This document discusses electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) technology. It provides an overview of how EMATs work by inducing ultrasonic waves into a test object using magnetic fields rather than requiring direct contact or coupling medium like piezoelectric transducers. The document outlines the key advantages of EMATs such as being able to perform dry inspections on hot parts or through coatings. It also summarizes the different wave modes EMATs can generate including shear waves and guided waves. Finally, it provides examples of commercial applications of EMATs that are growing as the technology advances.
The field of Non Destructive Testing (NDT) has shown tremendous growth in the last half century. Its ability to provide safe volumetric inspection of materials with limited access areas makes ultrasonic testing (UT) one of the fastest growing technique in NDT.
However, the Achilles heel of Ultrasonic Testing (UT) has always been the transferring of energy from the UT probe into the material subject of the inspection. Because air limits the transfer of ultrasound, the transducers need to be coupled to the material using a liquid that promotes the transfer of energy into the material.
Infrared thermography uses infrared sensors to detect abnormal temperatures that can indicate developing equipment problems. It allows for non-contact temperature measurement of moving, electrically hot, fragile, small, or remote targets. Infrared thermography creates images from the infrared light emitted by objects and converts it to a surface temperature map. It is useful for predictive maintenance across various applications including electrical equipment, mechanical systems, commercial buildings, and more.
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials and detect discontinuities. It can be used to inspect castings, forgings, welds, and composites. Sound waves are introduced via a transducer and any reflections are detected and analyzed. There are various techniques including pulse-echo, through transmission, normal beam, and angle beam. Ultrasonic testing is versatile and can detect subsurface flaws with minimal part preparation. It has limitations for rough, irregular, or coarse-grained materials. Proper equipment, transducers, and calibration standards are required to ensure accurate inspections.
Warren Johnson invented the first modern sensor, an electric thermostat, in 1883. Samuel Bagno then invented the first motion sensor in the early 1950s for use in alarm systems, using ultrasonic frequencies and the Doppler effect. Sensors have since evolved for various uses such as temperature, light, humidity, vibration, gas, and motion detection in applications like vehicles, security systems, air traffic control, and more. Motion sensors in particular have military applications like land mines and helped track enemy movement in World War II.
Noise refers to any undesired electrical signal present in addition to the intended signal. There are two main types of noise: man-made noise from sources like machines and natural noise from components and the atmosphere. White noise contains thermal and shot noise, while pink noise contains flicker and burst noise. The thermal noise RMS voltage and shot noise RMS current can be calculated using formulas involving temperature, resistance, bandwidth, and other factors. Signal to noise ratio and noise figure are key metrics used to represent noise in signals and systems.
The document provides a history of acoustic emission (AE) methodology from ancient observations to modern applications. It discusses AE instrumentation including sensors, data acquisition, and analysis methods. Applications of AE include non-destructive testing of pressure vessels, metals, and composite structures to detect cracks and other defects. International standards guide the proper use of AE testing in industrial inspections.
Electro magnetic interference and compatibility(ECM,ECI)Palani murugan
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) can negatively impact electrical/electronic equipment by creating undesirable responses or failure. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) aims to allow equipment to function properly in the intended environment without degradation from EMI. EMI can be radiated through electromagnetic fields or conducted through physical contact. Common techniques to control EMI include grounding, shielding, and filtering. Proper layout design can also help prevent EMI and ensure EMC.
Neutron radiography uses neutron beams to produce images of the internal structure and composition of objects. Neutrons are produced, moderated to the desired energy level, collimated into a beam, and passed through an object. A conversion screen then converts the neutrons into other radiation that exposes film or is detected digitally to create an image based on the attenuation of neutrons within the object. Neutron radiography provides information complementary to X-rays as different elements absorb neutrons differently, allowing materials like organic compounds or water to be visualized within dense metallic structures.
The field of Non Destructive Testing (NDT) has shown tremendous growth in the last half century. Its ability to provide safe volumetric inspection of materials with limited access areas makes ultrasonic testing (UT) one of the fastest growing technique in NDT.
However, the Achilles heel of Ultrasonic Testing (UT) has always been the transferring of energy from the UT probe into the material subject of the inspection. Because air limits the transfer of ultrasound, the transducers need to be coupled to the material using a liquid that promotes the transfer of energy into the material.
Infrared thermography uses infrared sensors to detect abnormal temperatures that can indicate developing equipment problems. It allows for non-contact temperature measurement of moving, electrically hot, fragile, small, or remote targets. Infrared thermography creates images from the infrared light emitted by objects and converts it to a surface temperature map. It is useful for predictive maintenance across various applications including electrical equipment, mechanical systems, commercial buildings, and more.
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials and detect discontinuities. It can be used to inspect castings, forgings, welds, and composites. Sound waves are introduced via a transducer and any reflections are detected and analyzed. There are various techniques including pulse-echo, through transmission, normal beam, and angle beam. Ultrasonic testing is versatile and can detect subsurface flaws with minimal part preparation. It has limitations for rough, irregular, or coarse-grained materials. Proper equipment, transducers, and calibration standards are required to ensure accurate inspections.
Warren Johnson invented the first modern sensor, an electric thermostat, in 1883. Samuel Bagno then invented the first motion sensor in the early 1950s for use in alarm systems, using ultrasonic frequencies and the Doppler effect. Sensors have since evolved for various uses such as temperature, light, humidity, vibration, gas, and motion detection in applications like vehicles, security systems, air traffic control, and more. Motion sensors in particular have military applications like land mines and helped track enemy movement in World War II.
Noise refers to any undesired electrical signal present in addition to the intended signal. There are two main types of noise: man-made noise from sources like machines and natural noise from components and the atmosphere. White noise contains thermal and shot noise, while pink noise contains flicker and burst noise. The thermal noise RMS voltage and shot noise RMS current can be calculated using formulas involving temperature, resistance, bandwidth, and other factors. Signal to noise ratio and noise figure are key metrics used to represent noise in signals and systems.
The document provides a history of acoustic emission (AE) methodology from ancient observations to modern applications. It discusses AE instrumentation including sensors, data acquisition, and analysis methods. Applications of AE include non-destructive testing of pressure vessels, metals, and composite structures to detect cracks and other defects. International standards guide the proper use of AE testing in industrial inspections.
Electro magnetic interference and compatibility(ECM,ECI)Palani murugan
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) can negatively impact electrical/electronic equipment by creating undesirable responses or failure. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) aims to allow equipment to function properly in the intended environment without degradation from EMI. EMI can be radiated through electromagnetic fields or conducted through physical contact. Common techniques to control EMI include grounding, shielding, and filtering. Proper layout design can also help prevent EMI and ensure EMC.
Neutron radiography uses neutron beams to produce images of the internal structure and composition of objects. Neutrons are produced, moderated to the desired energy level, collimated into a beam, and passed through an object. A conversion screen then converts the neutrons into other radiation that exposes film or is detected digitally to create an image based on the attenuation of neutrons within the object. Neutron radiography provides information complementary to X-rays as different elements absorb neutrons differently, allowing materials like organic compounds or water to be visualized within dense metallic structures.
1. The document discusses various types of sensors including electromagnetic sensors, mechanical sensors, and gas sensors. It provides details on common sensors like resistance sensors, current sensors, voltage sensors, and pressure sensors.
2. Examples of applications mentioned include uses in automobiles, industry, medicine, aerospace, process control, environmental monitoring, and more.
3. The operating principles of different sensors are explained, such as how resistance sensors measure resistance, current sensors detect current, and pressure sensors convert pressure into electrical signals.
The document discusses the basics of ultrasonic testing including:
- A 9.5 day course to train participants in ultrasonic testing and prepare them for examinations.
- Common NDT methods and that the best method depends on various factors and conditions.
- Basic principles of ultrasonic testing including transmitting sound through materials to detect defects based on differences in signal return times.
- Key concepts in ultrasonic testing like frequency, wavelength, velocity and their relationships.
This document discusses inductive proximity sensors. It defines inductive proximity sensors as electronic devices that can detect metal objects without physical contact through the use of magnetic fields. It explains that inductive proximity sensors work by inducing eddy currents in nearby metal objects using a magnetic field, which are then detected. The document notes there are differences between shielded and non-shielded inductive sensors and provides examples of inductive sensor applications like position determination, camshaft interrogation, and use in wind power plants.
1. The document discusses chemical sensors, providing definitions and explaining their basic working principles. Chemical sensors contain a receptor that interacts with analyte molecules and a transducer that converts this interaction into an electrical signal.
2. Chemical sensors can be classified by their operating principle and type of substance detected. Common types include optical, electrochemical, electrical, mass sensitive, magnetic, and thermometric sensors. Thermometric sensors like the catalytic sensor measure the heat of a chemical reaction.
3. The document provides examples of specific chemical sensors, such as the optical chemical pH sensor, coulometric oxygen sensor, and gas sensors for detecting carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen.
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are miniature devices comprising of integrated mechanical (levers, springs, deformable membranes, vibrating structures, etc.) and electrical (resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) components designed to work in concert to sense and report on the physical properties of their immediate or local environment, or, when signaled to do so, to perform some kind of controlled physical interaction or actuation with their immediate or local environment
Thermistors are a type of resistor whose resistance changes significantly with temperature. They are made of semiconducting materials like metal oxides and their resistance decreases with rising temperature (NTC thermistors) or increases with rising temperature (PTC thermistors). NTC thermistors are used in applications like temperature sensors and overcurrent protection, while PTC thermistors are used in self-regulating heaters and current-limiting devices. Thermistors have a fast response time, are compact and inexpensive but have non-linear resistance-temperature characteristics and may self-heat.
This document provides an overview of sensors. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal. It gives examples of common sensors like infrared sensors used in hotels and taps, and photoelectric sensors used in street lights and automatic stairs. The document outlines the uses of sensors in various applications like cars, machines, aerospace, medicine and more. It concludes by describing ideal properties of sensors like being sensitive only to the measured property and not influencing it.
Vibration sensors detect vibrations and convert them into electrical signals. There are two main types: contact sensors that must mount directly to the object, and non-contact sensors that measure vibrations without direct contact. Common contact sensors include piezoelectric accelerometers, piezoresistive accelerometers, and strain gauges. Common non-contact sensors include microphones, laser displacement sensors, and eddy current sensors. Vibration data can be analyzed in both the time and frequency domains to diagnose machine problems.
Presentation on emc testing and measurementRajat Soni
discuss the options for EMC testing for compliance with the EMC Directive from the point of view of a manufacturer who wishes to achieve as much progress as possible, in-house, on a limited budget. It is not addressed to test houses nor to those manufacturers who have the resources to emulate most or all of the facilities of an accredited test house in their own premises. There are many small-to-medium sized enterprises who are able to dedicate a modest budget of several thousands or tens of thousands of pounds to an in-house EMC test set-up and who wish to gain the maximum benefit from so doing.
Thermography is a non-contact technique that detects infrared radiation emitted from objects to produce images of their surface temperature distribution. An infrared camera consists of an optic system, detector, amplifier, signal processor and display. It converts infrared radiation into an electrical signal displayed as a heat image. Thermography can be active, using an energy source, or passive, detecting natural temperature differences. It has applications in condition monitoring, medical imaging, and non-destructive testing.
Proximity sensors are sensors that can detect nearby objects without physical contact. They work by emitting electromagnetic fields or beams and detecting changes in the fields or returned signals. Common types include capacitive, inductive, ultrasonic, and photoelectric sensors. Proximity sensors are used in applications like parking sensors, aviation safety systems, engine sensors, conveyor systems, and automatic doors. They allow contactless object detection and adaptive control systems.
This document discusses biosignal processing and covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
It provides an overview of biosignal processing techniques including filtering to remove artifacts, event detection, and compression. It defines biosignals and gives examples like ECG and EMG. The document outlines topics like characterizing biosignals in the time and frequency domains, and techniques for time-frequency analysis like short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform.
This document discusses biomedical sensors that use optical fibers. It introduces fiber optic sensors and their advantages, such as flexibility, lightness, safety, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. It then describes several specific fiber optic sensors: a pressure sensor that uses a Fabry-Perot cavity, temperature sensors that use phase interference or fiber deformation, and a blood flow sensor that uses laser Doppler flowmetry. Commercially available products are provided as examples for the pressure, temperature, and blood flow sensors. The document concludes that fiber optic sensors are well-suited for a variety of medical measurements due to their low cost, ease of use, and performance comparable to electric sensors.
A light sensor detects ambient light levels and can include photoresistors, photodiodes, or phototransistors. It works by measuring changes in electrical resistance, voltage, or current caused by exposure to light. Light sensors have a wide range of applications including in street lights, cameras, alarms, and automatic lighting controls.
This document discusses infrared radiation and infrared temperature measurement. It begins with an introduction to infrared radiation and its uses. It then covers the history of infrared detectors and their development. It describes the measurement principle for infrared temperature measurement, discussing Wien's displacement law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, and Kirchoff's law. It outlines different types of infrared sensors and concludes that the infrared industry is transitioning to enable mass production and detection of cold targets at long ranges.
Leakage current is the flow of non-functional current from live electrical parts of an instrument to accessible metal parts. It occurs due to the capacitance and resistance of insulation. There are three types of leakage current: enclosure, earth, and patient leakage currents, which describe the current path. Leakage currents are important to measure as part of safety testing and are divided based on their paths. Proper grounding is necessary to drain leakage currents safely away from patients to prevent electric shock.
Guided Wave Ultrasound - Principles and Apllicationssubash_j
This presentation provides a general background on the principles and theory of guided wave ultrasound and its application to inspection of a wide range of structures and materials
This document discusses thermography testing as a non-destructive testing method. It describes how thermography detects infrared radiation emitted from all objects based on their temperature. Defects appear as temperature variations that can be visualized using thermal cameras. There are different thermography techniques including pulsed thermography, lock-in thermography, and vibrothermography. Pulsed thermography involves heating the material with a short pulse and observing defects. Thermography allows for rapid inspection of large areas and can detect defects like delaminations. While it is useful for many applications, it has limitations in penetrating deep within materials.
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) systems are no longer limited to laboratory applications. With the help of new electronics and software they are now widely used in industrial settings and inservice operations.
Nondestructive Testing (NDT) has evolved from being a “necessary evil” to being an essential source of competitive advantage. The right technique not only helps control the quality of the final product, but also provides valuable process control feedback to improve productivity, reduce cost, and increase the
efficiency of the welder. This is especially important in high-volume, continuous processing lines where a few minutes of bad production can result in significant losses.
In the last decade, powerful Ultrasonic EMAT technology has come of age with tremendous success, becoming the technique of choice for many applications.
1. The document discusses various types of sensors including electromagnetic sensors, mechanical sensors, and gas sensors. It provides details on common sensors like resistance sensors, current sensors, voltage sensors, and pressure sensors.
2. Examples of applications mentioned include uses in automobiles, industry, medicine, aerospace, process control, environmental monitoring, and more.
3. The operating principles of different sensors are explained, such as how resistance sensors measure resistance, current sensors detect current, and pressure sensors convert pressure into electrical signals.
The document discusses the basics of ultrasonic testing including:
- A 9.5 day course to train participants in ultrasonic testing and prepare them for examinations.
- Common NDT methods and that the best method depends on various factors and conditions.
- Basic principles of ultrasonic testing including transmitting sound through materials to detect defects based on differences in signal return times.
- Key concepts in ultrasonic testing like frequency, wavelength, velocity and their relationships.
This document discusses inductive proximity sensors. It defines inductive proximity sensors as electronic devices that can detect metal objects without physical contact through the use of magnetic fields. It explains that inductive proximity sensors work by inducing eddy currents in nearby metal objects using a magnetic field, which are then detected. The document notes there are differences between shielded and non-shielded inductive sensors and provides examples of inductive sensor applications like position determination, camshaft interrogation, and use in wind power plants.
1. The document discusses chemical sensors, providing definitions and explaining their basic working principles. Chemical sensors contain a receptor that interacts with analyte molecules and a transducer that converts this interaction into an electrical signal.
2. Chemical sensors can be classified by their operating principle and type of substance detected. Common types include optical, electrochemical, electrical, mass sensitive, magnetic, and thermometric sensors. Thermometric sensors like the catalytic sensor measure the heat of a chemical reaction.
3. The document provides examples of specific chemical sensors, such as the optical chemical pH sensor, coulometric oxygen sensor, and gas sensors for detecting carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen.
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are miniature devices comprising of integrated mechanical (levers, springs, deformable membranes, vibrating structures, etc.) and electrical (resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) components designed to work in concert to sense and report on the physical properties of their immediate or local environment, or, when signaled to do so, to perform some kind of controlled physical interaction or actuation with their immediate or local environment
Thermistors are a type of resistor whose resistance changes significantly with temperature. They are made of semiconducting materials like metal oxides and their resistance decreases with rising temperature (NTC thermistors) or increases with rising temperature (PTC thermistors). NTC thermistors are used in applications like temperature sensors and overcurrent protection, while PTC thermistors are used in self-regulating heaters and current-limiting devices. Thermistors have a fast response time, are compact and inexpensive but have non-linear resistance-temperature characteristics and may self-heat.
This document provides an overview of sensors. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal. It gives examples of common sensors like infrared sensors used in hotels and taps, and photoelectric sensors used in street lights and automatic stairs. The document outlines the uses of sensors in various applications like cars, machines, aerospace, medicine and more. It concludes by describing ideal properties of sensors like being sensitive only to the measured property and not influencing it.
Vibration sensors detect vibrations and convert them into electrical signals. There are two main types: contact sensors that must mount directly to the object, and non-contact sensors that measure vibrations without direct contact. Common contact sensors include piezoelectric accelerometers, piezoresistive accelerometers, and strain gauges. Common non-contact sensors include microphones, laser displacement sensors, and eddy current sensors. Vibration data can be analyzed in both the time and frequency domains to diagnose machine problems.
Presentation on emc testing and measurementRajat Soni
discuss the options for EMC testing for compliance with the EMC Directive from the point of view of a manufacturer who wishes to achieve as much progress as possible, in-house, on a limited budget. It is not addressed to test houses nor to those manufacturers who have the resources to emulate most or all of the facilities of an accredited test house in their own premises. There are many small-to-medium sized enterprises who are able to dedicate a modest budget of several thousands or tens of thousands of pounds to an in-house EMC test set-up and who wish to gain the maximum benefit from so doing.
Thermography is a non-contact technique that detects infrared radiation emitted from objects to produce images of their surface temperature distribution. An infrared camera consists of an optic system, detector, amplifier, signal processor and display. It converts infrared radiation into an electrical signal displayed as a heat image. Thermography can be active, using an energy source, or passive, detecting natural temperature differences. It has applications in condition monitoring, medical imaging, and non-destructive testing.
Proximity sensors are sensors that can detect nearby objects without physical contact. They work by emitting electromagnetic fields or beams and detecting changes in the fields or returned signals. Common types include capacitive, inductive, ultrasonic, and photoelectric sensors. Proximity sensors are used in applications like parking sensors, aviation safety systems, engine sensors, conveyor systems, and automatic doors. They allow contactless object detection and adaptive control systems.
This document discusses biosignal processing and covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
It provides an overview of biosignal processing techniques including filtering to remove artifacts, event detection, and compression. It defines biosignals and gives examples like ECG and EMG. The document outlines topics like characterizing biosignals in the time and frequency domains, and techniques for time-frequency analysis like short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform.
This document discusses biomedical sensors that use optical fibers. It introduces fiber optic sensors and their advantages, such as flexibility, lightness, safety, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. It then describes several specific fiber optic sensors: a pressure sensor that uses a Fabry-Perot cavity, temperature sensors that use phase interference or fiber deformation, and a blood flow sensor that uses laser Doppler flowmetry. Commercially available products are provided as examples for the pressure, temperature, and blood flow sensors. The document concludes that fiber optic sensors are well-suited for a variety of medical measurements due to their low cost, ease of use, and performance comparable to electric sensors.
A light sensor detects ambient light levels and can include photoresistors, photodiodes, or phototransistors. It works by measuring changes in electrical resistance, voltage, or current caused by exposure to light. Light sensors have a wide range of applications including in street lights, cameras, alarms, and automatic lighting controls.
This document discusses infrared radiation and infrared temperature measurement. It begins with an introduction to infrared radiation and its uses. It then covers the history of infrared detectors and their development. It describes the measurement principle for infrared temperature measurement, discussing Wien's displacement law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, and Kirchoff's law. It outlines different types of infrared sensors and concludes that the infrared industry is transitioning to enable mass production and detection of cold targets at long ranges.
Leakage current is the flow of non-functional current from live electrical parts of an instrument to accessible metal parts. It occurs due to the capacitance and resistance of insulation. There are three types of leakage current: enclosure, earth, and patient leakage currents, which describe the current path. Leakage currents are important to measure as part of safety testing and are divided based on their paths. Proper grounding is necessary to drain leakage currents safely away from patients to prevent electric shock.
Guided Wave Ultrasound - Principles and Apllicationssubash_j
This presentation provides a general background on the principles and theory of guided wave ultrasound and its application to inspection of a wide range of structures and materials
This document discusses thermography testing as a non-destructive testing method. It describes how thermography detects infrared radiation emitted from all objects based on their temperature. Defects appear as temperature variations that can be visualized using thermal cameras. There are different thermography techniques including pulsed thermography, lock-in thermography, and vibrothermography. Pulsed thermography involves heating the material with a short pulse and observing defects. Thermography allows for rapid inspection of large areas and can detect defects like delaminations. While it is useful for many applications, it has limitations in penetrating deep within materials.
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) systems are no longer limited to laboratory applications. With the help of new electronics and software they are now widely used in industrial settings and inservice operations.
Nondestructive Testing (NDT) has evolved from being a “necessary evil” to being an essential source of competitive advantage. The right technique not only helps control the quality of the final product, but also provides valuable process control feedback to improve productivity, reduce cost, and increase the
efficiency of the welder. This is especially important in high-volume, continuous processing lines where a few minutes of bad production can result in significant losses.
In the last decade, powerful Ultrasonic EMAT technology has come of age with tremendous success, becoming the technique of choice for many applications.
Corrosion detection under pipe supports using EMAT Medium Range Guided WavesInnerspec Technologies
Corrosion detection under pipe supports is a recurrent problem in petrochemical and other process industries, with limited inspection alternatives due to the lack of immediate access to the corroded area. Long-Range UT (LRUT) has been used for years to inspect inaccessible areas but the large blind zone, limited resolution, and complex interpretation makes it difficult to field for this application.
EMAT-generated Medium-Range UT (MRUT) addresses these limitations and provides a robust and proven solution to the problem. EMAT is a non-contact technique that can generate guided waves without couplant or pressure, and permits scanning the part with a single tranducer on parts without surface preparation. Using a single Shear Horizontal and Lamb wave transducer, EMAT MRUT provides excellent near field resolution (no blind zone) and it can detect defects ten times
smaller than LRUT. EMAT MRUT is easy to field, and requires limited training.
Innerspec Technologies will present the MRUT technique with special focus on practical examples of their experience in the field.
Visit www.innerspec.com
This document discusses non-contact ultrasonic testing using electro magnetic acoustic transducers (EMAT). EMAT generates ultrasonic waves in a test object using electromagnetic induction rather than a transducer, allowing for dry inspection of parts without couplant. It has advantages over piezoelectric transducers like being unaffected by surface conditions but also limitations like requiring conductive materials and higher power. EMAT can generate various wave modes including ones difficult with piezoelectric transducers. The document provides an overview of EMAT principles and applications.
Final strip and sheet steel product is commonly inspected with great scrutiny to qualify material for high-end product requirements. Surface flaws such as slivers, cracks, laps, etc., disqualify these materials from being used in automotive and big box applications. Internal defects such as voids, cracks, laminations, porosity and segregation may remain undetectable with surface inspection methods as they have not yet manifested at the surface. These internal defects often propagate to the surface where ultimately they are detectable in the finished product stage in the form of slivers, blisters, etc., although remaining undetectable in the steel making, hot-rolling, pickling, cold rolling and subsequent finishing operations. Surface flaws are a key cause of down grading of finished product and a significant cost to the steel maker as all value added operations are complete before detection and down grading are possible.
In today’s competitive environment, it is key to maximize utilization of mill assets and to avoid adding value to material which can be known early in the manufacturing process to contain deleterious defects. Using proven methods of volumetric material inspection in two separate case studies, methods have been developed to allow the steel maker to identify poor material early in the process thus avoiding the value added processes on these materials and only processing materials which with a probability of final inspection passage.
1) The document discusses the differences between long range ultrasonic testing (LRUT) and medium range ultrasonic testing (MRUT) for inspecting pipelines. LRUT uses lower frequencies to inspect over longer distances, while MRUT uses higher frequencies to inspect shorter distances but with higher sensitivity.
2) It describes a new technique using MRUT with shear horizontal guided waves for circumferential scanning to inspect inaccessible areas like under pipe supports. This provides better detection and resolution than LRUT within close proximity to defects.
3) The new technique uses a magnetostrictive strip adhered around the pipe that is scanned by a single transducer scanner to perform circumferential inspections and complement LRUT for inspecting shorter
This document discusses ultrasonic testing (UT) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. It describes the principle, transducers, instrumentation, and applications of UT. Several types of transducers are covered, including contact, paint brush, angle beam, normal incidence shear wave, delay line, dual element, and immersion transducers. Advantages of UT include high penetrating power, sensitivity, and accuracy. Disadvantages include the need for experienced technicians and careful attention to prepare the surface and use couplants. The document also provides multiple choice questions regarding ultrasonic principles.
Smart Sound Processing for Defect Sizing in Pipelines Using EMAT Actuator Bas...Innerspec Technologies
Pipeline inspection is a topic of particular interest to the companies. Especially important is the defect sizing, which allows them to avoid subsequent costly repairs in their equipment. A solution for this issue is using ultrasonic waves sensed through Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT)
actuators. The main advantage of this technology is the absence of the need to have direct contact with the surface of the material under investigation, which must be a conductive one. Specifically interesting is the meander-line-coil based Lamb wave generation, since the directivity of the waves allows a study based in the circumferential wrap-around received signal. However, the variety of defect sizes changes the behavior of the signal when it passes through the pipeline. Because of that, it is necessary to apply advanced techniques based on Smart Sound Processing (SSP). These methods involve extracting useful information from the signals sensed with EMAT at different frequencies to obtain nonlinear estimations of the depth of the defect, and to select the features that better estimate the profile of the pipeline. The proposed technique has been tested using both simulated and real signals in steel pipelines, obtaining good results in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).
While research and development of Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) technology has been active for several decades, hardened production inspection system applications remain limited. Applications remain limited despite the several and distinct advantages and EMAT probe can have over conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic devices.
In addition to being comparable in ultrasonic wave mode generation and sensitivity, under proper design, an EMAT probe offers the following advantages for the production minded engineer: (1) no fluid couplant is required, (2) the test can be non-contact, (3) works on rough, dirty, and hot surfaces, (4) can be operated at very high scan rates, (5) easy to automate, and (6) capable of generating useful waves modes that are difficult to generate with piezoelectric devices. Basic elements of an EMAT system are explained and a comparison to conventional piezoelectric devices is made. By using real application cases, the benefits of EMATs are demonstrated. These real cases include: (1) flash butt-weld inspection, (2) mill roll inspection, (3) automotive laser weld inspection, and (4) tube & pipe inspection.
Welding is a process that joins two metals or nonmetals by causing coalescence and with or without the addition of filler material. There are two main types of welding: pressure welding, which occurs under pressure with or without heat, and fusion welding, where the materials are joined in a molten state with an external heat source and sometimes filler. Common fusion welding methods include shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, and gas tungsten arc welding. Non-destructive testing methods like radiography, ultrasonic testing, and magnetic particle inspection are used to inspect welds for defects without damaging the material.
IRJET- Wave Ultrasonic Testing and how to Improve its Characteristics by Vary...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of wave ultrasonic testing and how varying operational parameters can improve its characteristics. It discusses how guided wave testing using low frequencies below 100 kHz can be used to inspect pipes over long distances for corrosion detection. Commercial systems have been developed that use arrays of piezoelectric transducers to generate and control axially symmetric modes to identify non-symmetric features indicating defects. Varying the test frequency affects sensitivity, resolution, and range, with lower frequencies providing longer ranges but reduced resolution.
The document discusses various advanced non-destructive testing methods. It defines non-destructive testing and lists common NDT methods. It then describes several advanced NDT methods in more detail, including automated ultrasonic testing, phased array ultrasonics testing, time of flight diffraction, magnetic flux leakage testing, alternative current field measurement, and acoustic pulse reflectometry. The advanced methods provide more accurate inspections with improved detection capabilities compared to conventional NDT techniques.
This document discusses using shear horizontal (SH) ultrasound waves generated by periodic permanent magnet electromagnetic acoustic transducers (PPM EMATs) to detect defects in austenitic welds. SH waves are less affected by beam steering and attenuation in anisotropic welds compared to compression or shear vertical waves. Experimental results showed PPM EMAT generated SH waves had higher sensitivity than a piezoelectric phased array for detecting defects in a stainless steel weld, identifying all defects from every side of the weld. Full matrix capture and total focusing method signal processing was also used with the piezoelectric array for comparison purposes.
In this article from the January 2015 World Pipelines edition, Andre Lamarre, Business Development Manager - Power Generation and Pipeline Markets at Olympus NDT, writes about trusted UT inspection methods and new technique developments used to contribute to pipeline integrity.
More on Olympus ultrasonic flaw detectors: http://bit.ly/1zy3QUu
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Electric Resistance Weld (ERW) tubes and pipes are extensively used un many applications including Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) and high quality structures. Efficient in-line nondestructive testing techniques are needed to ensure that the weld quality meets applications standards.
This document discusses various non-destructive testing methods used for structural testing, including the Schmidt rebound hammer test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, ultrasonic pulse echo test, and impact echo method. The Schmidt rebound hammer test uses a spring-loaded hammer to test the hardness and compressive strength of concrete surfaces. The ultrasonic pulse velocity test measures the speed of ultrasonic pulses traveling through a material. Ultrasonic pulse echo uses ultrasonic pulses and wave reflection analysis to detect and characterize flaws within a material. The impact echo method uses stress waves generated by impact to detect flaws and measure thicknesses by analyzing surface displacement frequency spectra.
Common and Differential Mode Noise AC FilteringNick Stephen
Common and differential mode noise AC filtering
This document discusses noise filtering for AC power supplies. It notes that miniaturization is an important design goal and that noise filtering using chokes is required to meet EMI regulations. The webinar will show how the new KEMET SSRH7H and HS series components can help reduce size and weight while maintaining or improving filtering performance through their magnetic materials and winding technologies. It will also guide attendees on choosing the right magnetic filter and compare components with different permeabilities.
The document discusses advancements in EMAT (electromagnetic acoustic transducer) ultrasonic technology. Key advancements include optimization of coil and sensor design through proprietary software modeling of beam profiles, eddy currents, and wave mechanics. This allows for customization of sensors for applications and eliminates trial and error. Additional improvements involve guided wave analysis tools, signal conditioning techniques like filtering and advanced processing, thermal modeling, and high power pulser and receiver designs. Overall the document outlines how modeling, software tools, and electronics design have helped address historical issues with EMAT technology like low efficiency and overcome disadvantages through enhanced capabilities.
L35 phased array ultrasound & time of flight diffractionkarthi keyan
This document discusses ultrasonic testing (UT) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. It provides details on phased array ultrasound and time of flight diffraction UT methods. Phased array UT uses multiple independently controlled transducer elements to inspect complex geometries quickly and repeatably. Time of flight diffraction UT uses two probes on opposite sides of a weld to detect flaws by measuring the diffraction of ultrasound pulses off crack tips. The document also lists advantages and applications of these advanced UT methods for nondestructive testing in various industries. It presents multiple choice questions related to UT probe materials, high temperature UT, and acoustic impedance definitions.
Magnetic flux leakage testing uses magnetic sensors to detect defects in ferromagnetic materials like pipelines and storage tanks. It works by magnetizing the material and then detecting deviations in the magnetic field caused by defects, which produce magnetic flux leakage. The detected signals are analyzed to determine the status of any defects present. It is effective for finding wall loss, pitting, grooving, and circumferential cracks. While useful, it has limitations in sizing defects and detecting axial cracks.
Similar to Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducers (20)
Enhancement in NDT inspection for operational effectiveness, efficiency and e...Innerspec Technologies
We intend to show that any change shall be linked, not only to improvement, but also to immediate cost reduction so that all management structure can conceive quick implementation as
part of its department strategy & enhancement in their budget cost.
For that, concepts such as effectiveness, efficiency and excellence must be approached. We will give clear saving cost ways which will follow the terminology.
In Financial terms and without a deep analysis, we can conrm cost savings above 30% from current prices are achieved.
In last meeting in Davos (Switzerland) in January, the World Economic Forum, expressed its decision to expand investments in green energy. Many new projects are going to be present in the next years.
It is expected a erce competition among companies to be awarded with contracts that will secure their businesses. Some companies have been leading the renewable market for years and they have built a substantial moat which place them in an invaluable position in the market. However, though a good start point, it is not unwavering.
It is time for them to start looking forward and push everyone around to join the industry trend 4.0 also enforced by the Forum. Moving in the right direction will end the controversy of Quality Vs. Production which has dragged down many projects damaging company's image.
Application of conventional NDT methods to supervise the quality has been burdening progress. Production department has been reticent to implement advanced NDT techniques based on wrong concepts.
It is time for NDT companies to look at the industry in the right way, showing that there is a way to work for all. Just by moving forward.
In the next lines, we will try to show and explain that NDT industry must lead the progress introducing FEA analysis in their reports if they want to join all stakeholders around project success.
The document describes the development of an improved ultrasonic testing system called the Rollmate G3 for inspecting mill rolls. The new system was designed to address limitations of previous eddy current inspection methods and to reliably detect all types of surface and subsurface defects in rolls. It incorporates 20 ultrasonic inspection channels covering multiple orientations to optimize detection of defects regardless of orientation. Extensive testing on rolls with natural and artificial defects demonstrated it can find flaws that previous methods missed. The new Rollmate G3 system is aimed to provide comprehensive roll inspection for mills without compromises on capability.
The objective of this paper is to study how the selection of the coil and the frequency affects the received modes in
guided Lamb waves, with the objective of analyzing the best configuration for determining the depth of a given
defect in a metallic pipe with the minimum error. Studies of the size of the damages with all the extracted
parameters are then used to propose estimators of the residual thickness, considering amplitude and phase
information in one or several modes. Results demonstrate the suitability of the proposal, improving the estimation of
the residual thickness when two simultaneous modes are used, as well as the range of possibilities that the coil and
frequency selection offers.
Sistema de inspección híbrido EMAT-Visión para optimar el proceso de fabricac...Innerspec Technologies
Uno de los principales retos a los que se enfrenta la industria del automóvil es la reducción del peso de partes estructurales, sin que esto afecte a la seguridad del producto final. La fabricación de Tailor Welded Blanks (TWB) en la industria del automóvil es un proceso avanzado que consiste en combinar varias chapas finas de metal que son soldadas mediante tecnología láser antes del proceso de estampado. Aunque la inspección de TWB suele llevarse a cabo mediante la tecnología EMAT, ésta presenta ciertas limitaciones a la hora de identificar defectos superficiales tales como el desalineamiento lateral y vertical de una chapa respecto a otra. Con el fin de
afrontar esta limitación, los fabricantes inspeccionan las chapas con un equipo adicional de visión artificial que complementa los resultados del equipo EMAT. Este artículo presenta el nuevo sistema de inspección OPTIBLANKS, que es el primer equipo híbrido que combina EMAT y visión artificial para establecer un criterio de aceptación/rechazo unificado a través de la combinación de la información proporcionada por ambas tecnologías no destructivas. Esta hibridación dota al sistema final de más inteligencia, lo que le permite tomar decisiones más robustas y optimizar el proceso de fabricación y la calidad del producto final. El artículo presenta los resultados del proceso de validación de OPTIBLANKS en una planta de fabricación de TWB (Gestamp Solblank). Los resultados muestran la necesidad de combinar la información de las dos técnicas para incrementar la probabilidad de detección (POD) del sistema de inspección.
Detección de delaminaciones y otros defectos de unión en productos de acero m...Innerspec Technologies
Ondas guiadas superficiales (Rayleigh) y tipo Lamb fueron usadas para la detección de delaminaciones, residuos de acero embebidos en la matriz del material y problemas de adherencia de la frágil capa intermetálica de Al-Fe en la interfaz formada por el aluminio revestido y el acero generados durante el
proceso de laminación en frío “Cold Roll Bonding” (CRB). Se fabricaron muestras multicapa con defectos artificiales de distintos tamaños, localizados entre el aluminio recubierto y el acero. El objetivo de este manuscrito es mostrar la sensibilidad de las ondas guiadas EMAT para indicar cualitativamente
la presencia de defectos, utilizando para ello técnicas de atenuación de la señal adquirida. Para la generación y recepción de las ondas guiadas se usaron transductores acústico-electromagnéticos (EMAT) dispuestos en configuración pitch-catch (transmisión-recepción). La toma de medidas se llevó a cabo en el material laminado antes y después de aplicar el recocido, de forma que se pudieran evaluar las diferencias que el tratamiento térmico provocaba en términos de atenuación y de relación señal-ruido (SNR). El modo S0 de onda Lamb se demostró adecuado para la detección de delaminaciones y residuos de acero embebidos en la matriz
del material, existiendo una relación entre el grado
de atenuación y, el tipo y tamaño de defecto, así
como con la realización del recocido. Sin embargo
dicho modo no pudo detectar falta de adherencia
de la frágil capa intermetálica de Al-Fe debido a los
espesores de la capa de aluminio recubierto y del
acero. Secciones de las muestras inspeccionadas
con EMAT fueron posteriormente evaluadas metalográficamente para corroborar las indicaciones de
defecto. Los resultados demostraron la viabilidad del uso de ondas guiadas Rayleigh y Lamb para la detección de defectos de unión en la producción en serie de planchas bimetálicas de Al-Sn/Acero.
The United States consumes an incredible amount of energy every day, and this demand for energy shows no signs of decreasing. The U.S. pipeline infrastructure is critical to supporting this growing demand. We take a look at this infrastructure and break down some of the facts including age, material, miles and production.
To learn more about energy production in the U.S. visit the U.S. Energy Information Administration or contact one of our oil & gas sales engineers.
Austenitic welds are extensively used in nuclear, petrochemical and process industries. Due to the strong material anisotropy and coarse grain size in the dendritic weld zone, they are difficult to inspect with ultrasound. In this regard, the shear horizontal (SH) wave mode is far superior to the more conventional shear vertical (SV) and longitudinal wave modes. In this paper, an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is designed and used for the inspection of two austenitic weld samples. Despite the low efficiency of EMAT generation due to low conductivity of austenitic stainless steel material and strong attenuation in the weld zone, good signal to noise ratio is achieved with optimized EMAT probes and state-of-the-art instrumentation. The angle beam EMAT probe successfully detected all defects in the samples with good signal to noise ratio including a 2% defect.
The capability of detection a defect across a 2’’ inch thick and 2’’ wide austenitic weld zone is also demonstrated in the paper.
In the fall of 2002, a revolutionary method by which to inspect mill rolls was introduced to the metal producing industry. This ultrasonic approach was designed to overcome the inadequacies of existing inspection techniques while
maximising return on investment. Since then, a number of improvements have been made, and with input from many
roll shops, the latest technologies provide the most comprehensive tool available for the inspection of all types of mill rolls. This paper provides an overview of mill roll
inspection technology and the effects that various inspection technologies can have on the efficiency and costs associated with operating a roll shop. It will also highlight how new techniques provide alternatives otherwise not available.
Clad metals are composite metal containing two or more layers that have been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by rolling, extrusion, welding, diffusion bonding, casting, heavy chemical deposition, or heavy electroplating. Clad metals offer the opportunity to combine desirable properties and/or characteristics of individual metals and alloys into a material "system" that provides improved characteristics over the individual metals. In the event the bond quality is compromised, these materials will not meet their original purpose. Disbond in clad layers is very similar to an internal void in single layer materials such as steel strip material.
This document discusses a study on using guided wave electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) techniques to inspect three-layered clad coin stock materials for delamination. The study involved:
1. Developing guided wave dispersion curves for the intact three-layer structure and for delaminated substructures.
2. Modeling guided wave propagation and interaction with laminations using finite element analysis.
3. Testing an EMAT inspection system installed on a coin stock production line, which successfully detected disbonds.
4. Verifying the guided wave modeling through destructive and offline nondestructive testing techniques.
Ultrasonic guided wave techniques have great potential for structural health monitoring applications. Appropriate mode and frequency selection is the basis for achieving optimised damage monitoring performance.
In this paper, several important guided wave mode attributes are
introduced in addition to the commonly used phase velocity and group velocity dispersion curves while using the general corrosion problem as an example. We first derive a simple and generic wave excitability function based on the theory of normal mode expansion and the reciprocity theorem. A sensitivity dispersion curve is formulated based on the group velocity dispersion curve. Both excitability and sensitivity dispersion curves are verified with finite element simulations. Finally, a
goodness dispersion curve concept is introduced to evaluate the tradeoffs between multiple mode selection objectives based on the wave velocity, excitability and sensitivity.
Austenitic welds are widely used in nuclear, petrochemical and process industries. The strong material anisotropy and coarse grain structure in the dendritic weld zone makes these welds very difficult to inspect with conventional techniques. It is well-known that the shear horizontal (SH) wave is well-suited for this inspection and that electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is the best technique for generating this wave mode, but the lack of equipment has precluded its application in the field. This paper presents the development of one channel and phased array EMAT systems and results from tests conducted on samples provided by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The results show the potential of this new equipment
for austenitic weld inspection, which opens up new possibilities for research and field use.
In metallurgy, cladding refers to the bonding together of dissimilar metals, normally achieved by extruding two or more metals through a die or pressing sheets together under high pressure. Timely detection of delamination that occurs occasionally during the cladding processes is very important for the industry. This paper presents an EMAT system based on ultrasonic guided wave techniques. The analysis of a three-layer, brass/copper/brass product is also presented including dispersion curves, and interaction of ultrasonic guided wave with delamination defects. The authors observed a cyclic behavior of guided wave propagation with the increase of defect size. An explanation is introduced and proved with finite element analysis. The results presented in this paper will have a very significant impact on understanding of delamination detection in multilayered composite structures including adhesive bonded structures.
Camera Encoded Phased Array for Semi-Automated Inspection of Complex Composit...Innerspec Technologies
This paper introduces a new wireless solution that permits performing accurate and traceable ultrasonic scans of components with complex geometries using a hand-held scanner. The system integrates an array of 3D cameras that track the position of the hand of the inspector with a high-performance PAUT instrument to provide accurate, highresolution C-Scans on any component. This paper provides results of hand-held scans on complex composite parts,
and explores how the solution compares with traditional semi-automatic and automatic systems in terms of setup, ease-of-use, performance, productivity, and cost.
Handheld Solution for Measurement of Residual Stresses on Railway Wheels usin...Innerspec Technologies
The braking process used on railroad cars is known to create tensile stresses in the circumferential direction due to the thermal expansion and subsequent cooling of the wheel rim. This tensile stress can significantly accelerate the growth of small cracks on the rolling surface which can cause a spall or catastrophic failure
of the wheel under load. By periodically evaluating the tensile stress, railroad companies can prevent wheel failures and derailments that can be extremely dangerous and costly. Innerspec Technologies has developed the first, portable, battery-operated handheld instrument that can be used to provide rail-side inspections and facilitate operation in any environment. The instrument is coupled with a proprietary, patent-pending, dual-channel sensor that does not need to be rotated during inspection thus simplifying the operation, increasing the reliability and accuracy of results, and reducing complexity and inspection cycle time.
Inspección bajo soportes mediante ondas guiadas generadas por EMATInnerspec Technologies
Las ondas guiadas de medio alcance generadas por EMAT están creciendo en popularidad gracias a las ventajas técnicas y económicas que ofrecen para la rápida evaluación del estado de tuberías y tanques, así como para la inspección bajo soportes y en otras zonas inaccesibles.
Las ondas guiadas transversales horizontales generadas por EMAT son la mejor opción para la inspección bajo soportes y refuerzos soldados por estar menos afectadas por factores externos, como la presencia de soldaduras.
Innerspec Technologies ha desarrollado un nuevo sensor magnetostrictivo que aprovecha al máximo las ventajas ofrecidas por las ondas guiadas SH y solventa las limitaciones observadas en los sensores SH con imanes permanentes.
Visit www.innerspec.com
Inspeccion bajo soportes con ondas guiadas transversales horizontales generad...Innerspec Technologies
La detección de corrosión bajo soportes o camisas de refuerzo en tuberías es actualmente un proceso problemático debido a la carencia de técnicas de ensayos no destructivos capaces de detectar las zonas defectuosas. Las ondas guiadas de medio alcance de ultrasonidos generadas por EMAT se presentan como una solución a este problema, ya que permiten llegar a zonas inaccesibles y aprovechan todas las ventajas de esta tecnología, que se basan en el hecho de que los ultrasonidos EMAT se originan directamente en el material a inspeccionar, de modo que no se requiere acoplante y se puede trabajar a
mayores temperaturas con piezas pintadas, recubiertas y sin necesidad de una limpieza previa. Innerspec Technologies presentará la técnica de las ondas guiadas de medio alcance y se centrará en el trabajo con las ondas guiadas transversales horizontales para la detección de corrosión bajo soportes en
tuberías en refinerías, petroquímicas y otras industrias.
www.innerspec.com
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducers
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Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducers
From the R&D Lab to the Field
1. Introduction to Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT)
Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) technology was developed in the 80s as a non-contact, dry-
inspection alternative to piezoelectric transducers. Initially confined to laboratories and high-end
applications, it has experienced growing popularity with the advent of more powerful equipment and greater
understanding of its capabilities.
While the sound in piezoelectric transducers is generated in the probe and transmitted into the part through
the couplant, an EMAT induces ultrasonic waves into a test object with two interacting magnetic fields. A
relatively high frequency (RF) field generated by electrical coils interacts with a low frequency or static field
generated by magnets to generate a Lorentz force in a manner similar to an electric motor. This
disturbance is transferred to the lattice of the material, producing an elastic wave.
In a reciprocal process, the interaction of elastic waves in the presence of a magnetic field induces currents
in the receiving EMAT coil circuit. For ferromagnetic conductors, magnetostriction produces additional
stresses that enhance the signals to much higher levels than could be obtained by the Lorentz force alone.
Various types of waves can be generated using different combinations of RF Coils and Magnets.
Because the sound is generated in the part inspected instead of the transducer, EMATs have the following
advantages over more conventional piezoelectric transducers:
• Dry inspection. EMATs do not require couplant for transmitting sound, which makes them very well
suited for inspection of hot parts, and integration in automated environments.
• Impervious to surface conditions. EMATs can inspect through coatings and are not affected by
pollutants, oxidation or roughness.
• Easier probe deployment. Not having wedges or couplant, Snell’s law of refraction does not apply,
and the angle of the probe does not affect the direction of propagation. This makes them easier to
control and deploy, especially in automated environments. Flexible coils also provide better
compliancy when inspecting curved surfaces.
• Ability to generate unique wave modes. EMATs are the only practical means for generating shear
waves with horizontal polarization (SH waves), which do not travel through low-density couplants.
The ability to easily produce Guided SH waves and lamb waves make EMAT ideal for generation of
guided waves, used in the inspection of plates, tubes and rounds.
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As with all nondestructive techniques, EMAT also has some restrictions that limit their suitability for certain
applications:
• Restricted to conductive materials. In order to transmit the energy into the part, the material needs
to conduct electricity so it is mostly restricted to metals.
• Transducer inefficiency. EMAT requires very high power and very precise electronic designs to
generate and detect the signals. These disadvantages are becoming less relevant with new
electronic and software tools that enhance complex signal processing in real time.
• Large transducers. EMAT transducers are relatively large compared to piezoelectric crystals, so
they are more difficult to deploy in tight spaces.
• Inability to delay the signal. Because the sound is generated in the part, there is no possibility to
use delay-lines or water columns.
2. Wave Modes
EMAT is capable of generating all wave modes used in ultrasonic testing, including some modes that are
very difficult or impractical with conventional piezoelectric transducers.
The table below provides a summary guide of the type of wave and technique available for different
applications.
Bulk/Guided
Beam
Orientation
Wave
Mode
Technique
Main
Applications
Bulk
Normal
Longitudinal
Piezo
EMAT
- Thickness and Velocity
Measurements
- Flaw Detection
- Properties MeasurementShear
Horizontal
EMAT1
Angled
Shear
Vertical
Piezo
EMAT
- Flaw Detection
Shear
Horizontal
EMAT1
- Flaw Detection,
including austenitic
materials
Guided
Surface Rayleigh
Piezo
EMAT2 - Flaw Detection (surface)
Volumetric
Lamb
Piezo
EMAT2
- Flaw (including
Corrosion) Detection
- Velocity and Properties
Measurements
Shear
Horizontal
EMAT1
- Flaw (including
Corrosion) Detection
- Velocity and Properties
Measurements
1 Generation restricted to EMAT for practical purposes
2 Especially well suited for generation with EMAT
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3. EMAT Capabilities
We can divide ultrasonic applications in three broad categories:
• Bulk, Normal Beam (zero degree incident angle) with Shear Horizontal and Longitudinal Waves.
• Bulk, Angled Beam Single Channel and Phased Array
• Guided Wave, Surface and Volumetric
Even though it is still an ultrasonic technique, EMAT has unique features that differentiate them from other
technologies.
3.1. Normal (zero degree) Beam
The direction of propagation of sound is perpendicular to the entry wall
(parallel to the surface). The sensor configuration can be either pulse-echo
(transmitter=receiver) or pitch-catch (transmitter ≠ receiver). The
technique is widely used for thickness measurement, detection of corrosion
and erosion, flaw detection, acoustic velocity and properties measurement.
EMAT Uniqueness
• Dry and non-contact. Practical working distance from the coil to
the part (lift-off) is usually between 0-3mm. Greater lift-off can be
achieved (up to 10mm in laboratory settings), depending on
material, equipment and type of inspection. Ideal for automated
and hot environments.
• Not affected by surface conditions (coatings, oil, oxide).
• Maintains readings even when the probe face is not parallel to the part. The only restriction in
coil/sensor angle is that derived from the loss of signal due to lift-off, so depending on the
application the coil/sensor can be angled as much as 30º from the part and still obtain good signals.
• Capable of generating Shear wave energy (Shear Horizontal). Shear waves have approximately
half the velocity of Longitudinal waves providing better time resolution (especially important for
defects next to walls). Shear waves are also is capable of detecting defects perfectly perpendicular
to the direction of sound, and attenuate less than Longitudinal waves. Longitudinal waves are more
difficult to generate, especially in magnetic materials.
• Ability to select the direction of polarization when using Racetrack or Butterfly style coils (see RF
Coil section).
• Because EMAT by definition cannot use a delay line (or water column), there is a dead zone of
approximately 4µs (equivalent to around 6mm of material). This dead zone can be circumvented
when parallel walls are present by relying on the 2nd bounce from the wall to perform the inspection.
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3.2. Angled Beam
The direction of propagation is at an angle from the entry wall. The sensor
configuration can be either pulse-echo (transmitter=receiver) or pitch-catch
(transmitter ≠ receiver).
EMAT Uniqueness
• Dry and non-contact. Up to 2.5mm lift-off depending on application
and frequency used, although most applications require to be in
very close proximity. Ideal for automated and hot environments.
• Not affected by surface conditions (coatings, oil, oxide). Capable
of inspecting on severely pitted surfaces.
• While Angled Beam Shear Vertical energy is easy to generate
using refracting angles on piezoelectric transducers (PZT), Shear
Horizontal Angled Beams do not travel through low-density
couplants so they are difficult to generate and excluded from
applications that require scanning of the probe.
• The polarity of the energy (vertical Vs horizontal) is important since
shear waves do not mode convert when striking surfaces that are
parallel to the direction of polarization thus Shear Horizontal waves
are especially well suited for inspection of austenitic welds and
other materials with dendritic grain structures.
• Inspection at temperatures of up to 400ºF (200ºC).
3.3. Guided Waves
The direction of propagation is parallel to the entry wall and within the
boundaries of the top and bottom walls (or the cylinder when generated in a
round component). Guided Waves have different motion distribution
depending on the geometry and characteristics of the material that “guides”
the sound. The introduction of boundary conditions make guided wave
problems inherently more difficult than bulk waves. Unlike the finite number
of modes present in a bulk wave problem, there are generally an infinite
number of modes associated with a given guided wave problem. That is, a
finite body can support an infinite number of different guided wave modes.
The applications for Guided Waves are numerous and keep growing in
number and acceptance. It is widely used now for weld inspection (short range guided waves), volumetric
inspection of thin materials, and inspection of tubes (long range guided waves).
EMAT Uniqueness
• Dry and non-contact (up to 2.5mm lift-off depending on frequency and type of application).
• Provides coverage of very large areas with a limited number of sensors. Ideal for automated
environments.
• Not affected by surface conditions (coatings, oil, oxide).
• Ability to normalize the signal for automatic and continuous self-calibration.
• Less sensitive to probe positioning. Especially well suited for automated weld inspection.
• Ability to concentrate the energy on the outside boundaries or center of the material to be more or
less sensitive to surface or internal defects (e.g. to avoid or ignore root and crown in weld
inspection).
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4. Commercial Applications
Applications of EMAT technology increase every year as the equipment becomes more powerful and
affordable. The most relevant applications as of today include:
4.1. Inspection of Thin Welds Using Guided Waves.
Weld inspection with piezoelectric transducers is performed using shear vertical waves generated from
refraction of a longitudinal wave. The sound generated in the piezoelectric sensor travels through a layer of
water which serves both to couple the transducer to the part for sound transmission, and to change the
angle of the original longitudinal wave to allow the generation of the shear wave.
The shear wave energy generated in this process is carefully directed to the bottom and top of the weld
using the “Half Skip/Full Skip Method” shown in Figure 4.
The positioning of the probe/s with regards to the weld is extremely important to provide an adequate
inspection. If these angles are properly maintained, the defects, when present, reflect sound back to the
sensor and are detected by the equipment. However, even a minor change in the position of the
transducers or the weld will result in a failed inspection. Even when the location of the weld is well known
and controlled, spurious reflections from the root and crown, and the difficulty in detecting planar defects in
the center of the weld are well-known limitations of this technique. Both manufacturers of equipment and
users have invested a lot of time and effort trying to ameliorate the situation. Some manufacturers have
used lasers, hall sensors and other means to track the location of the weld and adjust the ultrasonic
equipment on-the-fly to inspect the weld area.
The latest phased-array systems use tens of channels on both sides to compensate for weld movement.
These systems require very complex mechanics and electronics making them extremely costly to purchase
and maintain, require constant calibration, and still suffer from the limitations inherent to the technique itself.
Figure 4: ID/OD weld defect
detection using “half skip/Full skip”
method
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Inspection of thin welds using guided waves (SH and Lamb) has important benefits over the conventional
approach. Whereas piezoelectric transducers use a shear vertical wave, with an angle of incidence
between 30º and 60º from the perpendicular to the entry wall, an EMAT-generated guided wave fills up the
full volume of the material and permits inspection of the full weld in one pass.
Figure 6:
Advantages of Guided Waves for Thin Weld Inspection
• Guided waves fill the volume of the material independent of thickness enabling inspection of the entire
weld
• Capable of detecting all the structural defects in the weld (lack of fusion, lack of penetration, mismatch,
concavity, porosity, pinholes, cracks…) with greater reliability than angled beams and at very high
speeds
• Less sensitive to probe positioning, making it easier to automate and integrate into production
• By selecting the appropriate wave mode and threshold level, root and crown reflections from poor flash
removal can be selectively ignored, thus making it less susceptible to false rejects
• In some cases, permits inspection of unscarfed welds
• Separate transmitter and receiver permits normalization of the signal for self- calibration
T R
EMAT
• Full thickness penetration
• No need for rastering motion
• Normalization of the signal
T R
EMAT
T R
EMAT
T R
EMAT
• Full thickness penetration
• No need for rastering motion
• Normalization of the signal
Figure 6: Comparison of angled beam and volumetric guided
wave methods for Weld inspection
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Existing Applications (the pictures might be too much, but here they are just in case).
Innerspec Technologies has already commercialized a number of in-line and in-service inspection systems
using this technology, including:
• Flash-Butt welds in steel coils. Flash-butt welders are commonly used in the steel industry to weld the
end of one coil to the beginning of the next one in continuous pickling operations. The temate®
Si-CJ is
designed to detect defects such as under and over trim, holes, overlap and other weld defects that
could cause a break in the line.
• Tailor Welded Blanks. Tailor Welded Blanks. Tailor Welded Blanks is a term used in the automotive
industry to describe thin sheets of metal (normally from 0.5mm to 2.5mm) of different thickness or
characteristics, that are welded together to improve the mechanical characteristics of the body panel
The temate®
Si-WB uses a proprietary sensor that detects surface and internal defects and
discriminates between "planar" defects such as lack of fusion, lack of penetration, concavity or
mismatch, and "point" defects such as holes and porosity.
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• Other Butt Welds. Innerspec Technologies has developed systems to inspect longitudinal Electric
Resistance Welds (with and without scarfing of the weld) in tubes, submerged arc welds in steel tanks,
laser welds in propeller shafts, electron-beam in uranium disks and several other applications using this
technique.
• Mash Welds (RSEW-MS). The temate®
Si-MW is designed for automated inspection of Mash Welds
(also known as lap welds) used extensively in the manufacture of steel containers, appliances and the
automobile industry.
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• Mash Welds in Coil Joining (RSEW-MS). The temate®
Si-MWC is designed for post-weld inspection of
Mash Seam Welds (lap welds) in Coil Joining Operations. The system integrates seamlessly with
automated welders used in galvanizing, annealing, and other finishing processes.
• Laser Lap Welds. The temate®
Si-LL is designed for inspection of laser lap welds which are
extensively used in the automobile industry.
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4.2. Volumetric Inspection Using Guided Waves
Guided Waves are also be used to inspect relatively thin structures (up to 12-15mm in thickness) with great
sensitivity and reliability.
Advantages of Guided Waves for Volumetric Inspection
• Guided waves fill the volume of the material independent of thickness enabling inspection of the entire
structure (plates, tubes, rods…)
• Capable of detecting defects in different orientations well as corrosion and erosion, which are difficult to
detect using conventional means
• Permits coverage of large areas using a limited number of transducers
• Works on single-material and laminated metallic composites
Existing Applications (the pictures might be too much, but here they are just in case).
• Ductile Iron Pipe. The temate®
Ti-DP is used for inspection of iron pipes used for conduction of water
and sewage in urban and suburban developments. Two sensors on top of the pipe send sound around
the circumference to detect any cracks in the axial direction. The system also includes a sensor to
provide a measurement of the thickness along the pipe.
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• High Pressure Cylinders. The temate®
Ti-HPC inspects high pressure cylinders using guided waves.
Especially indicated to detect defects near the bottom of the tank where the differences in thickness
make them very difficult to inspect with conventional angled beam systems.
• Pipelines. The temate®
Ti-P is used for detection of corrosion, erosion and defects in exposed
pipelines in the field. Circumferential and axial modes permit complete scanning of pipes up to 36” in
diameter at speeds of 4” per second (100mm/s), and detect defects in pipe supports, and other difficult
to reach areas.
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• Single and multilayered strip. The temate®
Pi-GW uses lamb waves to inspect single and multilayered
strip up to 15mm in thickness. The equipment uses reflection and/or attenuation and Time-Of-Flight
measurement techniques to detect surface and internal defects as small as 0.1mm in thickness. The
equipment is normally installed in-line as a process control tool in various manufacturing processes.
• Rod. The temate®
Ri uses encircling EMAT coils for internal and surface inspection of rods. By
sending sound along the rod, the temate®
Ri has been able to inspect rods traveling as fast as 60m/s in
casting lines.
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4.3. Volumetric Inspection Using 0º (Normal Beam) Bulk Waves
EMAT based normal beam inspection systems are used both for in-service and in-line applications because
of their ability to overcome unfavorable environments and material conditions.
Areas of Use for EMAT Normal Beam Systems
• Very hot or very cold materials or environments
• Installations or materials where water tanks or couplant delivery systems are not possible or
cumbersome
• Poor surface conditions of the material that impede use of conventional piezoelectric equipment
• Automated inspections
Existing Applications
• Plate. The temate®
Pi-NB is used for inspection of thick plate from 12mm to 200mm in thickness. It
meets all the quality standards including EN10160, ASTM A435 and ASTM A578
• I-Beams. The temate®
IB provides automated inspection of both flanges and web in forged I-beams
immediately after manufacture. The equipment is designed to inspect flanges as thick as 150mm, and
meet the ASTM A898 quality standard.
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• Billets. The temate®
SB is capable of detecting 2mm Flat-Bottom-Holes in square billets up to 150mm
in thickness and meeting MIL-STD-2154. Actuator adapts to +/- 3º squareness between billet faces,
+/- 5º of billet twist and 50mm of vertical and/or horizontal movement on 12 meters.
• Thickness Testing. The temate®
TG-IL is an in-line thickness measurement system capable of
measuring materials below 0ºC and up to 650ºC. The system can be used on strip, plates, slabs or
tubes in most factory environments.
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• Boiler Tube. The temate®
TG-IS(B) is designed for detecting wall loss, hydrogen damage and caustic
gouging in boiler tubes. The proprietary technique permits inspection of heavily pitted and corroded
tubes with minimum surface preparation.