27 Mayıs 2017 tarihinde inşaat aşamasındayken çöken Eindhoven Havalimanı otoparkının neden çöktüğüne dair hazırlanan teknik rapor.
İçerik dili: İngilizce
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY(For 4h semester B.Tech Degree Students Under Kerala Technological University)
VISHNU VIJAYAN
HOD-Department Of Civil Engineering
Baselios Mathews II College Of Engineering Sasthamcotta, Kollam,Kerala,INDIA.
BuildBlock Insulating Concrete Form (ICF) Construction in 22 StepsBrian Corder
See how to build an insulating concrete forms home in 22 steps. From excavation to the final pouring of the walls see how energy-efficient construction is done.
Presentation Typical Construction Methods & Sequence.
For the Stakeholders, Public & Politicians to get an understanding of how the works are carried out and the timeline.
Project Execution Plan for High Rise BuildingDavid H Moloney
The purpose of this presentation is to give an understanding of the Methods, Plant and Sequence to construct a high-rise building.
This presentation can be used to engage Stakeholders and to get the Site Teams commitment to the programme. Also can be used for Induction Training and as a way to capture and share knowledge.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY(For 4h semester B.Tech Degree Students Under Kerala Technological University)
VISHNU VIJAYAN
HOD-Department Of Civil Engineering
Baselios Mathews II College Of Engineering Sasthamcotta, Kollam,Kerala,INDIA.
BuildBlock Insulating Concrete Form (ICF) Construction in 22 StepsBrian Corder
See how to build an insulating concrete forms home in 22 steps. From excavation to the final pouring of the walls see how energy-efficient construction is done.
Presentation Typical Construction Methods & Sequence.
For the Stakeholders, Public & Politicians to get an understanding of how the works are carried out and the timeline.
Project Execution Plan for High Rise BuildingDavid H Moloney
The purpose of this presentation is to give an understanding of the Methods, Plant and Sequence to construct a high-rise building.
This presentation can be used to engage Stakeholders and to get the Site Teams commitment to the programme. Also can be used for Induction Training and as a way to capture and share knowledge.
For innovation in construction, use video presentations with 3D animations to plan and communicate how a project will be carried out and the timeline. This presentation can be used to communicate with the Client, Stakeholders and Site Team.
Tilt-Up - A New Trend in Concrete Installation Carson Concrete
Carson Concrete Corporation and its professional staff, including Vice President Anthony Samango III, draw on a comprehensive knowledge of traditional and innovative concrete installation techniques. Carson Concrete applies these techniques in projects such as the new Philadelphia Phillies ballpark, which includes 2.5 miles of concrete walls, each 20 feet in height.
After viewing this program, you will be able to:
• Identify the difference between precast/pre-stressed concrete and tilt up concrete structures
• Explain the benefits of using tilt up concrete
• Discuss the design considerations for tilt up concrete structures
• BIM into precast / Tilt up concrete
Project Execution Plan for Bridge ConstructionDavid H Moloney
The purpose of this presentation is to give an understanding of the Methods, Plant and Sequence to construct an insitu concrete bridge.
This presentation can be used to engage Stakeholders and to get the Site Teams commitment to the programme. Also can be used for Induction Training and as a way to capture and share knowledge.
Project Execution Plan (PEP) details how a project will be executed, monitored and controlled. High in Educational Value and easily understood. Recommended for Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
This Presentation is innovative and has many beneficial uses.
Dart Underground, Dublin - Light Rail Network in TunnelsDavid H Moloney
The Dart Underground is a proposed underground rail system that will run under the city centre, and connect Heuston Station with Pearse Station a distance of 4 kilometres. At the proposed St Stephen’s Green interconnection Station, on the route, passengers will be able to transfer to the Metro North and go to the Airport.
Shotcrete or sprayed concrete (Gunite®) is concrete or mortar conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction technique. It is typically reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, or fibers.
Shotcrete is usually an all-inclusive term for both the wet-mix and dry-mix versions. In pool construction, however, shotcrete refers to wet mix and gunite to dry mix. In this context, these terms are not interchangeable.
Shotcrete is placed and compacted at the same time, due to the force with the nozzle. It can be sprayed onto any type or shape of surface, including vertical or overhead areas.
Oil & Gas Plant Construction, Project Execution PlanDavid H Moloney
Details of how a Gas & Oil Plant is constructed, and how the progress, safety and quality is monitored and controlled. Also the measures to ensure that the site is environmentally friendly.
TopRung is one of the best building construction remodeling service company in Federal Way. We offer more innovative building construction companies Federal Way, building construction companies Bellevue etc.
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/general-contracting/
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/tenant-improvement/
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/maintenance/
if any Query contact my Contact US Page
İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ
PROJE YÖNETİMİ BİR İNŞAAT PROJESİNİN PRIMAVERA ILE PLANLANMASI
YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ
Ceren ALPAY
Anabilim Dalı: İnşaat Mühendisliği
Programı: Proje Yönetimi
Tez Danışmanı: Prof .Dr. Turgut UZEL
For innovation in construction, use video presentations with 3D animations to plan and communicate how a project will be carried out and the timeline. This presentation can be used to communicate with the Client, Stakeholders and Site Team.
Tilt-Up - A New Trend in Concrete Installation Carson Concrete
Carson Concrete Corporation and its professional staff, including Vice President Anthony Samango III, draw on a comprehensive knowledge of traditional and innovative concrete installation techniques. Carson Concrete applies these techniques in projects such as the new Philadelphia Phillies ballpark, which includes 2.5 miles of concrete walls, each 20 feet in height.
After viewing this program, you will be able to:
• Identify the difference between precast/pre-stressed concrete and tilt up concrete structures
• Explain the benefits of using tilt up concrete
• Discuss the design considerations for tilt up concrete structures
• BIM into precast / Tilt up concrete
Project Execution Plan for Bridge ConstructionDavid H Moloney
The purpose of this presentation is to give an understanding of the Methods, Plant and Sequence to construct an insitu concrete bridge.
This presentation can be used to engage Stakeholders and to get the Site Teams commitment to the programme. Also can be used for Induction Training and as a way to capture and share knowledge.
Project Execution Plan (PEP) details how a project will be executed, monitored and controlled. High in Educational Value and easily understood. Recommended for Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
This Presentation is innovative and has many beneficial uses.
Dart Underground, Dublin - Light Rail Network in TunnelsDavid H Moloney
The Dart Underground is a proposed underground rail system that will run under the city centre, and connect Heuston Station with Pearse Station a distance of 4 kilometres. At the proposed St Stephen’s Green interconnection Station, on the route, passengers will be able to transfer to the Metro North and go to the Airport.
Shotcrete or sprayed concrete (Gunite®) is concrete or mortar conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction technique. It is typically reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, or fibers.
Shotcrete is usually an all-inclusive term for both the wet-mix and dry-mix versions. In pool construction, however, shotcrete refers to wet mix and gunite to dry mix. In this context, these terms are not interchangeable.
Shotcrete is placed and compacted at the same time, due to the force with the nozzle. It can be sprayed onto any type or shape of surface, including vertical or overhead areas.
Oil & Gas Plant Construction, Project Execution PlanDavid H Moloney
Details of how a Gas & Oil Plant is constructed, and how the progress, safety and quality is monitored and controlled. Also the measures to ensure that the site is environmentally friendly.
TopRung is one of the best building construction remodeling service company in Federal Way. We offer more innovative building construction companies Federal Way, building construction companies Bellevue etc.
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/general-contracting/
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/tenant-improvement/
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/maintenance/
if any Query contact my Contact US Page
İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ
PROJE YÖNETİMİ BİR İNŞAAT PROJESİNİN PRIMAVERA ILE PLANLANMASI
YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ
Ceren ALPAY
Anabilim Dalı: İnşaat Mühendisliği
Programı: Proje Yönetimi
Tez Danışmanı: Prof .Dr. Turgut UZEL
Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-w
Yangın Yönetmeliği (2015 Yılı Değişiklikleriyle)Yusuf Yıldız
Bu Yönetmeliğin amacı; kamu kurum ve kuruluşları, özel kuruluşlar ve gerçek kişilerce kullanılan her türlü yapı, bina, tesis ve işletmenin, tasarımı, yapımı, işletimi, bakımı ve kullanımı safhalarında çıkabilecek yangınların en aza indirilmesini ve herhangi bir şekilde çıkabilecek yangının can ve mal kaybını en aza indirerek söndürülmesini sağlamak üzere, yangın öncesinde ve sırasında alınacak tedbirlerin, organizasyonun, eğitimin ve denetimin usul ve esaslarını belirlemektir.
Georesources Journal 3-2018 - Maccaferri ArticleMaccaferri World
The architects of Bridge “Brug van den Azijn” (Vinegar
Bridge) in Antwerp, Belgium, designed a
challenging facade. Maccaferri had to adapt the
Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) wall system
“MacRes System” to meet the challenging requirements.
Conen 442 module3 S2021 Pavement Design and Construction Wael ElDessouki
In this module, we present the two types of pavement commonly used, rigid and flexible pavements. The design and construction methods will be discussed also.
The construction site for the project will be a multi-story commercial dwelling with deep basement car park located in city centre at Smithfield where there is a high level of water content as it is in close proximity to the river Liffey, lack of space due to other buildings, traffic level are high and one way system is the only option. The design team have proposed ‘type C drained cavity’ basement that will consist of ‘secant piling system that has to be delivered in accordance with the project schedule.
Modelling Guide for Timber Structures - FPInnovationsYusuf Yıldız
Ahşap Yapılar için Modelleme Rehberi; araştırma enstitülerinden, danışmanlık firmalarından, üreticilerden, yazılım şirketlerinden, devlet kurumlarından ve derneklerden uzmanlar da dahil olmak üzere 100'den fazla işbirlikçi tarafından hazırlanmış, ahşap yapıların analizi ve tasarımında sayısal modellemenin uygulanması, ahşap bazlı ürün ve sistemlerin geliştirilmesi ve optimizasyonu konularını içeren bir rehberdir.
Türk ve Amerikan Yapısal Çelik Şartnameleri İçin Tasarım TablolarıYusuf Yıldız
Türk ve Amerikan Yapısal Çelik Şartnameleri İçin Tasarım Tabloları: S235, S275 ve S355 çelik kaliteleri ve HD, HEA, HEB, HEM, IPE, IPEA, IPEO ve IPN profillerini kapsamaktadır.
Economic Concrete Frame Elements to Eurocode 2Yusuf Yıldız
Eurocode 2'ye göre betonarme çerçeve elemanlarının ekonomik tasarımlarını ele alan dokümanın içerisinde yerinde dökülen, prekast, kompozit, ardgerme kolonlar, kirişler, döşemeler, perdeler ve merdivenlerin tasarımlarına dair bilgiler yer almakta.
Australian Institute of Steel Detailers (AISD) tarafından hazırlanan, mimari ve yapısal olarak çelik yapıların dizaynında kullanılabilecek bir kontrol listesi.
Bu standard her bir yük tesir alanı dikkate alınarak, binaların ve inşaat mühendisliği işlerinin yapısal tasarımında doğal rüzgâr etkilerinin tayini için kılavuz bilgileri kapsar. Yükün tesir ettiği alanlar, yapının tümü veya bir kısmı veya bileşenler, kaplamalar ve bunları sabitleme elemanları, güvenlik ve ses bariyerleri gibi yapıya monte edilmiş elemanlardır.
İnşaat Mühendisi Mustafa Gökhan KOCAMAN tarafından İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü'nde hazırlanmış; otoyolların drenaj esaslarını, yeraltı ve yüzey suyu drenaj sistemlerini içeren yüksek lisans tezidir.
SAFE yazılımı, Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI) firması tarafından betonarme döşeme ve temel sistemlerinin çözümü ve boyutlandırılması amacıyla geliştirilmiş bir programdır.
Proje Kontrol Açıklamalı El Kitabı v.02.01Yusuf Yıldız
Bu kitapçık T.M.M.O.B İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası İzmir ve Bursa Şubeleri tarafından, statik proje hazırlayan üyelerimize bir yol göstermesi ve kontrol hizmetinin daha sağlıklı yapılabilmesi için hazırlanmıştır.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Eindhoven Havalimanı Otoparkının Neden Çöktüğüne Dair Teknik Rapor
1. Eindhoven car park collapse with BubbleDeck floor
Because the outcome of the collapse at Eindhoven Airport has been in the news this week, it is good to
inform you with facts on the conclusions. For that a news communication is cited in this memo, as well as
some information from slides from the investigators.
Technical cause of airport car park collapse revealed (source: www.newcivilengineer.com)
Dutch-based BAM has revealed the results of investigations into the technical cause of the partial collapse of
a car park in the Netherlands.
The P1 car park at Eindhoven Airport was under construction when it collapsed on May 27 2017. Following
the collapse there have been two investigations. The first by the Netherlands organisation for applied
scientific research TNO, on behalf of Eindhoven Airport. BAM assigned engineering consultant Hageman to
investigate the technical cause of the collapse. The conclusions from the investigations concur.
The car park used BubbleDeck floors, which are precast concrete floor slabs embedded with weight-saving
plastic balls. After installation on site, a concrete topping was applied. A statement from BAM said: “The
investigations show that the shear strength of the interface between the precast concrete floor slabs was
insufficient to convey the traction. As a result, the structural capacity of the floor was compromised. The high
ambient temperature on the day of the collapse was a contributing circumstance to the defect manifesting
itself.”
BAM also said structural engineers and building inspectors in general do not factor in enough the importance
of shear strength for the adhesion of the floor.
2. 2
It said: “The assumptions for the design and calculation of concrete structures are described in the
construction standard NEN-EN 1992-1-1. In addition to the investigation it has been found that both
structural engineers and building inspectors in the application of precast concrete floor slabs generally do not
adequately recognise the importance of shear strength for the adhesion of the floor. An additional guidance
of the NEN-EN 1992-1-1 would certainly promote the application of the standard.”
BAM Bouw en Techniek director Jaap Hazeleger said: “Fortunately an event like this is highly exceptional.
We are very grateful that no personal accidents have occurred. With the investigation results in hand, we will
engage in further talks with Eindhoven Airport to determine the most appropriate follow-up steps.” BAM said
it is sharing the results with the industry and now there will be discussion to determine the future of the
building and who can be held responsible for the incident.
Engineering consultant Hageman investigated the collapse for BAM and the following technical details were
published.
The floors consisted of BubbleDeck floor elements – basically precast concrete filigran slabs of a few cm
thick and approximately of 6 m length and 3 m width with balls on it (to reduce weight) and in-situ cast
concrete. See next sketch. The red lines (“naad”) are the joints of the bubbledeck filligran plates. The floor is
designed as floor spanning is two direction: 6 m in x-direction and 15 m in y-direction and point supported by
the columns (no beams were used).
3. 3
The collapse started at joint 3 at the top floor (see last page for some animations). The next sketch and
photo show how the joint was made between the BubbleDeck elements in width direction. In order to couple
the slabs, coupling reinforcement (“koppelwapening”) is used. These were 4 bars ∅16 per ball. The bars
were placed directly on the precast concrete filligran elements.
Vertical failure crack through balls at the end of
the coupling reinforcement
Vertical failure crack through joint
between filigrans
Horizontal failure crack through
interface between filigran and in-
situ cast concrete
4. 4
The moment capacity of the floor at the joint is determined by:
• Tensile strength of the coupling reinforcement
• Anchorage of the bundled coupling reinforcement that was directly placed on the filigran slab
• Interface shear resistance between the filigran slab and the in-situ cast concrete.
Important is to note that self-compacting concrete was used to produce the precast filigran elements. Due to
this sue of concrete the top side was too smooth - there was no friction present in the interface.
The investigation conducted some experiments in the laboratory on the joint, and concluded that:
• the failure was caused by failure of the interface between the filigran slabs and the in-situ cast
concrete
• failure was ductile
• the bending capacity present of 125 kNm/m was only 1/3 of the bending moment acting in joint 3
The floor was thus only able to carry its own weight. On 27 May 2017 it was a very hot day. The top side of
the floor was heated up and as a result the floor curved upwards. But through the connection with the
columns this bending upwards was hindered, such that it resulted in additional moments in the floor. Due to
the low bending capacity the floor failed, and by progressive collapse the whole part of the bcar park came
down. It was not due to the hot wheather, but if the hot day had not been there, failure would have happened
during the use of the building when some live load was added.
To conclude, key in the collapse was: self-compacting concrete for filigran, not roughened topside of filigran,
BubbleDeck floor field point-supported by columns.
The Dutch precast concrete industry in reaction mentioned that some precasters did not offer for this building
in the first place, because their technical people were of the opinion that the car park floors were too slimly
designed by the engineering consultant.
The next page shows 4 screen prints of a video published at https://www.ed.nl/eindhoven/aansluiting-van-
betonplaten-en-temperatuur-oorzaak-instorting-parkeergarage-eindhoven-airport-mogelijk-meer-gebouwen-
kritiek~ae3eabcf/