Corrosion detection under pipe supports is a recurrent problem in petrochemical and other process industries, with limited inspection alternatives due to the lack of immediate access to the corroded area. Long-Range UT (LRUT) has been used for years to inspect inaccessible areas but the large blind zone, limited resolution, and complex interpretation makes it difficult to field for this application.
EMAT-generated Medium-Range UT (MRUT) addresses these limitations and provides a robust and proven solution to the problem. EMAT is a non-contact technique that can generate guided waves without couplant or pressure, and permits scanning the part with a single tranducer on parts without surface preparation. Using a single Shear Horizontal and Lamb wave transducer, EMAT MRUT provides excellent near field resolution (no blind zone) and it can detect defects ten times
smaller than LRUT. EMAT MRUT is easy to field, and requires limited training.
Innerspec Technologies will present the MRUT technique with special focus on practical examples of their experience in the field.
Visit www.innerspec.com
Smart Sound Processing for Defect Sizing in Pipelines Using EMAT Actuator Bas...Innerspec Technologies
Pipeline inspection is a topic of particular interest to the companies. Especially important is the defect sizing, which allows them to avoid subsequent costly repairs in their equipment. A solution for this issue is using ultrasonic waves sensed through Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT)
actuators. The main advantage of this technology is the absence of the need to have direct contact with the surface of the material under investigation, which must be a conductive one. Specifically interesting is the meander-line-coil based Lamb wave generation, since the directivity of the waves allows a study based in the circumferential wrap-around received signal. However, the variety of defect sizes changes the behavior of the signal when it passes through the pipeline. Because of that, it is necessary to apply advanced techniques based on Smart Sound Processing (SSP). These methods involve extracting useful information from the signals sensed with EMAT at different frequencies to obtain nonlinear estimations of the depth of the defect, and to select the features that better estimate the profile of the pipeline. The proposed technique has been tested using both simulated and real signals in steel pipelines, obtaining good results in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).
Smart Sound Processing for Defect Sizing in Pipelines Using EMAT Actuator Bas...Innerspec Technologies
Pipeline inspection is a topic of particular interest to the companies. Especially important is the defect sizing, which allows them to avoid subsequent costly repairs in their equipment. A solution for this issue is using ultrasonic waves sensed through Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT)
actuators. The main advantage of this technology is the absence of the need to have direct contact with the surface of the material under investigation, which must be a conductive one. Specifically interesting is the meander-line-coil based Lamb wave generation, since the directivity of the waves allows a study based in the circumferential wrap-around received signal. However, the variety of defect sizes changes the behavior of the signal when it passes through the pipeline. Because of that, it is necessary to apply advanced techniques based on Smart Sound Processing (SSP). These methods involve extracting useful information from the signals sensed with EMAT at different frequencies to obtain nonlinear estimations of the depth of the defect, and to select the features that better estimate the profile of the pipeline. The proposed technique has been tested using both simulated and real signals in steel pipelines, obtaining good results in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).
M4 ndt me 367 introductiontoultrasonictestingHareesh K
This presentation explains the basics of ultrasonic inspection.Different practical aspects and various types of techniques are explained detail in this module.
1.1 The aim of the experiment
The aim of the experiment is to test the usefulness of the ultrasonic waves, by passing them through different
solids one can find out a lot of physical properties like young’s modulus , defects, Poisson ratio, Velocity of
sound in respective material this is due to the response of the received ultrasonic waves.
1.2 Theory of experiment
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion.
Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.
Nondestructive Testing (NDT) has evolved from being a “necessary evil” to being an essential source of competitive advantage. The right technique not only helps control the quality of the final product, but also provides valuable process control feedback to improve productivity, reduce cost, and increase the
efficiency of the welder. This is especially important in high-volume, continuous processing lines where a few minutes of bad production can result in significant losses.
In the last decade, powerful Ultrasonic EMAT technology has come of age with tremendous success, becoming the technique of choice for many applications.
Electric Resistance Weld (ERW) tubes and pipes are extensively used un many applications including Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) and high quality structures. Efficient in-line nondestructive testing techniques are needed to ensure that the weld quality meets applications standards.
M4 ndt me 367 introductiontoultrasonictestingHareesh K
This presentation explains the basics of ultrasonic inspection.Different practical aspects and various types of techniques are explained detail in this module.
1.1 The aim of the experiment
The aim of the experiment is to test the usefulness of the ultrasonic waves, by passing them through different
solids one can find out a lot of physical properties like young’s modulus , defects, Poisson ratio, Velocity of
sound in respective material this is due to the response of the received ultrasonic waves.
1.2 Theory of experiment
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion.
Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.
Nondestructive Testing (NDT) has evolved from being a “necessary evil” to being an essential source of competitive advantage. The right technique not only helps control the quality of the final product, but also provides valuable process control feedback to improve productivity, reduce cost, and increase the
efficiency of the welder. This is especially important in high-volume, continuous processing lines where a few minutes of bad production can result in significant losses.
In the last decade, powerful Ultrasonic EMAT technology has come of age with tremendous success, becoming the technique of choice for many applications.
Electric Resistance Weld (ERW) tubes and pipes are extensively used un many applications including Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) and high quality structures. Efficient in-line nondestructive testing techniques are needed to ensure that the weld quality meets applications standards.
Handheld Solution for Measurement of Residual Stresses on Railway Wheels usin...Innerspec Technologies
The braking process used on railroad cars is known to create tensile stresses in the circumferential direction due to the thermal expansion and subsequent cooling of the wheel rim. This tensile stress can significantly accelerate the growth of small cracks on the rolling surface which can cause a spall or catastrophic failure
of the wheel under load. By periodically evaluating the tensile stress, railroad companies can prevent wheel failures and derailments that can be extremely dangerous and costly. Innerspec Technologies has developed the first, portable, battery-operated handheld instrument that can be used to provide rail-side inspections and facilitate operation in any environment. The instrument is coupled with a proprietary, patent-pending, dual-channel sensor that does not need to be rotated during inspection thus simplifying the operation, increasing the reliability and accuracy of results, and reducing complexity and inspection cycle time.
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) systems are no longer limited to laboratory applications. With the help of new electronics and software they are now widely used in industrial settings and inservice operations.
Austenitic welds are widely used in nuclear, petrochemical and process industries. The strong material anisotropy and coarse grain structure in the dendritic weld zone makes these welds very difficult to inspect with conventional techniques. It is well-known that the shear horizontal (SH) wave is well-suited for this inspection and that electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is the best technique for generating this wave mode, but the lack of equipment has precluded its application in the field. This paper presents the development of one channel and phased array EMAT systems and results from tests conducted on samples provided by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The results show the potential of this new equipment
for austenitic weld inspection, which opens up new possibilities for research and field use.
Austenitic welds are extensively used in nuclear, petrochemical and process industries. Due to the strong material anisotropy and coarse grain size in the dendritic weld zone, they are difficult to inspect with ultrasound. In this regard, the shear horizontal (SH) wave mode is far superior to the more conventional shear vertical (SV) and longitudinal wave modes. In this paper, an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is designed and used for the inspection of two austenitic weld samples. Despite the low efficiency of EMAT generation due to low conductivity of austenitic stainless steel material and strong attenuation in the weld zone, good signal to noise ratio is achieved with optimized EMAT probes and state-of-the-art instrumentation. The angle beam EMAT probe successfully detected all defects in the samples with good signal to noise ratio including a 2% defect.
The capability of detection a defect across a 2’’ inch thick and 2’’ wide austenitic weld zone is also demonstrated in the paper.
While research and development of Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) technology has been active for several decades, hardened production inspection system applications remain limited. Applications remain limited despite the several and distinct advantages and EMAT probe can have over conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic devices.
In addition to being comparable in ultrasonic wave mode generation and sensitivity, under proper design, an EMAT probe offers the following advantages for the production minded engineer: (1) no fluid couplant is required, (2) the test can be non-contact, (3) works on rough, dirty, and hot surfaces, (4) can be operated at very high scan rates, (5) easy to automate, and (6) capable of generating useful waves modes that are difficult to generate with piezoelectric devices. Basic elements of an EMAT system are explained and a comparison to conventional piezoelectric devices is made. By using real application cases, the benefits of EMATs are demonstrated. These real cases include: (1) flash butt-weld inspection, (2) mill roll inspection, (3) automotive laser weld inspection, and (4) tube & pipe inspection.
Guided Wave Ultrasound - Principles and Apllicationssubash_j
This presentation provides a general background on the principles and theory of guided wave ultrasound and its application to inspection of a wide range of structures and materials
The field of Non Destructive Testing (NDT) has shown tremendous growth in the last half century. Its ability to provide safe volumetric inspection of materials with limited access areas makes ultrasonic testing (UT) one of the fastest growing technique in NDT.
However, the Achilles heel of Ultrasonic Testing (UT) has always been the transferring of energy from the UT probe into the material subject of the inspection. Because air limits the transfer of ultrasound, the transducers need to be coupled to the material using a liquid that promotes the transfer of energy into the material.
In metallurgy, cladding refers to the bonding together of dissimilar metals, normally achieved by extruding two or more metals through a die or pressing sheets together under high pressure. Timely detection of delamination that occurs occasionally during the cladding processes is very important for the industry. This paper presents an EMAT system based on ultrasonic guided wave techniques. The analysis of a three-layer, brass/copper/brass product is also presented including dispersion curves, and interaction of ultrasonic guided wave with delamination defects. The authors observed a cyclic behavior of guided wave propagation with the increase of defect size. An explanation is introduced and proved with finite element analysis. The results presented in this paper will have a very significant impact on understanding of delamination detection in multilayered composite structures including adhesive bonded structures.
Life Detection Using Microwaves TechnologySai Spandana
One of my first attempts to make a presentation. This presentation is based on a Research Article titled "A MODERN MICROWAVE LIFE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR
HUMAN BEING BURIED UNDER RUBBLE" published in the International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies
Enhancement in NDT inspection for operational effectiveness, efficiency and e...Innerspec Technologies
We intend to show that any change shall be linked, not only to improvement, but also to immediate cost reduction so that all management structure can conceive quick implementation as
part of its department strategy & enhancement in their budget cost.
For that, concepts such as effectiveness, efficiency and excellence must be approached. We will give clear saving cost ways which will follow the terminology.
In Financial terms and without a deep analysis, we can conrm cost savings above 30% from current prices are achieved.
In last meeting in Davos (Switzerland) in January, the World Economic Forum, expressed its decision to expand investments in green energy. Many new projects are going to be present in the next years.
It is expected a erce competition among companies to be awarded with contracts that will secure their businesses. Some companies have been leading the renewable market for years and they have built a substantial moat which place them in an invaluable position in the market. However, though a good start point, it is not unwavering.
It is time for them to start looking forward and push everyone around to join the industry trend 4.0 also enforced by the Forum. Moving in the right direction will end the controversy of Quality Vs. Production which has dragged down many projects damaging company's image.
Application of conventional NDT methods to supervise the quality has been burdening progress. Production department has been reticent to implement advanced NDT techniques based on wrong concepts.
It is time for NDT companies to look at the industry in the right way, showing that there is a way to work for all. Just by moving forward.
In the next lines, we will try to show and explain that NDT industry must lead the progress introducing FEA analysis in their reports if they want to join all stakeholders around project success.
In the fall of 2002, Innerspec introduced and patented an Ultrasonic Testing (UT) inspection system for surface inspection of mill rolls. This novel approach was designed to overcome known limitations of Eddy Current (EC) systems.
In 2014, Whemco Steel Castings Inc., a leader in mill roll manufacturing and service, approached Innerspec Technologies to expand the original Rollmate design with more capabilities.
When challenged to develop a new generation of mill roll inspection systems, Innerspec embraced the task and sought to design a comprehensive solution using the best NDT techniques available for the task.
The system is fully designed and manufactured in the United States, and serviced and supported by Innerspec offices in the US, Mexico, Europe and China.
The objective of this paper is to study how the selection of the coil and the frequency affects the received modes in
guided Lamb waves, with the objective of analyzing the best configuration for determining the depth of a given
defect in a metallic pipe with the minimum error. Studies of the size of the damages with all the extracted
parameters are then used to propose estimators of the residual thickness, considering amplitude and phase
information in one or several modes. Results demonstrate the suitability of the proposal, improving the estimation of
the residual thickness when two simultaneous modes are used, as well as the range of possibilities that the coil and
frequency selection offers.
Sistema de inspección híbrido EMAT-Visión para optimar el proceso de fabricac...Innerspec Technologies
Uno de los principales retos a los que se enfrenta la industria del automóvil es la reducción del peso de partes estructurales, sin que esto afecte a la seguridad del producto final. La fabricación de Tailor Welded Blanks (TWB) en la industria del automóvil es un proceso avanzado que consiste en combinar varias chapas finas de metal que son soldadas mediante tecnología láser antes del proceso de estampado. Aunque la inspección de TWB suele llevarse a cabo mediante la tecnología EMAT, ésta presenta ciertas limitaciones a la hora de identificar defectos superficiales tales como el desalineamiento lateral y vertical de una chapa respecto a otra. Con el fin de
afrontar esta limitación, los fabricantes inspeccionan las chapas con un equipo adicional de visión artificial que complementa los resultados del equipo EMAT. Este artículo presenta el nuevo sistema de inspección OPTIBLANKS, que es el primer equipo híbrido que combina EMAT y visión artificial para establecer un criterio de aceptación/rechazo unificado a través de la combinación de la información proporcionada por ambas tecnologías no destructivas. Esta hibridación dota al sistema final de más inteligencia, lo que le permite tomar decisiones más robustas y optimizar el proceso de fabricación y la calidad del producto final. El artículo presenta los resultados del proceso de validación de OPTIBLANKS en una planta de fabricación de TWB (Gestamp Solblank). Los resultados muestran la necesidad de combinar la información de las dos técnicas para incrementar la probabilidad de detección (POD) del sistema de inspección.
Detección de delaminaciones y otros defectos de unión en productos de acero m...Innerspec Technologies
Ondas guiadas superficiales (Rayleigh) y tipo Lamb fueron usadas para la detección de delaminaciones, residuos de acero embebidos en la matriz del material y problemas de adherencia de la frágil capa intermetálica de Al-Fe en la interfaz formada por el aluminio revestido y el acero generados durante el
proceso de laminación en frío “Cold Roll Bonding” (CRB). Se fabricaron muestras multicapa con defectos artificiales de distintos tamaños, localizados entre el aluminio recubierto y el acero. El objetivo de este manuscrito es mostrar la sensibilidad de las ondas guiadas EMAT para indicar cualitativamente
la presencia de defectos, utilizando para ello técnicas de atenuación de la señal adquirida. Para la generación y recepción de las ondas guiadas se usaron transductores acústico-electromagnéticos (EMAT) dispuestos en configuración pitch-catch (transmisión-recepción). La toma de medidas se llevó a cabo en el material laminado antes y después de aplicar el recocido, de forma que se pudieran evaluar las diferencias que el tratamiento térmico provocaba en términos de atenuación y de relación señal-ruido (SNR). El modo S0 de onda Lamb se demostró adecuado para la detección de delaminaciones y residuos de acero embebidos en la matriz
del material, existiendo una relación entre el grado
de atenuación y, el tipo y tamaño de defecto, así
como con la realización del recocido. Sin embargo
dicho modo no pudo detectar falta de adherencia
de la frágil capa intermetálica de Al-Fe debido a los
espesores de la capa de aluminio recubierto y del
acero. Secciones de las muestras inspeccionadas
con EMAT fueron posteriormente evaluadas metalográficamente para corroborar las indicaciones de
defecto. Los resultados demostraron la viabilidad del uso de ondas guiadas Rayleigh y Lamb para la detección de defectos de unión en la producción en serie de planchas bimetálicas de Al-Sn/Acero.
Final strip and sheet steel product is commonly inspected with great scrutiny to qualify material for high-end product requirements. Surface flaws such as slivers, cracks, laps, etc., disqualify these materials from being used in automotive and big box applications. Internal defects such as voids, cracks, laminations, porosity and segregation may remain undetectable with surface inspection methods as they have not yet manifested at the surface. These internal defects often propagate to the surface where ultimately they are detectable in the finished product stage in the form of slivers, blisters, etc., although remaining undetectable in the steel making, hot-rolling, pickling, cold rolling and subsequent finishing operations. Surface flaws are a key cause of down grading of finished product and a significant cost to the steel maker as all value added operations are complete before detection and down grading are possible.
In today’s competitive environment, it is key to maximize utilization of mill assets and to avoid adding value to material which can be known early in the manufacturing process to contain deleterious defects. Using proven methods of volumetric material inspection in two separate case studies, methods have been developed to allow the steel maker to identify poor material early in the process thus avoiding the value added processes on these materials and only processing materials which with a probability of final inspection passage.
The United States consumes an incredible amount of energy every day, and this demand for energy shows no signs of decreasing. The U.S. pipeline infrastructure is critical to supporting this growing demand. We take a look at this infrastructure and break down some of the facts including age, material, miles and production.
To learn more about energy production in the U.S. visit the U.S. Energy Information Administration or contact one of our oil & gas sales engineers.
In the fall of 2002, a revolutionary method by which to inspect mill rolls was introduced to the metal producing industry. This ultrasonic approach was designed to overcome the inadequacies of existing inspection techniques while
maximising return on investment. Since then, a number of improvements have been made, and with input from many
roll shops, the latest technologies provide the most comprehensive tool available for the inspection of all types of mill rolls. This paper provides an overview of mill roll
inspection technology and the effects that various inspection technologies can have on the efficiency and costs associated with operating a roll shop. It will also highlight how new techniques provide alternatives otherwise not available.
Clad metals are composite metal containing two or more layers that have been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by rolling, extrusion, welding, diffusion bonding, casting, heavy chemical deposition, or heavy electroplating. Clad metals offer the opportunity to combine desirable properties and/or characteristics of individual metals and alloys into a material "system" that provides improved characteristics over the individual metals. In the event the bond quality is compromised, these materials will not meet their original purpose. Disbond in clad layers is very similar to an internal void in single layer materials such as steel strip material.
Clad metals are multilayered metals containing two or more layers that have been bonded together. This bonding can be accomplished by cold or hot rolling, extrusion, welding, diffusion bonding, casting, heavy chemical deposition, or heavy electroplating.
This paper introduces a new application of guided wave electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for the detection of delamination in a brass/copper/brass three-layered composite used for coin stock. In addition to detection, using finite element analysis and guided wave modal analysis, it was possible to model and explain the results for different discontinuity sizes and geometries.
Ultrasonic guided wave techniques have great potential for structural health monitoring applications. Appropriate mode and frequency selection is the basis for achieving optimised damage monitoring performance.
In this paper, several important guided wave mode attributes are
introduced in addition to the commonly used phase velocity and group velocity dispersion curves while using the general corrosion problem as an example. We first derive a simple and generic wave excitability function based on the theory of normal mode expansion and the reciprocity theorem. A sensitivity dispersion curve is formulated based on the group velocity dispersion curve. Both excitability and sensitivity dispersion curves are verified with finite element simulations. Finally, a
goodness dispersion curve concept is introduced to evaluate the tradeoffs between multiple mode selection objectives based on the wave velocity, excitability and sensitivity.
Camera Encoded Phased Array for Semi-Automated Inspection of Complex Composit...Innerspec Technologies
This paper introduces a new wireless solution that permits performing accurate and traceable ultrasonic scans of components with complex geometries using a hand-held scanner. The system integrates an array of 3D cameras that track the position of the hand of the inspector with a high-performance PAUT instrument to provide accurate, highresolution C-Scans on any component. This paper provides results of hand-held scans on complex composite parts,
and explores how the solution compares with traditional semi-automatic and automatic systems in terms of setup, ease-of-use, performance, productivity, and cost.
While an EMAT (Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer) in its simplest form is comprised of a magnet and an RF coil used to generate sound by electromagnetic induction in materials it is actually a rather complex system where each part of the sensor and instrumentation needs careful optimization for application specific performance. Historically EMAT inspection has suffered in widespread use because of a fundamental problem with the technology which is transducer inefficiency. EMAT requires very high power and very precise electronic designs to generate and
detect the signals.
EMAT, or Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer, is an Ultrasonic Testing (UT) technique that generates the sound in the part inspected instead of the transducer.
As a non-contact UT technique, EMAT has important advantages that make it the technique of choice for many applications.
Due to recent advances in hardware and software, a lot of its traditional challenges are being gradually overcome, and new solutions are developed every day.
EMAT Principles, Advantages and Disadvantages.
Visit www.innerspec.com
Inspección bajo soportes mediante ondas guiadas generadas por EMATInnerspec Technologies
Las ondas guiadas de medio alcance generadas por EMAT están creciendo en popularidad gracias a las ventajas técnicas y económicas que ofrecen para la rápida evaluación del estado de tuberías y tanques, así como para la inspección bajo soportes y en otras zonas inaccesibles.
Las ondas guiadas transversales horizontales generadas por EMAT son la mejor opción para la inspección bajo soportes y refuerzos soldados por estar menos afectadas por factores externos, como la presencia de soldaduras.
Innerspec Technologies ha desarrollado un nuevo sensor magnetostrictivo que aprovecha al máximo las ventajas ofrecidas por las ondas guiadas SH y solventa las limitaciones observadas en los sensores SH con imanes permanentes.
Visit www.innerspec.com
Inspeccion bajo soportes con ondas guiadas transversales horizontales generad...Innerspec Technologies
La detección de corrosión bajo soportes o camisas de refuerzo en tuberías es actualmente un proceso problemático debido a la carencia de técnicas de ensayos no destructivos capaces de detectar las zonas defectuosas. Las ondas guiadas de medio alcance de ultrasonidos generadas por EMAT se presentan como una solución a este problema, ya que permiten llegar a zonas inaccesibles y aprovechan todas las ventajas de esta tecnología, que se basan en el hecho de que los ultrasonidos EMAT se originan directamente en el material a inspeccionar, de modo que no se requiere acoplante y se puede trabajar a
mayores temperaturas con piezas pintadas, recubiertas y sin necesidad de una limpieza previa. Innerspec Technologies presentará la técnica de las ondas guiadas de medio alcance y se centrará en el trabajo con las ondas guiadas transversales horizontales para la detección de corrosión bajo soportes en
tuberías en refinerías, petroquímicas y otras industrias.
www.innerspec.com
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Corrosion detection under pipe supports using EMAT Medium Range Guided Waves
1. 19th
World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016
1
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/
Corrosion detection under pipe supports using EMAT
Medium Range Guided Waves
Victor GARCIA1
, Carlos BOYERO 1
, Jesus Antonio JIMENEZ GARRIDO 1
1
Innerspec Technologies Europe, S.L., Alcala de Henares (Madrid), Spain
Contact e-mail: europe@innerspec.com
Abstract. Corrosion detection under pipe supports is a recurrent problem in
petrochemical and other process industries, with limited inspection alternatives due
to the lack of immediate access to the corroded area. Long-Range UT (LRUT) has
been used for years to inspect inaccessible areas but the large blind zone, limited
resolution, and complex interpretation makes it difficult to field for this application.
EMAT-generated Medium-Range UT (MRUT) addresses these limitations and
provides a robust and proven solution to the problem. EMAT is a non-contact
technique that can generate guided waves without couplant or pressure, and permits
scanning the part with a single tranducer on parts without surface preparation. Using
a single Shear Horizontal and Lamb wave transducer, EMAT MRUT provides
excellent near field resolution (no blind zone) and it can detect defects ten times
smaller than LRUT. EMAT MRUT is easy to field, and requires limited training.
Innerspec Technologies will present the MRUT technique with special focus on
practical examples of their experience in the field.
1. Introduction
Wall-loss detection in pipes is one of the most common inspections due to the evident
danger for some industries. In some cases, the areas to be inspected are not accessible, such
as corrosion under pipe supports and buried areas, main zones in which the corrosion is
located.
The NDT options are limited in these situations. Recent methods based on ultrasonic time-
of-flight analysis have delivered positive outcomes, although they have still not proven to
be valid for their use in the field. Long Range UT guided waves (LRUT) at low
frequencies (≈ 50 kHz) are capable of detecting defects at distances up to 50-100 m, but
there is a large dead zone of around 3 meters, they cannot be used at high temperatures and
their performance with welded supports is very poor.
Medium Range guided waves (MRUT) use higher frequencies (0,1 – 1,5 MHz) that make
them more sensitive in terms of defect detection. MRUT guided waves can be either Lamb
or Shear Horizontal (SH), being the first type frequently used for pipe and tank inspection,
even when there are inaccessible areas such as under supports or semi-buried zones.
However, Lamb guided waves can be affected by the presence of external factors such as
liquids, coatings or welds.
More info about this article: http://ndt.net/?id=19237
2. 2
SH guided waves do not show mode conversion and the main wave mode SH0 is not
dispersive, which make these waves be less affected by the presence of welds in their path,
proving to be a suitable technique for the inspection of areas under supports.
2. Comparison between piezoelectric transducers and EMAT for ultrasound
generation
The use of the ultrasonic technique is very common in the inspection world with proved
reliability. The process that is most employed to generate the ultrasonic signal is to use
piezoelectric transducers which, even when they are highly efficient and versatile, need to
be coupled to the part to be inspected either with high pressure, forcing to perform a static
inspection, or through a liquid medium that limits the positioning and the inspection speed
and it might cause some interferences with the wave propagation.
EMAT is an ultrasonic technique that generates the sound within the part to be inspected
instead of doing it in the probe itself. An EMAT transducer induces ultrasonic waves in the
part with two different magnetic fields. A relatively high frequency field (RF field)
generated by coils interacts with a static or low frequency field generated by magnets,
creating a Lorentz force in a similar way to an electric motor [1]. This perturbation is the
cause of generation of the elastic wave.
Fig 1. Technology comparison between piezoelectric UT and EMAT
In a reciprocal process, the interaction of elastic waves in the presence of a magnetic field
induces currents in the receiving EMAT coil circuit. In ferromagnetic materials,
magnetostriction also induces additional forces that increase the signal to levels that could
not be reached only by the Lorentz effect. Several types of waves can be generated
combining different magnets and coils.
Because the sound is generated in the part inspected instead of the transducer, EMAT is a
non-contact technique that has the following advantages compared to piezoelectric
transducers:
Dry inspection. EMAT does not require any couplant gel for transmitting the sound,
which makes this technique very useful for inspections at low and high temperatures.
3. 3
Impervious to surface conditions. EMAT is capable of inspecting through coatings and
it is not affected by oxides, dust or roughness.
Easy probe deployment. Snell’s law is not applicable, therefore the probe angle does
not affect the direction of propagation. The use of wedges and couplant gel is not
necessary.
Capability of generating SH modes. EMAT is the most practical and effective technique
for generating shear waves with horizontal polarization without making use of pressure
or low density couplants.
Mode selection. The antenna-type construction of EMAT coils combined with a multi-
cycle excitation provide a high precision in the frequency domain. It also allows for
selecting accurately the wave of interest, which becomes essential when generating and
interpreting guided waves [2].
Fig 2. Configuration of coil and magnet used for generating shear horizontal guided waves
3. Guided waves
EMAT technology offers several options in terms of ultrasonic wave selection, including
guided waves. The advanced knowledge of these waves and latest improvements in
technology have promoted the use of guided waves in different applications that require a
volumetric inspection.
Unlike angled beam waves, guided waves are propagated along a part parallel to its surface.
The most common types of guided waves are Lamb and Shear Horizontal (SH), which fill
up the whole volume of the part, and surface waves (Rayleigh), which follow the shape of
the inspected specimen. Among the geometries that can be inspected with guided waves are
bars, pipes, plates and rails.
Fig 3. Configuration for axial inspection in a pipe with MRUT guided waves
4. 4
Rayleigh and Lamb waves make use of an elliptical pattern with both horizontal and
vertical particle displacement. However, while surface waves have most of their energy
focused on the superficial region with the same penetration depth as their wavelength,
Lamb modes allow for penetrating several wavelengths to perform a volumetric inspection
[3]. Both types of waves are capable of travelling long distances. However, due to their
vertical particle displacement they can be affected by the presence of liquids or coatings on
the borders of the specimen under inspection. Rayleigh and Lamb waves are frequently
used both for the inspection of products during the manufacturing process and for in-
service applications.
Shear waves are composed by particles whose displacement is perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation, with different polarization depending on the generation
mechanism. Piezoelectric transducers are based on the refraction of the longitudinal energy
to generate shear vertical waves, which are polarized at 90 degrees from the input angle.
Making use of high-pressure couplants or electromagnetic induction (EMAT) it is possible
to generate Shear Horizontal (SH) waves whose propagation is parallel to the input surface.
As guided waves, SH modes are, in some cases, the best option to inspect pipes and other
parts where liquids, flanges or coatings might be the cause of attenuations of other
ultrasonic waves.
3.1 Equations of guided waves
Although angles beam waves and guided waves are fundamentally different, both types are
governed by the same differential equations [4]. Mathematically the main difference
between them is that, for angled beam waves, there are no boundary conditions that the
proposed solution must comply. However, guided waves must satisfy both differential
equations and boundary conditions.
For Rayleigh and Lamb waves the frequency equations for symmetric modes are:
(1)
For asymmetric modes:
(2)
p and q values are obtained by:
and (3), (4)
Where k is:
⁄ (5)
5. 5
Phase velocity CP can be obtained from equations for shear waves, where d = 2h and ω =
2πf. The result is:
{
√
} (6)
When n=0 (symmetric mode SH0) then CP=CT, a less dispersive wave than shear wave CT.
The rest of SH modes (n≠ 0) are dispersive.
4. Under support inspection with EMAT. Case study.
To find a reliable NDT method for corrosion detection under supports without physically
lifting or removing them is still a pending issue. Several types of compensation pads and
supports are in use in the field, some of them welded to the pipes, this fact makes the
inspection be especially difficult due to the negative effects caused by the welds on the
results obtained by different techniques.
EMAT Medium Range guided waves are presented as a solution for this type of
inspections. As described in section 3, one of the main differences between Lamb and SH
guided waves is the displacement of the particle. While Lamb guided waves have both
vertical and horizontal components, SH guided waves are only displaced on the horizontal
plane. For this reason, SH waves are less affected by external factors including liquids,
coatings or welds.
Since non-welded supports do not cause severe signal attenuations, it is possible to inspect
these regions with Lamb guided waves. However, in welded supports or compensation
pads, ultrasonic energy attenuations and leakings into the support make this type of guided
waves be inappropriate for this application. For these cases SH guided waves are presented
as the most reliable solution, as the effects of welds and other external factors are
eliminated.
To prove this theory, different tests were performed utilizing SH probes with permanent
magnets on a 7 mm thick painted pipe containing 8 welded 300 mm squared patches. Under
these compensation pads there were natural corrosion defects of different known degrees of
severity, one of them covering a flawless area. [5]
The inspection was performed utilizing SH probes with permanent magnets making use of
pitch-catch configuration with a frequency of 500 kHz, positioning the transmitter and
receiver probes at each side of the welded patches at different spots. With this
configuration, the transmitter induces Shear Horizontal guided waves that travel to the
receiver probe located at the other side of the compensation pad. This probe measures the
intensity of the received ultrasonic waves. If discontinuities are present under the pad, the
amount of ultrasonic waves reaching the receiver will be reduced, with an existing
relationship between the signal amplitude drop and the severity of the defects.
6. 6
Fig 4. Transmitter and receiver probes located at both sides of a compensation pad
To check the effect that welds cause in the ultrasonic waves, two defect-free areas were
inspected, being one of them under a welded patch. In the bare area, the transmitter and
receiver probes were located at 300 mm one from each other. Once positioned, the
ultrasonic inspection parameters were modified to obtain a signal amplitude level at the
receiver in the range of 70-90% of full scale, avoiding signal saturation. For the second area
under study, the probes were placed at both sides of the welded compensation pad making
use of the same ultrasonic parameters than the first case. The amplitude level of the signal
measured by the receiver was 70-90% of full scale.
In the light of the results obtained, it was proven that the welds had no effects in the
propagation of the Shear Horizontal guided waves.
The rest of the compensation pads were inspected following the same procedure described
above, registering a signal attenuation level related to wall-loss estimation.
Fig 5. Oscilloscope image of a flawless area (left) and a defective zone (right)
Fig 6. Severity estimation of wall loss under a compensation pad based on signal amplitude levels
7. 7
After the tests, the estimation results were compared with the real wall-loss data of the
areas covered by the compensation pads, which were acquired before welding the patches
to the pipes, verifying a high correlation between the real wall-loss and the signal amplitude
drops measured by the system.
Therefore, the benefits and limitations of the use of SH probes with permanent magnets are
the following:
Benefits:
SH guided waves are less affected by external factors than Lamb guided waves
No mode conversion
Easier results interpretation compared with other types of guided waves, due to the
simple wave mode selection and the non-dispersive characteristic of SH0 wave
mode.
Limitations:
Sensitivity to probe positioning and lift-off.
Guided waves allow for an estimation of the severity of the area, but it is not
possible to size the defects.
5. New magnetostrictive technique
After the encouraging results of the study performed by using SH probes with permanent
magnets, it was proven that this type of ultrasonic wave is the best option to work when
there are external factors that make the inspection not feasible by using Lamb guided
waves, although the SH probes with permanent magnets present positioning limitations in
the field.
To improve the capability to use SH guided waves and overcome the positioning
limitations observed, a new patent-pending scanner and technique has been developed by
Innerspec Technologies in cooperation with GuidedWave has now improved the capability
to use Shear Horizontal (SH) guided waves. These magnetostrictive probes have been
especially designed for the inspection under supports and semi-buried areas and they have
been an important step forward in the guided waves technique. [6]
While SH probes with permanent magnets generate the ultrasound within the material by a
combination between Lorentz and magnetostriction effects, these new sensors generate the
ultrasound only by meanso of the magnetostriction effect in a more efficient manner,
achieving a higher resolution and sensitivity.
Fig 7. Magnetostrictive sensor displacement
8. 8
To augment this effect it is necessary to utilize a magnetostrictive strip that must be
adhered to the part under inspection either temporarily or permanently. This tape will be
magnetized and the sensor will be displaced over it working in a pulse-echo configuration.
Only removing the loose scale of the specimen is required to adhere the strip and it is
possible to perform the inspection even with painted parts.
Fig 8. Circumferential scanning with magnetostrictive sensor
Innerspec’s single-transducer magnetostrictive scanner has a dead zone of 10-15 cm which
permits inspection in very close proximity to the area of interest. Moreover, by inspecting
closer to the defects, the detection and resolution are at least ten times better or more than
with LRUT. This method can complement LRUT providing greater detection and
resolution on shorter lengths of pipe, or on restricted-access areas where the deployment of
LRUT rings is not feasible. [6]
Moreover, the new design of these sensors includes the possibility of shooting guided
waves only in one direction, avoiding reflections from the opposite inspection side that
could result in wrong interpretations.
Fig 9. LRUT (up) and MRUT (down) dead zones comparison
9. 9
To achieve a better detection, this development based on magnetostrictive sensors includes
the implementation of a Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) algorithm that
processes data and improve considerably the resolution, making clearer the visualization of
the discontinuities.
6. Conclusions
The NDT options for corrosion under pipe support inspection are currently limited.
Medium range guided waves generated by EMAT are presented as a reliable solution for
this inspection making use of Shear Horizontal guided waves, which have the following
advantages:
Less affected by external factors such as liquids, coatings or welds than Lamb
guided waves
No mode conversion
Easier results interpretation
Simple wave mode selection
Non-dispersive characteristic of wave mode SH0.
The new magnetostrictive technique benefits from all the advantages mentioned above and
resolves the limitations observed when using SH probes with permanent magnets,
achieving a higher resolution and sensitivity in terms of defect detection.
The combination of the new magnetostrictive sensor for inspection under supports and
inaccessible areas along with the MRUT scanner for pipes and tanks evaluation conforms
the most complete solution with guided waves in the market.
References
[1] V. García, “Transductores acústicos electromagnéticos (EMAT). Los ultrasonidos sin acoplante.
Aplicaciones y desarrollos” Revista AEND nº 62
[2] B. López, “Surface and Thin Volumetric Inspections with EMAT”
[3] B. Lopez, “Inspection Trends June 2004”
[4] J. Rose, “Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media” páginas 101-245
[5] V. García, C. Boyero, “Inspeccón bajo soportes con ondas guiadas transversales horizontales
generadas por EMAT”
[6] R. Sass, M. Kidd, “Detection of Defects and Corrosion Under Pipe Supports and Inaccessible Areas
Using EMAT Medium Range UT Techniques”