In the present study it has been investigated that Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 has
good potential for Prodigiosin production. Among the screened media components,
maltose was the best carbon source for the production for this strain. The fermentation
media supplemented with maltose (2%) and NaCl (0.5%) at pH 6.8-7.0 incubated at 28°C
gave maximum prodigiosin production (1390 unit/cell) with the biomass content of 3.45 g
L-1 after 96 hrs of incubation period. Prodigiosin, a red pigment, produced by bacterial
species Serratia marcescens, belongs to the family of tripyrrole was found to exhibit
antibacterial, antimycotic, immunomodulating, anti-tumor and anti-malarial properties. A
lot of attention is now paid to the biotechnological synthesis of the colours through the
microorganisms. Plant cell and tissue culture, microbial fermentation and gene
manipulation have been investigated with respect to the production of biopigments.
However, extensive safety testing of such products is required before they are given
clearance as safe food additives or other applications.
The IRAC Mode of Action (MoA) classification provides growers, advisors, extension staff, consultants and crop protection professionals with a guide to the selection of acaricides or insecticides for use in an effective and sustainable acaricide or insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy.
Rules for inclusion of a compound in the MoA list
Names To be included in the active list, compounds must have, or be very close to having, a minimum of one registered use in at least one country.
when more than one active ingredient in that chemical sub-group is registered for use, the chemical sub-group name is used.
when only one active ingredient is registered for use, the name of that exemplifying active ingredient may be use
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellentijtsrd
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent Gamit Shraddha | Shreya Desai | Jemisha Mistry | Swetal Patel | Rajashekhar Ingalhalli"Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16978.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/16978/efficacy-of-leaves-of-lantana-camara-as-mosquito-repellent/gamit-shraddha
The IRAC Mode of Action (MoA) classification provides growers, advisors, extension staff, consultants and crop protection professionals with a guide to the selection of acaricides or insecticides for use in an effective and sustainable acaricide or insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy.
Rules for inclusion of a compound in the MoA list
Names To be included in the active list, compounds must have, or be very close to having, a minimum of one registered use in at least one country.
when more than one active ingredient in that chemical sub-group is registered for use, the chemical sub-group name is used.
when only one active ingredient is registered for use, the name of that exemplifying active ingredient may be use
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellentijtsrd
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent Gamit Shraddha | Shreya Desai | Jemisha Mistry | Swetal Patel | Rajashekhar Ingalhalli"Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16978.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/16978/efficacy-of-leaves-of-lantana-camara-as-mosquito-repellent/gamit-shraddha
Screening of Biosurfactant Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Co...ijtsrd
The release of impurities in the environment, containing petroleum and petroleum cogitated products, is engenders of global being taint. It is also a hazardous for human and animal health, since many of these impurities have evidenced to be toxic and oncogenic. Hydrocarbon particles that are secreted into the environment are hard to get rid of, since they change state to surfaces and are captured by surface tension in a water immiscible stage. Bioremediation has tested to be an alternate to lessen the effects caused to impureness of soil and water, applying the metabolic abilities of microorganisms that can apply hydrocarbons as source of carbon and energy, or that can alter them by co metabolism. The proficiency of removal is directly related to the compound’s chemical structure, to its bioavailability deliberation, harmfulness, flexibility and approach and to the physicochemical situation present in the atmosphere. Perwez Qureshi | Dr. Reshma Jaweria "Screening of Biosurfactant/Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Contaminated Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46276.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46276/screening-of-biosurfactantbioemulsifier-producing-bacteria-from-petroleum-contaminated-soil/perwez-qureshi
TLC for chlorinated pesticide determination Bapi Mondal Bapi Mondal
In this assignment file i will demonstrate the process involved in Thin layer chromatography for Chlorinated Pesticide
determination. if u like this work feel free to share this file. thank you.
Synthetic Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides with wide range from applications apart from agricultural, like household insecticides, veterinary use and medicinal use. Presentation here covers every possible aspect right from discovery to most recent development in the field of Pyrethroids.
Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Tetrahydrobe...ijtsrd
A series of novel derivatives of Tetrahydrobenzothienopyrimidine hydrazone were synthesized and product structure was elucidated by 1NMR, C13NMR and mass spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds were evaluated against fungal and bacterial strains. The synthesized compounds showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96, Staphylococcus pyrogenes MTCC 442, and Escherichia coli MTCC 443, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 1688 and against fungal strains Candida albicans MTCC 227, Aspergillus niger MTCC 282, Aspergillus clavatus MTCC 1323. Some derivatives showed promising result against gram positive, gram negative bacterial and fungal strains than standard drug ampicillin and grieseofulvin. In- silico molecular docking studies of the synthesized compounds was done by using GRIP batch docking method of Vlife MDS 3.0 software to study their observed activity which showed a significant correlation between the binding score and biological activity for synthesized compounds. Neetu Chopra | Kiranpreet kaur | Sanjeev Kumar "Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Tetrahydrobenzothienopyrimidine Derivatives" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18756.pdf
Microbial Production Of Alkaline Proteases And Evaluation Of Its Performances...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
A high alkaline protease producing bacterial strain was isolated and identified a local soil sample. The organism was gram positive and forms spore during adverse condition in the growth medium. After various tests it was suggested and the features agreed with the description of Bacillus subtilis. It was also identified as B. subtilis with 99.9% identity by API 50 CHB. The enzyme hydrolyses a number of proteins including azocasein which suggests that it is an extracellular alkaline protease. The experimentally determined isoelectric point was 5.1 and the optimal enzyme activity was at 60°C and at pH 8.5. The esterase preferentially hydrolyzed short-chain fatty acids. Native enzyme preparations typically showed a Michaelis constant (Km) and Vmax of 0.40mM and 12,200 U mg)-1, respectively. This microbial enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, dialysis, DEAE cellulose chromatography and electrophoretic analysis. Enzyme purity was tested by SDS-PAGE. Quantitative estimation has shown that 40mL of culture supernatant could dehair 2×1 cm of leather completely in 9 hours. In future the tanneries will use a combination of chemical and enzymatic processes. In practical applications, protease is a useful enzyme for promoting the hydrolysis of proteins and showing significant industrial applications.
Bryophyllum Pinnatum: A Potential Attenuator of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Str...IOSR Journals
Cadmium has been famously implicated in the stimulation of free radical production in biosystems resulting in oxidative deterioration of lipids, proteins and DNA, and initiating various pathological conditions in humans and animals. This study therefore, examined the antidotal and ameliorative capacity of crude ethanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on cadmium-induced oxidative stress using rabbit models. A total of fifteen rabbits (1.30±0.05kg) were used for the study. After two weeks of acclimatization, the rabbits were randomly rifted into three experimental groups- (N, CD & CB) with five animals per group. The control group (N) was injected normal saline intraperitoneally (3mg/kg body weight) and the test groups (CD & CB) were administered cadmium once daily by subcutaneous injection (3mg/kg body weight). The ethanolic extract of the plant was orally administered once daily at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight. The oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were assessed in tissues. The results showed significant difference (p˂ 0.05)in treated groups relative to the control group with the exception of glutathione peroxidase activity in leg muscles. Therefore, the results obtained in this study confirmed the potency of the plant to annihilate cadmium toxicity in animals
Screening of Biosurfactant Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Co...ijtsrd
The release of impurities in the environment, containing petroleum and petroleum cogitated products, is engenders of global being taint. It is also a hazardous for human and animal health, since many of these impurities have evidenced to be toxic and oncogenic. Hydrocarbon particles that are secreted into the environment are hard to get rid of, since they change state to surfaces and are captured by surface tension in a water immiscible stage. Bioremediation has tested to be an alternate to lessen the effects caused to impureness of soil and water, applying the metabolic abilities of microorganisms that can apply hydrocarbons as source of carbon and energy, or that can alter them by co metabolism. The proficiency of removal is directly related to the compound’s chemical structure, to its bioavailability deliberation, harmfulness, flexibility and approach and to the physicochemical situation present in the atmosphere. Perwez Qureshi | Dr. Reshma Jaweria "Screening of Biosurfactant/Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Contaminated Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46276.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46276/screening-of-biosurfactantbioemulsifier-producing-bacteria-from-petroleum-contaminated-soil/perwez-qureshi
TLC for chlorinated pesticide determination Bapi Mondal Bapi Mondal
In this assignment file i will demonstrate the process involved in Thin layer chromatography for Chlorinated Pesticide
determination. if u like this work feel free to share this file. thank you.
Synthetic Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides with wide range from applications apart from agricultural, like household insecticides, veterinary use and medicinal use. Presentation here covers every possible aspect right from discovery to most recent development in the field of Pyrethroids.
Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Tetrahydrobe...ijtsrd
A series of novel derivatives of Tetrahydrobenzothienopyrimidine hydrazone were synthesized and product structure was elucidated by 1NMR, C13NMR and mass spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds were evaluated against fungal and bacterial strains. The synthesized compounds showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96, Staphylococcus pyrogenes MTCC 442, and Escherichia coli MTCC 443, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 1688 and against fungal strains Candida albicans MTCC 227, Aspergillus niger MTCC 282, Aspergillus clavatus MTCC 1323. Some derivatives showed promising result against gram positive, gram negative bacterial and fungal strains than standard drug ampicillin and grieseofulvin. In- silico molecular docking studies of the synthesized compounds was done by using GRIP batch docking method of Vlife MDS 3.0 software to study their observed activity which showed a significant correlation between the binding score and biological activity for synthesized compounds. Neetu Chopra | Kiranpreet kaur | Sanjeev Kumar "Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Tetrahydrobenzothienopyrimidine Derivatives" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18756.pdf
Microbial Production Of Alkaline Proteases And Evaluation Of Its Performances...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
A high alkaline protease producing bacterial strain was isolated and identified a local soil sample. The organism was gram positive and forms spore during adverse condition in the growth medium. After various tests it was suggested and the features agreed with the description of Bacillus subtilis. It was also identified as B. subtilis with 99.9% identity by API 50 CHB. The enzyme hydrolyses a number of proteins including azocasein which suggests that it is an extracellular alkaline protease. The experimentally determined isoelectric point was 5.1 and the optimal enzyme activity was at 60°C and at pH 8.5. The esterase preferentially hydrolyzed short-chain fatty acids. Native enzyme preparations typically showed a Michaelis constant (Km) and Vmax of 0.40mM and 12,200 U mg)-1, respectively. This microbial enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, dialysis, DEAE cellulose chromatography and electrophoretic analysis. Enzyme purity was tested by SDS-PAGE. Quantitative estimation has shown that 40mL of culture supernatant could dehair 2×1 cm of leather completely in 9 hours. In future the tanneries will use a combination of chemical and enzymatic processes. In practical applications, protease is a useful enzyme for promoting the hydrolysis of proteins and showing significant industrial applications.
Bryophyllum Pinnatum: A Potential Attenuator of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Str...IOSR Journals
Cadmium has been famously implicated in the stimulation of free radical production in biosystems resulting in oxidative deterioration of lipids, proteins and DNA, and initiating various pathological conditions in humans and animals. This study therefore, examined the antidotal and ameliorative capacity of crude ethanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on cadmium-induced oxidative stress using rabbit models. A total of fifteen rabbits (1.30±0.05kg) were used for the study. After two weeks of acclimatization, the rabbits were randomly rifted into three experimental groups- (N, CD & CB) with five animals per group. The control group (N) was injected normal saline intraperitoneally (3mg/kg body weight) and the test groups (CD & CB) were administered cadmium once daily by subcutaneous injection (3mg/kg body weight). The ethanolic extract of the plant was orally administered once daily at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight. The oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were assessed in tissues. The results showed significant difference (p˂ 0.05)in treated groups relative to the control group with the exception of glutathione peroxidase activity in leg muscles. Therefore, the results obtained in this study confirmed the potency of the plant to annihilate cadmium toxicity in animals
protease activity of extracellular enzyme produced by b. subtilis isolated fr...IJEAB
Background: Proteases produced by enzymatic method are more environments friendly than chemical process, and they have tremendous potential in the leather industry and in other several industries. In this study extracellular protease producing non pathogenic Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil sample and relationship between sporulation and extracellular protease synthesis in large scale cultivation was studied. The enzyme was further characterized, purified, and tested for potential application. Result: The molecular weight of the protease was found to be ~30 KDa. Enzyme activity was checked on the presence of different metal ions and effectors. The enzyme was slightly modulated by MG++ ion, and significantly by Hg++ ion, while Zn++ ion slightly decrease the proteolytic activity. Sulfahydryl reagents, DTT slightly and β-ME significantly inhibit the enzyme. EDTA showed no effect on the enzyme suggesting that the enzyme might not be metalloprotease. PMSF, a known serine protease inhibitor was seen to totally inhibit the enzyme which indicates that the enzyme is a serine protease. The optimum enzyme activity was observed after 22 hours of incubation of B. subtilis at 37o C. Conclusions: Crude enzyme contains 285 units of enzyme which have direct dehairing activity. The enzyme was also seen to be able to remove blood and curry stain from clothes; making it a very promising candidate to be used in a leather and detergent industry. Apart from protease the bacterium was also seen to have lipase and collagenase activity. So, the bacteria are potentially good candidate for industrial application.
Plant Growth-Promoting Activities and Molecular Characterization of Rhizobact...IOSR Journals
Rhizosphere bacteria are known to influence plant growth by direct and indirect mechanisms. Development of an effective plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculant necessitates the presence of a diverse set of traits that can help its colonization of the rhizosphere and survival under varying environmental conditions. In the present study, a total of 219 bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of different medicinal and aromatic plants collected from different locations of Andhra Pradesh (India) were initially screened for their PGP activities. From the 219 isolates four bacterial strains were selected and tested for in vitro specific plant growth promotion activities such as ammonia production, IAA production, phosphate solubilization, HCN production and antifungal activity. These four isolates showed maximum plant growth promoting activities and further they were identified on the basis of colony morphology, gram staining and biochemical tests. These PGPR isolates were characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing which led to their identification as Pantoea sp. (Cf 7), Bacillus sp. (Cf 60) and Pseudomonas sp. (Te1, Av 30) respectively. Seed germination test was conducted by employing these strains under laboratory conditions on sorghum, maize and green gram seeds to investigate the effect of PGPR on the growth of seedlings. These PGPR isolates induced production of plant growth hormones (indole acetic acid), phosphate solubilization and ammonia production resulting in enhanced plant growth. Most of the isolates resulted in a significant increase in % of seed germination, shoot length, root length and vigor index of sorghum, maize and green gram seedlings. Therefore, the present study suggests that these PGPR isolates (Cf 7, Cf 60, Te1, Av 30) may be used as biofertilizers to enhance the growth and productivity of commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants.
Secondary metabolites used to treat infections caused by microbial pathogens. It can cause illness to humans and animals. This study was carried out to screen for potential antimicrobial producing microbes from soil samples collected from different area of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand, India. Dermatophytes are a major group of closely pathogenic fungi that infect skin, hair and nails in humans and animals. In the present study, a trial was done to find out a new antimicrobial agent producing bacteria from soil samples. Antifungal activity of each bacterial isolate against dermatophytic fungus was performed with dual culture and agar well diffusion methods using SDA medium. All the isolated bacterial colonies were observed for primary screening for their anti-dermatophytic activity against the pathogenic species of dermatophytes Trichophyton (MTCC-272), Epidermophyton, (MTCC-465), Microsporum (MTCC-964), Candida albicans, and A. niger were screened by well diffusion methods. Among the total 75 bacterial isolates, only 15 of them were capable of synthesizing antimicrobial metabolites in primary screening. Out of these fifteen isolated bacterial sp. only four Bacterial colonies were found to most potent that was obtained from agricultural region of Srinagar Garhwal, in Uttarakhand found to exhibit the highest antagonistic and anti-dermatophytic activity against most of the used pathogenic dermatophytes in the study. The Physiochemical and biochemical characters of the isolated bacterial species were matched with Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. Then antifungal activity was measured in different pH and temperature range parameter. Thus, isolated strain was given the suggested name PA-4(a), PA-2(a), PA-2 (PK-1), and PA-1(E). This study indicates that microorganisms isolated from agriculture land of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand (India) soil could be an interesting source of antimicrobial bioactive compound.
Key-words- Secondary metabolites, Antibiotic, Soil Bacteria, Dermatophytes, Antagonistic activity
Isolation, Screening, and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Microor...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Biosurfactants are amphiphatic in nature and are surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms. These molecules reduce interfacial surface tension between aqueous solutions and hydrocarbon mixtures. Unfortunately, oil spills and industrial discharges from petroleum-related industries have been identified as the major pollution sources. The hydrophobicity and low aqueous solubility of petroleum pollutant limit the biodegradation process. The features that make biosurfactants as an alternative to commercially synthesized surfactants are its low toxicity, higher biodegradability and, hence, greater environmental compatibility, better foaming properties, and stable activity at extreme pH, temperature, and salinity. Objective: Therefore, in this study, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were screened from petroleum-contaminated soil, characterized and optimization of the physical and nutrient parameters were done to enhance the production of biosurfactants. Results: Petroleum-contaminated soil was collected from different petrol pumps in Pune and screening was done on minimal salt medium media containing palm oil as carbon source using hemolytic activity, emulsification index, drop-collapse test, and oil displacement method. The most promising strain was isolated and identified using Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Biology and 16s rRNA sequencing and was found to be Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimization of various parameters, namely temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources on growth, and biosurfactant production was studied. The highest biosurfactant production was obtained when MSS media contains sucrose (carbon source) and urea (nitrogen source) at pH 10 and temperature 55°C. The Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis of purified biosurfactant indicated the presence of lipopeptide biosurfactant when compared with reference FT-IR spectra.
Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oil...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oil...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present work deals with the screening of microorganisms Candida rugosa NCIM 3467 and Penicillum citrinum NCIM 765 with different agro residues – rice bran, wheat bran, groundnut oil cake, coconut oil cake and sesame oil cake for maximum production of lipase. Among all the industrial residues, Groundnut oil cake supported the maximum lipase production by C.rugosa NCIM 3467. The physical factors such as fermentation time, temperature, pH, inoculum age, inoculum level, initial moisture content played a vital role in lipase production and further the yield was improved with the supplementation of carbon and organic nitrogen sources to the solid medium. At 5 days of fermentation, 32 °C, pH 6, 5 day old culture, 15% inoculum level and at 60% initial moisture content, lipase activity of 57.25 U/ml was obtained. Further the activity was raised to 63.35 U/ml by supplementing the substrate media with maltose (5%w/w) and peptone (3%w/w). Keywords: Candida rugosa, Pencillum citrinum, Solid state Fermentations, Lipase, Optimization and Characterization.
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
Plant Tissue culture part II by Dr. Preeti VermaPreeti Verma
This presentation is meant only for educational purpose and includes various aspects of Plant Tissue culture in brief, including Media, Requirements, Problems in PTC, Techniques, Basic requirements for PTC LAB, Adavantages and Applications
“Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Microorga...IOSR Journals
The search for new antibiotics continues in a rather overlooked hunting ground. In the course of screening for new antibiotic-producing microorganisms, isolates showing antimicrobial activity were isolated from waste soil samples from various habitats in the Industrial Areas in Dheradun, Uttarakhand, India. Existing methods of screening for antibiotic producers together with some novel procedures were reviewed. Both modified agar-streak and agar-plug methods were used in the primary screens. The use of selective isolation media, with or without antibiotic incorporation and/or heat pretreatment, enhanced the development of certain actinomycete colonies on the isolation plates. Antibiotics have long been considered the “magic bullet” that would end infectious disease. Although they have improved the health of countless numbers of humans and animals, many antibiotics have also been losing their effectiveness since the beginning of the antibiotic era. Bacteria have adapted defenses against these antibiotics and continue to develop new resistances, even as we develop new antibiotics. In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in antibiotic resistance. As more microbial species and strains become resistant, many diseases have become difficult to treat, a phenomenon frequently ascribed to both indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human medicine. However, the use of antibiotics and antimicrobials in raising food animals has also contributed significantly to the pool of antibiotic resistant organisms globally and antibiotic resistant bacteria are now found in large numbers in virtually every ecosystem on earth. Dual culture bioassays were used to screen seven selected Bacillus isolates for activity against four plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. All isolates were able to inhibit the pathogens to varying degrees. Two isolates, R29 and B81, were selected for further testing and characterization. Further bioassays were performed on five complex nutrient media which were adjusted to pH S.S and 7, and both incubated at 2SoC and 30°C" respectively. It was found that pH and media composition showed significant influences on the antifungal activities of the isolates tested, but that a SoC temperature difference in incubation temperature did not. Tryptone soy agar was found to give rise to the largest inhibition zones. Both isolates were tentatively identified using standard biochemical and morphological tests. Based on its phenotypic characteristics, R29 was identified as a strain of B. subtilis. B81 proved to be more difficult to assign to a specific group or species of Bacillus, though B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were considered to be the nearest candidates. Genomic DNA was extracted from both isolates and a portion of each of their 16s rDNA genes were amplified and sequenced for homology testing against the GeneBank database. Homology testing confirmed that both isolates were members of the genus Bacillus and most
Metabolomics Analysis on Antifungal Activities Produced by Penicillium oxalic...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
—In-vitro antagonist tests such as disc diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were conducted against C. gloeosporioides. 1 H-NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to identify possible compounds produced. Glucose crude extract exhibited the highest percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) with 75% and the lowest MIC value with 78 µg mL-1. For metabolomics, different metabolites produced were clustered according to the carbon sources used and gave a representative impression of the metabolites produced by P. oxalicum T3.3. The study has shown the potential of using a combination of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis and their correlation with MIC in differentiating the effect of carbon sources used based on the identification of possible metabolites contributing to their differences. Findings from this work may potentially provide the basis for further studies on both antimicrobial activities against plant pathogen and elucidation of the metabolite compounds produced by P. oxalicum T3.3.
Chronic Overworking: Cause Extremely Negative Impact on Health and Quality of...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Work is an action that organizes and provides meaning to the use of time in a society that
has programmed its rhythms as a function. It is important in structuring daily life and in
enabling a sense of continuity, provides capital, satisfaction that flourishing human life and
his family. What’s more, it is an antidote against boredom and emptiness. But it also
means we never really clock out while working and become too much workaholic. The
persistent overwork has extremely negative impacts on our health, happiness, and overall
quality of life. Nowadays working overtime has become the norm for most people. It is one
of those things everyone knows is bad for us, but no one really listens. Imbalance between
work and health or overwork not only bad for employees but also for employers. The long
working in the office or at home is bad for our health and our performance at work. A
person who expands more time in work may experience numerous health problems
including mental, physical and social problems. The Significant effects include stress, lack
of free time, poor work-life balance, relation hit and serious health risks lead to tiredness,
fatigue, obesity, lack of attentiveness, insomnia, depression, diabetes, high BP, Cerebrocardiovascular
problem, etc.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
This study was conducted to establish bacterial contamination of cell phones and microbial contamination of
mobile phones and isolate the significant bacterial species associated with these cell phones in reference
to give necessary remedial measure. A total of 80 samples were collected to isolate microbial
population associated with cell phones. Sterile swabs were firmly rubbed on the surface of the handset, the
key buttons and on the screens of cell phones. The swabs were then inoculated into different media viz.
Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol Salt agar and Eosin Methelyne Blue agar. A total of 143
different bacterial isolates recovered from these sample and were classified as: Staphylococcus spp.
Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Micrococcus spp., Proteus spp., Bacillus spp.,
and Enterobacter spp. at the ratio of 52, 17,14,7,4,3,2 and 1% respectively. The isolates were further
subjected for Antibiotic susceptibility profiling and have found that most of the recovered isolates were
challenging to Ampicillin, few isolates also shown intermediate results. Impimen, Norfloxacin and
Gentamycin were sensitive towards most isolates. Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol showed variable
susceptibility to the different isolates. The study shown that all cell phones under investigation
were significantly contaminated by numerous bacterial species. It is an also indication that the majority of
them belongs to the normal flora of the human body as well as airborne and soil bacteria. Thus it can be said
that it is necessary to sterilise hands after contact with a cell phone since it is a potential source of disease
transmission.
α-Galactosidase Producing Probiotics Bacteria and Their Health ImplicationsSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Nowadays, people are aware that diet plays a major role in preventing diseases and promoting health.
Therefore there is an increasing trend for functional foods containing probiotic culture. “Probiotics are
defined as live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit
on the host”. Some LAB positively influence human health mainly by improving the composition of
intestinal micro biota and for this reason, they are called probiotics. The increasing cost of health care,
the steady increase in life expectancy and the desire of the elderly for improved quality of life research
and development required in the area of probiotics. The concept of providing functional foods
including beneficial components rather than removing potentially harmful components. Soybeans
and other pulses contain oligosaccharides which may cause intestinal disturbances such as
flatulence. This study was undertaken to investigate α-galactosidase-producing probiotics bacteria.
The enzymes and cultures can be added to foods in order to enhance the digestibility of
carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract. However since many of these bacteria are reported for
probiotic properties that support and induced health benefits to the consumer. The study provides
data on the stability of α-galactosidase, which could potentially be added to food matrices
containing stachyose or raffinose such as beans, soya and other pulses and could be an alternative
or remedies of oligosaccharides intolerance.
PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF PECTINASE BY BACILLUS SP. ISOLATED FROM VEGETA...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Microbial enzymes have shown tremendous potential for different applications. Over the years due to their remarkable features enzymes have occupied the centre stage of all the biochemical and industrial processes. Pectinases are a group of enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of pectic materials found in plants and are important industrial enzymes. In the present study, pectinase is produced from Bacillus sp. that was isolated from vegetable waste dump soil samples. A total of five isolates showed pectinase production and designated as PPB1 to PPB5. The screened isolates were used as a source of pectinase production using cassava waste as a substrate. Isolate PPB5 showed maximum enzyme activity of 0.641 IU/ml. Pectinase activity was optimized for various parameters like incubation time, temperature, pH, different carbon and nitrogen sources. Enzyme activity was observed maximum at 96 hr of incubation, 35°C temperature and at pH 6. The best carbon was found to be glucose. Among organic and inorganic nitrogen sources yeast extract and ammonium nitrate was founded to be better than other nitrogen sources. Among the five isolates, the isolate PPB5 showed maximum activity at all optimum conditions. This isolate is best producer and can be used in future for further pectinase production.
POTENTIAL BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL SURFACTANTSSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Many microorganisms are able to produce a wide range of amphipathic
compounds, with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties present
within the same molecule which allow them to exhibit surface
activities at interfaces and are generally called biosurfactants.
Biosurfactants are versatile, structurally diverse group of surface-active
substances produced by microorganisms and have variety of
applications in the sectors including bioremediation, food industry,
agriculture and pharmaceuticals. Interest in biosurfactant production
has markedly increased during the past decade, although large-scale
production has not been possible because of low production yields and
high total costs. At present, biosurfactants have gained importance in environmental
applications, while new applications in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic and food
industry, with a high added value, are still developing. Recently, the potential applications of
biosurfactants in the biomedical field have increased. Their antibacterial, antifungal and
antiviral activities make them relevant molecules for applications in combating many
diseases and as therapeutic agents. In addition, their role as anti-adhesive agents against
several pathogens indicates their utility as suitable anti-adhesive coating agents for medical
insertional materials leading to a reduction in a large number of hospital infections without
the use of synthetic drugs and chemicals. This article emphasizes the medicinal and
therapeutic perspective of biosurfactants. With these specialized and cost-effective
applications, biosurfactants can be considered as an interesting option for the near future.
A REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED FROM UNCONVENTIONAL INEXP...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Biosurfactants can serve as green alternative in different areas due to
their ecological acceptance as they are biodegradable and nontoxic.
Nowadays biosurfactants are predominantly used in pharmaceutical,
oil industry, and for the bioremediation of pollutants. Apart from these,
biosurfactants also show potential applications in many sectors of food
industry and agriculture. Allied with emulsion forming and breaking,
antiadhesive, functional ingredient, are some properties that can be
exploited in agro-food biotechnology. Potential role of biosurfactants
in food and agricultural sectors as well as present concern of lowering
the production cost of biosurfactants by using the unconventional
wastes as substrate is discussed in this article.
PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE FROM RHODOCOCCUS SPECIESSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Optimization of conditions for cholesterol oxidase production by the microorganism isolated from urban compost and dairy soil samples.Isolates were obtained on the basis of their capability of growing on isolation medium A and B and their cholesterol oxidase (CHO) production was estimated. CHO production was optimized by the optimization of temperature, pH, carbon sources, and organic and inorganic nitrogen sources.isolates out of 22 were found to secrete extracellular CHO as detected by cholesterol oxidase indicator plate A and were designated as cholesterol oxidase producing isolate 1, 2 and 3 (COP 1, COP 2 and COP 3). Results showed that the strain COP 2 belonging to the genus Rhodococcus sp. based on morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics recorded highest cholesterol oxidase activity. Optimum temperature and pH for CHO activity were found to be 35 °C and 7.5 respectively. Steroidal substrate cholesterol produced a significant increase in CHO level (0.502 IU/ml). Organic and inorganic nitrogen sources were supplemented in combinations leads to increase in CHO production as compared to individual components.
Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies on Bambusa arundinacea a...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
This study was formulated to check the phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial potential of
Bambusa arundinacea (Bamboo) and Mangifera indica (Mango) trees. Aqueous, ethanolic and
methanolic extracts were prepared from leaves of former and stem bark of later. The phytochemical
screening of the extracts showed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as
carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and proteins in B. arundinacea, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides in M. indica. Total phenolic concentration and
percentage of free radical scavenging activity was more in ethanolic extracts of B. arundinacea and
M. indica followed by methanolic extracts and aqueous extracts. Highest percentage of ferric
reducing antioxidant power was found in ethanolic extracts and lowest in aqueous extracts indicates
that ethanolic extracts has more antioxidant potential than the other two extracts. Ethanolic extracts
of both plants had higher inhibition on the tested Gram positive (B. subtilis & S. aureus) as well as
Gram negative (E.coli & P. aeruginosa) bacteria evidenced from the zones of inhibition. M. indica
showed more therapeutic potential as compared to B. arundinacea and ethanolic as well as
methanolic extracts of both the tested plants were more effective than aqueous extracts due to better
extraction power of organic solvents. Overall study indicates that B. arundinacea and M. indica are
potential source of natural antioxidants, phytochemicals and antibacterials that can be used for the
development of novel drugs and may represent new source of antimicrobials with stable, biologically
active components that can establish a scientific base for further use in modern medicines.
PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGI...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the epitome of an opportunistic pathogen of humans that cause urinary tract infections, respiratory system infection, particularly in victim of severe burns, cancer and AIDS patient who are immunocompromised. Most Pseudomonas infections are both invasive and toxigenic. The particular bacterial determinants of virulence mediate different stages of infection and are ultimately responsible for the characteristic syndromes that accompany the disease. In the present study P. aeruginosa was found to be more prevalent in burn patients (100%) followed by urinary tract infection samples (71%), sputum samples (66%) and wound samples (59%). 85% isolates recovered from clinical samples were mucoid. A total of 35% isolates were strong siderophore producers, 19% isolates were strong protease producers while 52% were strong phospholipase producers. Isolates from burns, sputum and environment sample were strong rhamnolipid producers. Elevated level of hemolysin production was observed in burn, urine and wound isolates. The prominence of haemagglutination ability in environmental isolates followed by burns isolates provided evidence for its being a nosocomial pathogen. The association between virulence determinants and disease can indicate the precise role played by the determinant in estabilishing the disease. Isolates were maximally sensitive towards lactam antibiotics.
Potential role of microbial surfactants in environment control recovered from...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
A total of 20 samples were collected from contaminated (oil contaminated) as well as non-contaminated (agricultural) sites. A
total of 10 bacterial isolates were recovered from these samples out of which 6 were recovered from non contaminated sites
and 4 were recovered from contaminated sites gave emulsification index ranged from 44% to 73%. Different carbon sources
viz. maltose, starch, sucrose, mannitol and nitrogen sources viz. urea, peptone, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate
were screened to obtain optimum emulsification activity by KMSS09 and KIWS11. In this study mannitol and peptone was
evaluated as best carbon and nitrogen source for the production of bioemulsifier. Further these potential isolates were
evaluated for some environmental applications viz. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery and Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon
assay having important role in bioremediation. The percentage oil recovered by KMSS09, KIWS11 and P. aeruginosa MTCC
2297 was 51.67%, 71.67% and 85.0% respectively. In BATH assay, percentage of bacterial adherence by KMSS09, KIWS11
and P. aeruginosa MTCC 2297 was 80.4%, 86.3% and 93.2% respectively showing wide applicability in bioremediation for
pollution remediation of metal and hydrocarbon contaminated field.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Effect of Various Substrate and Process Parameters on the Production of Prodigiosin by Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822
1. Int.J.Adv.Microbiol.Health.Res.2018; 2(1):17-23
17
International Journal of Advanced Microbiology and Health Research
ISSN: 2457-077X. Volume 2, Issue 1 (January to March 2018), PP. 17-23
Available online at www.ijamhr.com
Original Research Article
Effect of Various Substrate and Process Parameters on the
Production of Prodigiosin by Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822
Bhairav Prasad
College of Health Science, Vidya Jyoti Institution, Derabssi, SAS Nagar Mohali-140508, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Colour is one of the most important attributes of
food considered as a quality indicator. Synthetic
colourants have many disadvantages when
compared to natural ones, including higher cost and
lower stability. However, people have increasingly
avoided synthetic colourants, preferring natural
pigments, which are considered to be harmless or
even healthy. These requirements compelled
numerous regulation changes worldwide. For
instance, the USA permitted list of synthetic
colourants was reduced from 700 to only seven
until the beginning of the 21st Century [1]. Nature
produces a variety of compounds adequate for food
colouring, such as the water-soluble anthocyanins,
betalains, and carminic acid, as well as the oil
soluble carotenoids and chlorophylls. The health-
benefit properties of natural pigments have been
focused by many works, especially those of
carotenoids and anthocyanins whose antioxidant
properties have been extensively studied. Betalains,
because of their relative scarceness in nature, have
not been much explored as bioactive compounds,
but some studies have indicated their potential as
antioxidant pigments. These findings have helped
to motivate utilization of betalains as food
colourants. A pigment found in an organism is
called biopigment. The most common biopigments
in Caridina shrimp are carotenoids, which appear to
be obtained through diet. These pigments can form
complexes with proteins, altering the colour or tone
produced, and these complexes are known as
carotenoproteins. When these complexes are
broken, the colour and tone of the original
carotenoid is expressed. Now commonly used in
food coloring, including two categories of pigment:
natural pigments and synthetic pigments. Natural
pigments from natural products, mainly extracted
from the plant tissues, including some from the
animal and microbial pigments. Synthetic artificial
pigment is obtained by chemical synthesis of
organic pigments, mainly isolated from coal tar
aniline dyes made from raw materials. Microalgae
and several classes of fungi are well known to
produce wide range of water-soluble pigments, but
the low productivity of algal cultures is a
Received 19th
February, 2018
Revised 22nd
February, 2018
Accepted 24th
February, 2018
Published online 13th
March, 2018
Biopigment
Serratia marcescens
Prodigiosin
Article Info
In the present study it has been investigated that Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 has
good potential for Prodigiosin production. Among the screened media components,
maltose was the best carbon source for the production for this strain. The fermentation
media supplemented with maltose (2%) and NaCl (0.5%) at pH 6.8-7.0 incubated at 28°C
gave maximum prodigiosin production (1390 unit/cell) with the biomass content of 3.45 g
L-1
after 96 hrs of incubation period. Prodigiosin, a red pigment, produced by bacterial
species Serratia marcescens, belongs to the family of tripyrrole was found to exhibit
antibacterial, antimycotic, immunomodulating, anti-tumor and anti-malarial properties. A
lot of attention is now paid to the biotechnological synthesis of the colours through the
microorganisms. Plant cell and tissue culture, microbial fermentation and gene
manipulation have been investigated with respect to the production of biopigments.
However, extensive safety testing of such products is required before they are given
clearance as safe food additives or other applications.
Keywords
2. Int.J.Adv.Microbiol.Health.Res.2018; 2(1):17-23
18
significant bottleneck for their commercialization
[2]. The use of such fungi to color foodstuffs is not
a novel practice; the use of Monascus pigments in
the food has been carried out traditionally [3,4].
Serratia marcescens a bacteria is the major
producers of prodigiosin. The production of
prodigiosin in Serratia marcescens is susceptible to
temperature and is substantially inhibited at
temperatures higher than 37°C. Addition of certain
nutrients is particularly suitable for prodigiosin
production. Serratia is a genus of Gram-negative,
facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the
Enterobacteriaceae family [5]. Prodigiosin is a red
pigment produced by many strains of the bacterium
like Serratia marcescens and some other unrelated
microbial strains, such as Vibrio psychroerythrus,
Streptomycin griseoviridis and Hahella chejuensis
was found to exhibit antibacterial, antimycotic,
immunomodulating, anti-tumor and anti-malarial
properties [6]. It has been reported that prodigiosin
revealed a broad range of inhibitory activities
against many bacterial, fungal and protozoan
species [7]. These biopigments have wide synthetic
and commercial application [8].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chemicals and Glassware
All the chemicals used for preparing reagents and
solutions were procured from HI -media, sd-fine
chemicals and were of AR grade. For the
production of prodigiosin dehydrated media used
were procured from HI- media and were used such
as per the manufacturer’s directions. All the glass
wares like test tubes, beakers, conical flasks etc.
were of borosilicate grade
Procurement and maintenance of bacterial culture
Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 used in the
present investigation was procured from Microbial
Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Institute of
Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. The
bacterial culture was maintained on growth media
containing: Beef extract (1 g L-1), Yeast extract (2
g L-1), Peptone (5 g L-1), Sodium chloride (5 g L-
1). The culture was maintained by sub culturing,
aseptically at fortnight intervals and stored at 4oC,
until further use.
Preparation of starter culture
The bacterial culture was grown in 50ml of media
in 250ml capacity Erlenmeyer flask, having the
same composition as described above. After
sterilization, the flask were inoculated with loopful
of culture from capsule and incubated at 37o c for
24 h in rotary shaker at 120 rpm.
Preparation of production medium for
prodigiosin
The composition of fermentation medium was
(g/L): NaNO3 (1.28), K2HPO4 (0.87),
MgSO4.7H2O (0.1), NaCl (0.1), KCl (0.2), Tris
(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (6.5), glucose (20);
mineral salt solution (5mL). The mineral salt
solution contained the following ingredients (g/L):
FeSO4 (NH4)2SO4.6H2O, H3BO3, CoCl2.6H2O,
CuSO4.5H2O,MnSO4.H2O, (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2
O, ZnSO4.7H2O. The pH of medium was initially
adjusted to 6.8±0.2 by 1.0 M HCl. Different carbon
sources were added to the fermentation media. The
media was inoculated with the Serratia marcescens
MTCC 4822 strain and incubated at shaker at 120
rpm for 72h at 30°C.
Effects of different sugar substrate [9]
The effect of different carbon substrates (Maltose,
Glucose, Lactose, and fructose) on prodigiosin
production was investigated by supplementing
individually in fermentation medium at the
concentration of 2% (w/v).
Effect of Process Parameters [9]
The effect of different process parameters such as
pH (5, 6, 7, 8, 9), temperature (15, 20, 25, 30, 35,
37, 40), salt concentration (0.5, 1.0, 1.5. 2.0, 2.5)
w/v and incubation time (24, 48, 72, 96, 120h) was
monitored by varying the respective parameters.
Recovery and estimation of prodigiosin
[10]
The organisms were harvested by centrifuging at
10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was
discarded and the pellet was resuspended in
acidified ethanol (4% of 1M HCl in 96 mL
ethanol). The mixture was vortexed and the
suspension was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10
minutes. The supernatant was transferred to a fresh
vial and observed under UV-visible
spectrophotometer at 534 nm. The prodigiosin
produced was quantified. Isolated biopigment was
estimated using the following equation [11].
3. Int.J.Adv.Microbiol.Health.Res.2018; 2(1):17-23
19
Prodigiosin unit/cell =
[OD499 – (1.381 x OD620)] x 1000
OD620
Where,
OD 499 = pigment absorbance
OD620 =bacterial cell absorbance
1.381 =constant
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The experimentation undertaken to evaluate the
Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 for production of
biopigment has been presented and discussed
below:
Effects of different sugar substrate
Screening experiments were conducted on four
carbon sources, viz. Maltose, Glucose, Lactose,
fructose for their effectiveness on prodigiosin
production. The results of various carbon sources
for prodigiosin activity under above mentioned
conditions are as shown in (Fig.1). In the present
study the sugar substrate maltose gave the
maximum yield of 1381.38 prodigiosin unit/cell,
which is followed by sucrose, fructose and glucose.
Similarly, when the organism was allowed to grow
in various media, the organism was found to
produce more prodigiosin in nutrient broth, even
glucose and lactose did not influence the
prodigiosin production. Prodigiosin production
normally done in nutrient broth [12] and peptone
glycerol broth [13]. It has been reported that
Serratia marcescens, produce more prodigiosin in
maltose containing medium [9]. Nakamura has
used triolein and reported a moderate yield
prodigiosin of 1610 unit/cell and 1616 unit/cell of
prodigiosin in glucose and lactose containing
medium respectively[14]. Chang et al. has reported
3 mg/ml of prodigiosin when dextrose was used in
the medium[15]. It was also reported that glucose
and sorbitol had a repressive effect on prodigiosin
synthesis [16].
Effect of pH on the production of
prodigiosin
The pH of the fermentation was varied from 5.0 to
9.0 to study its effect on prodigiosin production. At
very low and very high pH i.e. at 5.0 and 9.0, very
low prodigiosin production was observed (Fig. 2).
This may be due to the reason that the Serratia
marcescens MTCC 4822 strain grows best only
near neutral pH. Any change in media alkalinity or
acidity hinders the prodigiosin production.
Prodigiosin production of 1383.91 unit/cell was
maximum at pH 7. These results suggested that the
optimal pH for prodigiosin production with the
MTCC 4822 strain was in the range of 6.8 ±2.
Similarly, in an another studied the influence of
initial pH of the growth medium on prodigiosin
production and found that the yield was maximum
at pH 7 [9].
Effect of temperature on the production
of prodigiosin
The effect of temperature on prodigiosin production
was studied by cultivating the bacterial strain in
media at temperature range of 20-40°C. Prodigiosin
production increased with temperature until 28°C
and then decreased gradually above 30°C (Fig.3).
At very high temperature like 37°C and above there
was complete block of the production of
prodigiosin. Optimal growth for prodigiosin from
Serratia has been reported at 28-30°C [9]. The
results suggested the maximum prodigiosin
production in batch culture of Serratia marcescens
MTCC 4822 at 28°C was 1382.25 unit/cell and it’s
a temperature dependent phenomenon, slight
increase and decrease in the optimal temperature
directly influence the production of the biopigments
in Serratia. In a similar, study it has been reported
that Serratia marcescens produce more prodigiosin
at 28oC at pH 7 and the rate was reduced as the
temperature increases. Similarly it has been
reported that no prodigiosin was produced when
cultures were incubated at 38°C; however pigment
production was observed when the temperature was
shifted to 27°C[17]. A complete block in
prodigiosin was observed in most of the basically
used media tested at 37°C [12] .
Effect of different salt concentration on
prodigiosin production
NaCl was added to the fermentation media at
different concentration of 0.5-2.5%. It is evident
from (Fig. 4). that the increase in the concentration
of NaCl hinders the production of prodigiosin. It
has been observed that at salt concentration 0.5%
support the maximum yield of1379.05 unit/cell.
After that as the salt concentration increased the
pigment production also decreased, this might be
due to the influence of increase salt concentration
4. Int.J.Adv.Microbiol.Health.Res.2018; 2(1):17-23
20
on cellular metabolism and process and hinder the
production of prodigiosin production. It has been
reported that the optimal prodigiosin production
was observed at 0.75% NaCl containing nutrient
broth [18].
Effect of different incubation period on
prodigiosin production
The fermentation media was prepared from the
above set of parameters i.e. maltose concentration
of 2 (%, w/v), salt concentration 0.5 (%, w/v),
having pH 7.0 was incubated with stationary
conditions at 28°C and samples were taken at
regular intervals of 24h. From the results it can be
observed that there was continuous increase in the
prodigiosin production of as a function of
incubation period (Fig.5). Prodigiosin production
increased up to 96 hrs and beyond this incubation
period, it decreased, which may be due to
exhaustion of nutrients, and metabolic changes in
the medium. Prodigiosin production with the
Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 strain was found
to be 1390 unit/cell with a biomass content of 3.45
g L-1 at 96 hrs. Similarly, Samrot et al. 2011
studied the effect of incubation period ranged from
24 to 90 h for the production of prodigiosin by
Serratia marcescens[18]. They observed that at
incubation period of 72 hrs produced maximum
prodigiosin. The amount of produced prodigiosin
was 1616.8 and 1539.9 unit/cell with the extraction
of ethanol: HCl and ethanol: acetone respectively.
CONCLUSION
In the present study it has been investigated that
Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 has good
potential for Prodigiosin production. Among the
screened media components, maltose was the best
carbon source for the production for this strain. The
fermentation media supplemented with maltose
(2%) and NaCl (0.5%) at pH 6.8-7.0 incubated at
28°C gave maximum prodigiosin production (1390
unit/cell) with the biomass content of 3.45 g L-1
after 96 hrs of incubation period. Prodigiosin, a red
pigment, produced by bacterial species Serratia
marcescens, belongs to the family of tripyrrole was
found to exhibit antibacterial, antimycotic,
immunomodulating, anti-tumor and anti-malarial
properties. A lot of attention is now paid to the
biotechnological synthesis of the colours through
the microorganisms. Plant cell and tissue culture,
microbial fermentation and gene manipulation have
been investigated with respect to the production of
biopigments. However, extensive safety testing of
such products is required before they are given
clearance as safe food additives or other
applications.
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Fig.1. Effect of different carbon sources on prodigiosin production of Serratia marcescens MTCC
4822
1377.5
1378
1378.5
1379
1379.5
1380
1380.5
1381
1381.5
1382
Glucose Maltose Sucrose Fructose
Prodigiosinproductionunit/cell
Carbon sources
6. Int.J.Adv.Microbiol.Health.Res.2018; 2(1):17-23
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Fig.2. Effect of different pH on prodigiosin production of Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822
Fig.3. Effect of different temperature on prodigiosin production of Serratia marcescens MTCC
4822
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
5 6 7 8 9
Prodigiosinproductionunit/cell
pH
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
20 28 30 35 37 40
ProdigisionproductionUnit/cell
Temperature (°C)
7. Int.J.Adv.Microbiol.Health.Res.2018; 2(1):17-23
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Fig.4. Effect of different salt concentration on prodigiosin production of Serratia marcescens MTCC
4822
Fig.5. Effect of incubation period on prodigiosin production of Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
ProdigiosinProductionunit/cell
NaCl concentration (%w/v)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
24 48 72 96 120 144
BiomassYieldgL-1
ProdigiosinProductionunit/cell
Incubation Period (h)
Prodigiosin
production
How to cite this article:
Prasad B. Effect of Various Substrate and Process Parameters on the Production of Prodigiosin by
Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822. Int. J. Adv.Microbiol.Health.Res., 2018; 2(1):17-23.
Source of Financial Support: Nil, Conflict of interest: Nil
Corresponding Author: Bhairav Prasad
Assistant Professor, College of Health Science, Vidya Jyoti
Institution, Derabassi, SAS Nagar Mohali, Punjab (India).
E-mail: bhairavmicro@gmail.com