. Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies that can occur in small populations by chance. The document also describes the conditions required by the Hardy-Weinberg principle for a population to maintain genetic equilibrium and not evolve.
The central dogma
The Central Dogma of Biology describes the process of protein synthesis from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and the process of translation occurs in the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein chain based on the mRNA codon sequence. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match their anticodons to the mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids to the growing protein chain. Eventually a whole protein is produced based on the DNA code provided in the gene.
TAXONOMICAL CATEGORIES
This document discusses taxonomy, systematics, and taxonomic categories. It defines taxonomy as the classification of organisms based on observable characteristics into hierarchical taxa. Systematics is the study of relationships between organisms. There are defined taxonomic categories including species, genus, family, order, class, division/phylum, and kingdom. Each category represents a rank in the taxonomic hierarchy and groups organisms with decreasingly similar characteristics as the category level increases. The categories are used to systematically classify all known organisms.
IB Biology Option D.5: Phylogeny and systematics
This document provides information about phylogeny and systematics in biology. It discusses the value of classifying organisms, including identification, showing evolutionary links, and predicting characteristics. It explains the evidence for common ancestry from universal DNA and protein structures. Variations in specific molecules like cytochrome c can indicate phylogeny. Biochemical variations can be used as an evolutionary clock. Clades are groups of organisms descended from a common ancestor, and cladistics uses clades to classify organisms. The document contrasts homologous and analogous characteristics and outlines constructing and analyzing cladograms to show phylogenetic relationships. Classification systems are related to cladograms and monophyletic groups.
Chapter12 packet
- Bacterial transformation occurs when DNA from heat-killed bacteria alters the inherited traits of living bacteria. Griffith and Avery discovered that DNA is the transforming factor that carries genetic information.
- Hershey and Chase used radioactive tracers to show that when a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, only the phage's DNA enters the cell, demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material of phages.
- DNA is made of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates. The double helix structure of DNA contains two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. Watson and Crick developed the first model of DNA's double helix structure based on Franklin's X-ray crystal
Biotechnology Ap
1. The document discusses genetic engineering and biotechnology, including techniques like recombinant DNA, gene cloning, PCR, and cloning organisms.
2. Key terms defined include genetic engineering, biotechnology, recombinant DNA, gene cloning, restriction enzymes, and plasmids.
3. Recombinant DNA is made by cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and ligating pieces into plasmids, which are then inserted into bacteria.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Chapter 32.2
There are three main types of muscle tissue in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is striated and attached to bones, enabling voluntary movement. Smooth muscle is found in internal organs and blood vessels, allowing involuntary functions. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, where it contracts rhythmically to pump blood throughout the body. Muscle contraction occurs via a sliding filament model, where myosin cross-bridges attach and pull actin filaments inward, shortening the sarcomere. Skeletal muscles connect to bones via tendons and work in opposing pairs to leverage bones and create movement around joints.
Chapter 30.2
The document provides an overview of food and nutrition, including:
1) Food provides energy and raw materials for the body. Energy comes from calories released during cellular respiration from food molecules. Raw materials are used to build and repair tissues.
2) The body needs nutrients including water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins provide energy while vitamins and minerals help chemical reactions.
3) Nutrients come from foods and have different classifications. Carbohydrates are simple or complex, saturated and unsaturated fats affect health differently, and proteins supply amino acids for growth.
Chapter 32.3
The document summarizes the key functions and structures of the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, and nails. The principal functions of the system are protection, temperature regulation, excretion, information gathering, and vitamin D production. The main structures are the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands. Some common skin problems discussed are acne, which develops from clogged hair follicles, and skin cancer from excessive sun exposure.
Chapter 32.1
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (bones of arms, legs, pelvis, shoulder). Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and form blood cells. Typical long bones have outer compact bone, inner spongy bone, and bone marrow. Cartilage develops into bone through ossification before and after birth. Joints like the knee connect bones and allow movement through ligaments, synovial fluid, and other structures. Common bone and joint issues include fractures, ligament tears, inflammation, arthritis, and osteoporosis.
Chapter 30.1
The human body is organized at multiple levels, from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. Cells combine to form tissues like epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue. Groups of tissues working together form organs like the eye. Organ systems are groups of organs that work together, such as the nervous system. The body maintains homeostasis through feedback inhibition, where a stimulus triggers a response that counteracts the stimulus, keeping conditions stable. Examples include regulating temperature and blood glucose levels. The liver plays an important role in homeostasis by processing toxins, storing and releasing glucose, and regulating blood sugar levels.
Chapter 27.1
1) Animals obtain food through various methods such as filter feeding, detritivory, carnivory, herbivory, and nutritional symbiosis.
2) Digestion can occur intracellularly through specialized cells or extracellularly through digestive tracts and gastrovascular cavities. Digestive tracts break down food through mechanical and chemical digestion.
3) Mouthparts and digestive systems are specialized for different diets. Herbivores have adaptations for grinding plants while carnivores have sharp teeth for tearing meat. Herbivores also rely on microbial symbionts to aid in digestion.
Chapter 27.4
The document discusses how different animals excrete nitrogenous wastes like ammonia while balancing water levels. Small animals allow ammonia to diffuse through their skin, while larger ones have excretory systems. Mammals convert ammonia to urea, while birds and reptiles produce uric acid. Aquatic animals face challenges with water balance due to osmosis, while land animals conserve water through specialized structures and waste forms like uric acid pastes.
Chapter 27.2
All animals have evolved respiratory structures that promote the passive diffusion of oxygen from areas of high concentration to low concentration and carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. Respiratory structures provide a large surface area of thin, moist, selectively permeable membrane and maintain concentration gradients across the membrane. Aquatic animals use gills or body surfaces for gas exchange, while land animals use organs like lungs, tracheae, or skin. Lung structure has evolved from simple sacs in amphibians to divided chambers in reptiles to extensive branching and alveoli in mammals to support their higher metabolisms.
Chapter 27.3
There are two main types of circulatory systems - open and closed. In an open system, blood is only partially contained as it travels through sinuses and vessels to directly contact tissues before returning to the heart. In a closed system, blood is entirely contained within vessels that extend throughout the body. Most vertebrates have a closed system. Circulatory patterns also differ - single-loop systems have one pump moving blood unidirectionally while double-loop systems have two pumps moving blood to and from the lungs or gills in two separate loops. Modern mammals have evolved four-chambered hearts that act as two separate pumps to separately oxygenate blood.
Biology - Chp 18 - Classification - PowerPoint
The document summarizes the evolution of biological classification systems from Linnaeus' initial two-name system to the current three domain system. It describes how early classification grouped organisms based on physical similarities, while modern evolutionary classification is based on evolutionary relationships and genetic similarities revealed by molecular analysis. The three domain system divides all living things into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Chapter 18.1
The document discusses the goals and development of binomial nomenclature and biological classification systems. It explains that Carolus Linnaeus developed a two-part naming system for species and a hierarchical taxonomy with seven levels from kingdom to species. The taxonomy aims to organize living things into groups based on anatomical similarities and evolutionary relationships. Problems can arise when classifications rely only on outward appearances rather than evolutionary lineages.
29 Lecture Ppt
This document provides a summary of the circulatory system and cardiovascular system in animals. It discusses how circulatory systems transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste; the differences between open and closed circulatory systems; the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels; blood pressure; blood types; and capillary exchange. Key points include that circulatory systems transport materials to and from cells, vertebrates have closed circulatory systems, the heart pumps blood through two circuits in mammals, and blood must be properly matched for transfusions.
33 Lecture Ppt
The document summarizes key concepts about osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It discusses how different animals, such as fish, terrestrial vertebrates, and invertebrates, regulate water and salt balance and excrete waste through various organs like kidneys, gills, and nephridia. In humans, the kidneys play an important role in homeostasis by excreting urea and maintaining water-salt balance and acid-base balance. The kidneys work with other systems like the lungs, skin, and hormones to precisely control fluid and electrolyte levels in the blood.
32 Lecture Ppt
The document summarizes gas exchange and respiration in animals. It discusses how various organisms such as insects, fish, and humans have specialized respiratory surfaces and mechanisms to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. These include lungs, gills, and tracheal systems. The human respiratory system is described in detail, from the nasal passages and pharynx down to the bronchioles in the lungs. Health effects of breathing polluted air like cigarette smoke and 9/11 dust are also reviewed.
Viewers also liked (14)
Similar to Chapter 18.3
B10vrv5183
The document discusses the evolution of classification systems for life on Earth. It describes how the system has changed from two kingdoms of animals and plants proposed by Linnaeus, to the current three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The six kingdom system included Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Modern classification aims to accurately reflect evolutionary relationships between all organisms living and extinct on a single tree of life.
18 3 Powerpoint[1]
The document discusses the three domain system and six kingdom system of classification. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic and unicellular, while Eukarya includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals which are eukaryotic. The six kingdoms are further divided within these domains.
18 3 Powerpoint Bio
The document discusses the classification of life into domains and kingdoms. It describes the three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic and unicellular, while Eukarya includes the kingdoms of Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia whose cells have nuclei. The kingdoms are then characterized, with Protista being unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes, Fungi being heterotrophic decomposers, Plantae being photosynthetic and nonmotile, and Animalia being motile and heterotrophic.
18 3 Powerpoint Bio
The document discusses the three domain system and six kingdom system of classification. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic and unicellular, while Eukarya includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals which are eukaryotic. The six kingdoms are further divided within these domains.
The Six Kingdoms
- There are currently six kingdoms of classification: Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria. These kingdoms are based on characteristics like cell structure, ability to produce food, and number of cells.
- The kingdoms were expanded from two to six due to microscope discoveries of new microorganisms and identification of differences in cell structures.
- Each kingdom has distinct characteristics. For example, plants are multicellular, make their own food, and were the second largest kingdom with over 250,000 species. Archaebacteria were discovered in extreme environments like deep sea vents.
Six kingdoms
The document discusses the six kingdoms of classification: Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria. It was discovered that a two-kingdom system of Plants and Animals was no longer useful with the development of the microscope and discovery of new organisms. The six kingdoms are described based on characteristics like cell type, ability to produce their own food, and whether organisms consist of single or multiple cells.
001 introduction to biodiversity
The document provides an overview of biodiversity and systems of classification of living organisms. It summarizes the five kingdom system of classification proposed by R.H. Whittaker, which divides organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - based on characteristics like cell structure, nutrition mode, and phylogeny. Key details are provided on defining features of each kingdom, addressing limitations of prior systems. The five kingdom system accounts for diversity of life and evolutionary relationships between different groups.
Chapter 2 biological classification
This document discusses the evolution of biological classification systems from early attempts based on use and morphology to more modern scientific approaches. It describes how Aristotle initially classified organisms based on simple morphological characteristics, while Linnaeus developed a two kingdom system of Plantae and Animalia. However, this did not adequately distinguish key differences and many organisms did not fit into either category. The five kingdom system proposed by Whittaker in 1969 introduced the kingdoms of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia based on criteria like cell structure, body organization, nutrition and phylogeny. This system attempted to group organisms more scientifically based on evolutionary relationships rather than just morphology.
Classification of Life: Kingdom
This is a very old school report that I did back when I was in the 8th grade . It's basically information concerning the Six Kingdoms. I hope you can make use of it. So buckle up!
Classification seven kingdom
Taxonomy (or systematics) is basically concerned with the classification of organisms. Living organisms are placed in groups on the basis of similarities and differences at the organismic, cellular, and molecular levels.
Biodiversity and classification
The document discusses biodiversity and classification. It begins by defining biodiversity as the wide range of species and number of organisms within communities. It notes that the SSC has identified over 1.6 million known species, though many more are unknown. Classification involves grouping organisms based on similarities and differences to study them. Early systems from Aristotle and Linnaeus classified organisms as plant or animal. Later systems incorporated more evidence from areas like genetics and molecular biology. The five kingdom system, developed by Whittaker, separated organisms into bacteria, protists, plants, fungi and animals based on characteristics like cellular structure.
biology.. kingdoms
- The document describes the key characteristics of 6 kingdoms - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae. It discusses whether each kingdom has a nucleus, cell wall, ability to photosynthesize or fix nitrogen.
- Organisms are classified into kingdoms based on attributes like cell structure, ability to produce their own food, and whether they are single or multicellular.
- The kingdoms include unicellular lifeforms like bacteria and archaea, as well as multicellular eukaryotes like plants, fungi and animals.
Biological classification chapter 2
This document provides information on biological classification systems. It discusses the need for classification and describes several systems that have been proposed over time including: two kingdom, three kingdom, four kingdom, five kingdom, and six kingdom systems. The five kingdom system, proposed by Whitaker in 1969, divided organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. This system helped address limitations of prior approaches. The document also provides details on Monerans, Protistans, and characteristics of bacteria.
domains of life, archea, bacteria, eukarya.ppt
The document discusses the evolution of biological classification systems from two kingdoms to the current three domain system. It describes how Linnaeus originally classified organisms into the two kingdoms of animals and plants. Modern classification is based on molecular evidence and recognizes Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya as the three domains. Organisms are further classified into kingdoms within each domain, such as Eubacteria within Bacteria or Archaebacteria within Archaea. The six major eukaryotic kingdoms are Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Microbiology-1
The document discusses the hierarchical classification of microbes and their position in the tree of life. It describes Whittaker's five kingdom system and Woese's three domain system. The three domain system divided all life into Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya based on rRNA sequences. This system helped reclassify microbes and changed perceptions of their evolutionary relationships.
Biology.pdf
This document provides an overview of biology and its subfields from an introductory lecture by Dr. Emad Al-Rashidi. It defines biology and divides it into subfields including zoology, botany, morphology, cytology, histology, anatomy, embryology, physiology, ecology, and genetics. It describes the five kingdom classification system including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It provides details on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the cell wall, and branches of biology such as biochemistry, biogeography, and biomedicine.
Classification of microorganism & their taxonomy
The document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It outlines the early classification systems developed by Aristotle and Linnaeus that categorized organisms as plants or animals. Later systems introduced the kingdom Protista for unicellular organisms. In 1940, organisms were divided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes based on differences in cellular structure. Whittaker's five kingdom system from 1969 placed organisms into kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae based on cellular organization and nutrition. The document also discusses classification of bacteria, actinomycetes, viruses and rickettsia.
Classification of microorganism & their taxonomy
The document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It outlines the early classification systems developed by Aristotle and Linnaeus that grouped organisms as plants or animals. Later, Hackel introduced the kingdom Protista for unicellular microbes. In 1940, it was discovered that bacteria lack a nucleus, dividing organisms into prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Whittaker then proposed the five kingdom system of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae based on cellular structure and nutrition. The document also discusses the classification of bacteria in Bergey's Manual and the characteristics of actinomycetes, bacteria, rickettsia and viruses.
Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...
- Linnaeus established a taxonomic system in the 18th century that classifies organisms in a hierarchy of kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Later, biologists added the category of domain above kingdom to distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- Prokaryotes, which include bacteria and archaea, are single-celled organisms that evolved earlier than eukaryotes and have simpler cellular structures without membrane-bound organelles. Their cells reproduce through binary fission.
- Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share basic cellular components like DNA, ribosomes, and cell membranes. However, prokaryotes lack
classsifcation of living beings calss 9.ppt
The document provides information about taxonomy and the classification of organisms into domains and kingdoms. It defines key terms like prokaryote, eukaryote, heterotroph, autotroph, unicellular, and multicellular. It describes the six kingdoms - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - and provides examples and characteristics of organisms from each kingdom. The document also discusses how classification is an evolving field as new discoveries are made.
Similar to Chapter 18.3 (20)
Classification of microorganism & their taxonomy
Classification of microorganism & their taxonomy
Classification of microorganism & their taxonomy
Classification of microorganism & their taxonomy
Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...
Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...
Chapter 18.3
- 1. Lesson Overview 18.3 Building the Tree of Life
- 12. Three Domains
- 15. The Tree of All Life