Many microorganisms are able to produce a wide range of amphipathic
compounds, with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties present
within the same molecule which allow them to exhibit surface
activities at interfaces and are generally called biosurfactants.
Biosurfactants are versatile, structurally diverse group of surface-active
substances produced by microorganisms and have variety of
applications in the sectors including bioremediation, food industry,
agriculture and pharmaceuticals. Interest in biosurfactant production
has markedly increased during the past decade, although large-scale
production has not been possible because of low production yields and
high total costs. At present, biosurfactants have gained importance in environmental
applications, while new applications in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic and food
industry, with a high added value, are still developing. Recently, the potential applications of
biosurfactants in the biomedical field have increased. Their antibacterial, antifungal and
antiviral activities make them relevant molecules for applications in combating many
diseases and as therapeutic agents. In addition, their role as anti-adhesive agents against
several pathogens indicates their utility as suitable anti-adhesive coating agents for medical
insertional materials leading to a reduction in a large number of hospital infections without
the use of synthetic drugs and chemicals. This article emphasizes the medicinal and
therapeutic perspective of biosurfactants. With these specialized and cost-effective
applications, biosurfactants can be considered as an interesting option for the near future.
A REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED FROM UNCONVENTIONAL INEXP...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Biosurfactants can serve as green alternative in different areas due to
their ecological acceptance as they are biodegradable and nontoxic.
Nowadays biosurfactants are predominantly used in pharmaceutical,
oil industry, and for the bioremediation of pollutants. Apart from these,
biosurfactants also show potential applications in many sectors of food
industry and agriculture. Allied with emulsion forming and breaking,
antiadhesive, functional ingredient, are some properties that can be
exploited in agro-food biotechnology. Potential role of biosurfactants
in food and agricultural sectors as well as present concern of lowering
the production cost of biosurfactants by using the unconventional
wastes as substrate is discussed in this article.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effects of different fertilizers on the properties of rapeseed oils. Seeds from three rapeseed cultivars were grown using either bio-gas digestate or a commercial NPK fertilizer. The oils were then analyzed for fatty acid content, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stability, and color changes during three months of storage. Key findings included higher oleic acid levels and oxidative stability in oils from seeds grown with the commercial fertilizer compared to digestate. Gradual darkening of all oils was also observed over the storage period. Statistical analysis showed significant correlations between color parameters and storage time as well as type of fertilizer used.
Importance of biosurfactant production in removal of oilP.A Anaharaman
Pollution from oil spills harms the environment and is difficult to clean up. Biosurfactants, which are compounds produced by microbes, can help remediate oil spills by emulsifying oil and increasing the surface area that microbes can use to degrade oil. However, biosurfactants are currently not widely used for oil spill cleanup due to their relatively high production costs compared to synthetic surfactants. Research is ongoing to develop cheaper production methods to make biosurfactant use more economically viable for large-scale oil spill remediation.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on fermentation. It discusses the history of fermentation, types of fermentation including aerobic and anaerobic, types of fermentors/bioreactors, and the industrial production of two important antibiotics - penicillin and streptomycin. For penicillin production, it describes the fermentation process including inoculum preparation, production medium, fermentation conditions, and recovery/purification. For streptomycin, it discusses the producing organism, industrial production process involving inoculum, medium, fermentation phases and conditions, and harvest/recovery methods.
This document discusses the biodegradation of starch by microorganisms. It begins by defining biodegradation and starch. Starch is made of amylose and amylopectin and can be degraded aerobically or anaerobically. Many bacteria and fungi produce amylase enzymes that break down starch into simpler sugars like maltose and glucose. The document then covers the industrial applications of starch degradation in food processing, brewing, textiles, fuel production, detergents, and more. Key microbes used include Bacillus species, Aspergillus, and Saccharomyces.
This document describes a study that aimed to identify a fungal strain that can degrade the pesticide chlorpyrifos and optimize the concentration for degradation. The fungal strain was identified as Fusarium sp. based on morphological analysis under a microscope. The strain was grown in media containing different concentrations of chlorpyrifos and it was found to grow best at a 1.2% concentration, demonstrating this is the optimum level for degradation. The study concludes Fusarium sp. has potential for bioremediation of chlorpyrifos contamination.
The document discusses the antimicrobial properties of chitosan and its applications in plant disease control. Chitosan exhibits antimicrobial activity against viruses, bacteria, fungi and oomycetes. The level of suppression varies based on factors like molecular weight and chemical composition. It has been used as a seed coating agent to improve germination and as a foliar treatment to increase photosynthetic rates in plants. Studies have found chitosan and its derivatives can restrict the growth of pathogens and be effective for controlling plant diseases when applied as a soil amendment or foliar treatment.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED FROM UNCONVENTIONAL INEXP...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Biosurfactants can serve as green alternative in different areas due to
their ecological acceptance as they are biodegradable and nontoxic.
Nowadays biosurfactants are predominantly used in pharmaceutical,
oil industry, and for the bioremediation of pollutants. Apart from these,
biosurfactants also show potential applications in many sectors of food
industry and agriculture. Allied with emulsion forming and breaking,
antiadhesive, functional ingredient, are some properties that can be
exploited in agro-food biotechnology. Potential role of biosurfactants
in food and agricultural sectors as well as present concern of lowering
the production cost of biosurfactants by using the unconventional
wastes as substrate is discussed in this article.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effects of different fertilizers on the properties of rapeseed oils. Seeds from three rapeseed cultivars were grown using either bio-gas digestate or a commercial NPK fertilizer. The oils were then analyzed for fatty acid content, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stability, and color changes during three months of storage. Key findings included higher oleic acid levels and oxidative stability in oils from seeds grown with the commercial fertilizer compared to digestate. Gradual darkening of all oils was also observed over the storage period. Statistical analysis showed significant correlations between color parameters and storage time as well as type of fertilizer used.
Importance of biosurfactant production in removal of oilP.A Anaharaman
Pollution from oil spills harms the environment and is difficult to clean up. Biosurfactants, which are compounds produced by microbes, can help remediate oil spills by emulsifying oil and increasing the surface area that microbes can use to degrade oil. However, biosurfactants are currently not widely used for oil spill cleanup due to their relatively high production costs compared to synthetic surfactants. Research is ongoing to develop cheaper production methods to make biosurfactant use more economically viable for large-scale oil spill remediation.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on fermentation. It discusses the history of fermentation, types of fermentation including aerobic and anaerobic, types of fermentors/bioreactors, and the industrial production of two important antibiotics - penicillin and streptomycin. For penicillin production, it describes the fermentation process including inoculum preparation, production medium, fermentation conditions, and recovery/purification. For streptomycin, it discusses the producing organism, industrial production process involving inoculum, medium, fermentation phases and conditions, and harvest/recovery methods.
This document discusses the biodegradation of starch by microorganisms. It begins by defining biodegradation and starch. Starch is made of amylose and amylopectin and can be degraded aerobically or anaerobically. Many bacteria and fungi produce amylase enzymes that break down starch into simpler sugars like maltose and glucose. The document then covers the industrial applications of starch degradation in food processing, brewing, textiles, fuel production, detergents, and more. Key microbes used include Bacillus species, Aspergillus, and Saccharomyces.
This document describes a study that aimed to identify a fungal strain that can degrade the pesticide chlorpyrifos and optimize the concentration for degradation. The fungal strain was identified as Fusarium sp. based on morphological analysis under a microscope. The strain was grown in media containing different concentrations of chlorpyrifos and it was found to grow best at a 1.2% concentration, demonstrating this is the optimum level for degradation. The study concludes Fusarium sp. has potential for bioremediation of chlorpyrifos contamination.
The document discusses the antimicrobial properties of chitosan and its applications in plant disease control. Chitosan exhibits antimicrobial activity against viruses, bacteria, fungi and oomycetes. The level of suppression varies based on factors like molecular weight and chemical composition. It has been used as a seed coating agent to improve germination and as a foliar treatment to increase photosynthetic rates in plants. Studies have found chitosan and its derivatives can restrict the growth of pathogens and be effective for controlling plant diseases when applied as a soil amendment or foliar treatment.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It discusses that xenobiotics are man-made chemicals that do not occur naturally. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances by microorganisms. Various microbes can degrade hydrocarbons through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Plastics are broken down through hydrolysis and further degraded by acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic bacteria. Pesticides are degraded through methods like dehalogenation, deamination, and hydroxylation. The document provides examples of microbes and mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of these pollutants.
bioplastics by microorganisms Polyhydroxyalkanoates And PolyhydroxybutyratePramod Pal
This document discusses bioplastics, which are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources such as vegetable oils, cornstarch, and pea starch. It notes that bioplastics are designed to biodegrade and can break down in either aerobic or anaerobic environments depending on how they are manufactured. Common types of bioplastics include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHAs), and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBVs). The document also discusses the synthesis and production of bioplastics like PHAs and PHB by microorganisms, as well as their applications in packaging, catering, gardening, medical products, and sanitary products
Primary metabolites are directly involved in normal growth, development and reproduction, and are essential for these processes. Examples include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Secondary metabolites are not directly involved in these processes but have important ecological functions, such as antibiotics. Secondary metabolites are derived from primary metabolites but are synthesized later in the growth cycle. Examples of secondary metabolites discussed include antibiotics (penicillin, cephalosporins, streptomycin, griseofulvin), mycotoxins, alkaloids, steroids, vitamins and amino acids.
Biopolymers can be divided into three categories based on their origin and production:
1) Polymers directly extracted from biomass like starch and cellulose
2) Polymers produced from biobased monomers through chemical synthesis like polylactic acid
3) Polymers produced by microorganisms or genetically modified bacteria like polyhydroxyalkanoates
Common biopolymers include starch, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and polycaprolactone. These materials have properties similar to conventional plastics but are biodegradable. Their gas barrier and thermal properties depend on material and humidity conditions. Biopolymers can be composted within weeks to months depending on
The document summarizes pesticide metabolism in three phases. Phase 1 involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions mediated primarily by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Phase 2 involves conjugating pesticide metabolites to sugars, amino acids, and glutathione, increasing water solubility. Phase 3 further processes some phase 2 conjugates. The document also discusses pesticide bioremediation using microorganisms and enzymes, as well as the role of plant rhizospheres and chemical safeners in degradation.
Isolation Characterization and Screening of fungal Lipase from oil contaminat...AI Publications
Present scenario demands a more sustainable, ecofriendly and economic measures globally to deal with the growing problems of environmental issues. The main goal of this work is to opt for such ideas and technologies which involve cleaner and greener procedures for utilizing waste materials for deriving value added products. The soil pertaining to the areas of oil mills contains densely population of various microbes’, especially fungal origin. These microbes are rich in lipase content (due to oil source). Thus in this we isolated fungal colonies from this oil rich soil, cultured in laboratory, fermented them under various conditions to extract fungal enzyme i.e. lipase and then used it for further applications. Lipases are highly versatile and industrially important enzymes. Deriving the lipases from waste soil is the main attraction of this work and is a venture strategizing the “best from waste” approach.
Impact of Some Biocides on Chlorophyll and Enzymatic Activities of Rice Plantsijtsrd
Agricultural productivity has increased substantially in the last half century due in part to the introduction and expanded use of agricultural chemicals. Pesticides continue to be a significant and growing component of modern rice technology. The relative importance of pesticides has increased despite the availability of alternatives to exclusive chemical pest control such as varietal resistance and integrated pest management IPM . The evaluation of toxicological impact of pesticides in the tropical paddy has been evaluated through estimation of chlorophyll content and enzymatic activities peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase . The seedlings are the crucial stage of the plant, so, the experimental study evaluated 14 days old seedling's chlorophyll content and enzymatic activities influenced by different biocides neem oil, carbosulfan and Oxadiargyl . The experimental results found that all concentrations of 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 ml l neem oil, carbosulfan and oxadiargyl decreased the percentage of chlorophyll content and enzymatic activities peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase of 14 days old seedlings. Among three biocides, neem oil was found less toxic towards the test cultivar followed by carbosulfan and oxadiargyl. The experimental studies concluded that neem oil is good for pest management. Farmer's should be well trained on proper application and implementation of integrated pest management strategies on rice field by which it restore sustainability of ecosystem and increased productivity. Rath B. B. | Adhikary S. P. ""Impact of Some Biocides on Chlorophyll and Enzymatic Activities of Rice Plants"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29925.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/29925/impact-of-some-biocides-on-chlorophyll-and-enzymatic-activities-of-rice-plants/rath-b-b
This document provides an overview of engineering chemistry, with a focus on biotechnology. It discusses key applications of biotechnology such as producing pharmaceuticals through gene cloning, developing genetically modified crops, and using microorganisms in food production and environmental remediation. The document also covers topics like fermentation processes, vitamin production, types of bioreactors, and the role of enzymes in industries.
Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistryAudrey Zahra
The document discusses green solvents used in carbohydrate chemistry. It begins by introducing the 12 principles of green chemistry and then discusses various carbohydrates important as feedstocks. It focuses on cellulose and how ionic liquids can dissolve cellulose by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between cellulose chains. The document describes several green solvents that can dissolve carbohydrates, particularly highlighting ionic liquids which are thermally stable, nonvolatile, and can be reused to dissolve cellulose and other polysaccharides.
Chitin and chitosan are natural polymers that have many potential industrial and biomedical applications. Chitin is found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects, while chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin. Both polymers are biodegradable and biocompatible. This document reviews the chemistry, properties and processing methods of chitin and chitosan. It also summarizes recent research on derivatives of these polymers and their various applications, including uses in biomedical areas such as drug delivery, wound healing and cancer therapy.
This document discusses microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria. It begins by defining probiotics and their health benefits. Microencapsulation techniques can protect probiotic bacteria from harsh environments and target delivery to the gut. Common encapsulation methods include spray drying, extrusion and emulsion. Materials used for encapsulation include sodium alginate, cellulose acetate phthalate, chitosan and starch. Microencapsulation has applications in food and pharmaceutical products to enhance the viability of probiotic bacteria.
Biodegradation is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means.
biodegradable simply means to be consumed by microorganisms and return to compounds found in nature
This document discusses biosurfactants, specifically rhamnolipids. It defines biosurfactants and notes that they are produced by microbes. Rhamnolipids are glycolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. They are useful for their ability to lower surface tension and have applications in enhanced oil recovery, bioremediation, and more. The document outlines methods for rhamnolipid production and detection and reviews current and potential future applications. It concludes that biosurfactants are promising but still more expensive than chemicals and would benefit from further optimization and development.
The document summarizes the results of a study characterizing microbial communities and end products of mixed acid fermentation from different substrates using dairy manure digestate as an inoculum. Key findings include:
1) Different substrates such as glucose, glycerol, cellulose and wheat straw enriched for distinct sets of microorganisms from the inoculum.
2) Glucose selected for Sporolactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium while glycerol selected for Caulobacteraceae, Syntrophomonas and Ruminococcus.
3) Cellulose and wheat straw cultures had higher diversity than glucose or glycerol cultures. End products like hydrogen, organic acids
Effect of Glucose on Biosurfactant Production using Bacterial Isolates from O...ijtsrd
The demand for biosurfactants is gradually increasing and are thus substituting their chemically synthesized counterparts 14 . The production of biosurfactants commercially requires high expenses. For the production of biosurfactant proper optimization of the physico-chemical parameters is very important. Hence the research was conducted to study the effect of glucose as a carbon source for production of biosurfactant using bacterial isolates from oil contaminated sites in MSM medium. Anjali Sharma "Effect of Glucose on Biosurfactant Production using Bacterial Isolates from Oil Contaminated Sites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19033.pdf Direct URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/19033/effect-of-glucose-on-biosurfactant-production-using-bacterial-isolates-from-oil-contaminated-sites/anjali-sharma
This document summarizes a presentation on biodegradable films used in food packaging. The presentation covers:
- The objectives of understanding the importance of biodegradable films and reviewing related studies
- An introduction to biodegradable polymers, the biodegradation process, sources of biodegradable polymers, and their classification
- Applications of biopolymers in food packaging and companies involved in bioplastics for food packaging
- Advantages and disadvantages of biodegradable polymers as well as the use of nanotechnology to improve their properties
- Two case studies on using biodegradable films for beef steak packaging and improving the properties of soy protein isolate films with polylactic acid coating
This document introduces primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are essential molecules for growth and development, involved in respiration and photosynthesis. They are produced in large quantities and are not poisonous. Secondary metabolites are not essential for growth, produced for defensive purposes, in smaller quantities, and some are poisonous. Secondary metabolites are derived from primary metabolites and provide chemical protection against predators for plants. Examples of secondary metabolites include alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, phenol, resins, and lignin.
Potential role of microbial surfactants in environment control recovered from...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
This document summarizes a study on microbial surfactants recovered from oil contaminated and non-contaminated sites. 20 samples were collected from these sites, yielding 10 bacterial isolates. 6 isolates came from non-contaminated sites and 4 from contaminated sites. The isolates were screened for bioemulsifier activity, with emulsification indexes ranging from 44-73%. Mannitol and peptone were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for bioemulsifier production. The isolates showed potential for applications in microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) and bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbons (BATH) assay, with oil recovery ranging from 51.67-85% and bacterial adherence of 80.4-93.2
TECHNICAL BULLETIN - FASCINATE THE IDEAL HERBICIDE RESISTANCE PARTNERUPL
This Technical Bulletin provides
information to facilitate the understanding of the growing herbicide resistance of weeds, as well as the consequences of this problem.
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
the presentation is about the natural polymers i.e. classification, applications, properties and examples. it is in 25 pages in shortcuted manner and simple method.
Biosurfactants which are amphiphilic compounds synthesized from microorganisms and plants have properties such as low toxicity and high biodegradability and are great alternatives in domestic and industrial uses. A lot of research has gone into production, characterization and uses of biosurfactants because of its eco-friendly properties in remediation of the environment. Crude oil and its products causes deleterious harm to the environment which needs to be cleaned up with environmentally friendly substances such as biosurfactants, so as not to cause more harm to the environment in the bid to get it cleaned up. Biosurfactants are cheaply available because the substrates used in their production are low cost and readily available. Biosurfactants display an accomplished and well-ordered application in various ways such as food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, petroleum and agricultural industries. This review describes synthetic and biosurfactants classification, mechanism of action and applications. It also focuses on organisms that produce biosurfactants and why they do.
Isolation, Screening, and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Microor...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Biosurfactants are amphiphatic in nature and are surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms. These molecules reduce interfacial surface tension between aqueous solutions and hydrocarbon mixtures. Unfortunately, oil spills and industrial discharges from petroleum-related industries have been identified as the major pollution sources. The hydrophobicity and low aqueous solubility of petroleum pollutant limit the biodegradation process. The features that make biosurfactants as an alternative to commercially synthesized surfactants are its low toxicity, higher biodegradability and, hence, greater environmental compatibility, better foaming properties, and stable activity at extreme pH, temperature, and salinity. Objective: Therefore, in this study, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were screened from petroleum-contaminated soil, characterized and optimization of the physical and nutrient parameters were done to enhance the production of biosurfactants. Results: Petroleum-contaminated soil was collected from different petrol pumps in Pune and screening was done on minimal salt medium media containing palm oil as carbon source using hemolytic activity, emulsification index, drop-collapse test, and oil displacement method. The most promising strain was isolated and identified using Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Biology and 16s rRNA sequencing and was found to be Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimization of various parameters, namely temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources on growth, and biosurfactant production was studied. The highest biosurfactant production was obtained when MSS media contains sucrose (carbon source) and urea (nitrogen source) at pH 10 and temperature 55°C. The Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis of purified biosurfactant indicated the presence of lipopeptide biosurfactant when compared with reference FT-IR spectra.
This document summarizes biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It discusses that xenobiotics are man-made chemicals that do not occur naturally. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances by microorganisms. Various microbes can degrade hydrocarbons through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Plastics are broken down through hydrolysis and further degraded by acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic bacteria. Pesticides are degraded through methods like dehalogenation, deamination, and hydroxylation. The document provides examples of microbes and mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of these pollutants.
bioplastics by microorganisms Polyhydroxyalkanoates And PolyhydroxybutyratePramod Pal
This document discusses bioplastics, which are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources such as vegetable oils, cornstarch, and pea starch. It notes that bioplastics are designed to biodegrade and can break down in either aerobic or anaerobic environments depending on how they are manufactured. Common types of bioplastics include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHAs), and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBVs). The document also discusses the synthesis and production of bioplastics like PHAs and PHB by microorganisms, as well as their applications in packaging, catering, gardening, medical products, and sanitary products
Primary metabolites are directly involved in normal growth, development and reproduction, and are essential for these processes. Examples include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Secondary metabolites are not directly involved in these processes but have important ecological functions, such as antibiotics. Secondary metabolites are derived from primary metabolites but are synthesized later in the growth cycle. Examples of secondary metabolites discussed include antibiotics (penicillin, cephalosporins, streptomycin, griseofulvin), mycotoxins, alkaloids, steroids, vitamins and amino acids.
Biopolymers can be divided into three categories based on their origin and production:
1) Polymers directly extracted from biomass like starch and cellulose
2) Polymers produced from biobased monomers through chemical synthesis like polylactic acid
3) Polymers produced by microorganisms or genetically modified bacteria like polyhydroxyalkanoates
Common biopolymers include starch, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and polycaprolactone. These materials have properties similar to conventional plastics but are biodegradable. Their gas barrier and thermal properties depend on material and humidity conditions. Biopolymers can be composted within weeks to months depending on
The document summarizes pesticide metabolism in three phases. Phase 1 involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions mediated primarily by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Phase 2 involves conjugating pesticide metabolites to sugars, amino acids, and glutathione, increasing water solubility. Phase 3 further processes some phase 2 conjugates. The document also discusses pesticide bioremediation using microorganisms and enzymes, as well as the role of plant rhizospheres and chemical safeners in degradation.
Isolation Characterization and Screening of fungal Lipase from oil contaminat...AI Publications
Present scenario demands a more sustainable, ecofriendly and economic measures globally to deal with the growing problems of environmental issues. The main goal of this work is to opt for such ideas and technologies which involve cleaner and greener procedures for utilizing waste materials for deriving value added products. The soil pertaining to the areas of oil mills contains densely population of various microbes’, especially fungal origin. These microbes are rich in lipase content (due to oil source). Thus in this we isolated fungal colonies from this oil rich soil, cultured in laboratory, fermented them under various conditions to extract fungal enzyme i.e. lipase and then used it for further applications. Lipases are highly versatile and industrially important enzymes. Deriving the lipases from waste soil is the main attraction of this work and is a venture strategizing the “best from waste” approach.
Impact of Some Biocides on Chlorophyll and Enzymatic Activities of Rice Plantsijtsrd
Agricultural productivity has increased substantially in the last half century due in part to the introduction and expanded use of agricultural chemicals. Pesticides continue to be a significant and growing component of modern rice technology. The relative importance of pesticides has increased despite the availability of alternatives to exclusive chemical pest control such as varietal resistance and integrated pest management IPM . The evaluation of toxicological impact of pesticides in the tropical paddy has been evaluated through estimation of chlorophyll content and enzymatic activities peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase . The seedlings are the crucial stage of the plant, so, the experimental study evaluated 14 days old seedling's chlorophyll content and enzymatic activities influenced by different biocides neem oil, carbosulfan and Oxadiargyl . The experimental results found that all concentrations of 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 ml l neem oil, carbosulfan and oxadiargyl decreased the percentage of chlorophyll content and enzymatic activities peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase of 14 days old seedlings. Among three biocides, neem oil was found less toxic towards the test cultivar followed by carbosulfan and oxadiargyl. The experimental studies concluded that neem oil is good for pest management. Farmer's should be well trained on proper application and implementation of integrated pest management strategies on rice field by which it restore sustainability of ecosystem and increased productivity. Rath B. B. | Adhikary S. P. ""Impact of Some Biocides on Chlorophyll and Enzymatic Activities of Rice Plants"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29925.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/29925/impact-of-some-biocides-on-chlorophyll-and-enzymatic-activities-of-rice-plants/rath-b-b
This document provides an overview of engineering chemistry, with a focus on biotechnology. It discusses key applications of biotechnology such as producing pharmaceuticals through gene cloning, developing genetically modified crops, and using microorganisms in food production and environmental remediation. The document also covers topics like fermentation processes, vitamin production, types of bioreactors, and the role of enzymes in industries.
Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistryAudrey Zahra
The document discusses green solvents used in carbohydrate chemistry. It begins by introducing the 12 principles of green chemistry and then discusses various carbohydrates important as feedstocks. It focuses on cellulose and how ionic liquids can dissolve cellulose by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between cellulose chains. The document describes several green solvents that can dissolve carbohydrates, particularly highlighting ionic liquids which are thermally stable, nonvolatile, and can be reused to dissolve cellulose and other polysaccharides.
Chitin and chitosan are natural polymers that have many potential industrial and biomedical applications. Chitin is found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects, while chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin. Both polymers are biodegradable and biocompatible. This document reviews the chemistry, properties and processing methods of chitin and chitosan. It also summarizes recent research on derivatives of these polymers and their various applications, including uses in biomedical areas such as drug delivery, wound healing and cancer therapy.
This document discusses microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria. It begins by defining probiotics and their health benefits. Microencapsulation techniques can protect probiotic bacteria from harsh environments and target delivery to the gut. Common encapsulation methods include spray drying, extrusion and emulsion. Materials used for encapsulation include sodium alginate, cellulose acetate phthalate, chitosan and starch. Microencapsulation has applications in food and pharmaceutical products to enhance the viability of probiotic bacteria.
Biodegradation is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means.
biodegradable simply means to be consumed by microorganisms and return to compounds found in nature
This document discusses biosurfactants, specifically rhamnolipids. It defines biosurfactants and notes that they are produced by microbes. Rhamnolipids are glycolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. They are useful for their ability to lower surface tension and have applications in enhanced oil recovery, bioremediation, and more. The document outlines methods for rhamnolipid production and detection and reviews current and potential future applications. It concludes that biosurfactants are promising but still more expensive than chemicals and would benefit from further optimization and development.
The document summarizes the results of a study characterizing microbial communities and end products of mixed acid fermentation from different substrates using dairy manure digestate as an inoculum. Key findings include:
1) Different substrates such as glucose, glycerol, cellulose and wheat straw enriched for distinct sets of microorganisms from the inoculum.
2) Glucose selected for Sporolactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium while glycerol selected for Caulobacteraceae, Syntrophomonas and Ruminococcus.
3) Cellulose and wheat straw cultures had higher diversity than glucose or glycerol cultures. End products like hydrogen, organic acids
Effect of Glucose on Biosurfactant Production using Bacterial Isolates from O...ijtsrd
The demand for biosurfactants is gradually increasing and are thus substituting their chemically synthesized counterparts 14 . The production of biosurfactants commercially requires high expenses. For the production of biosurfactant proper optimization of the physico-chemical parameters is very important. Hence the research was conducted to study the effect of glucose as a carbon source for production of biosurfactant using bacterial isolates from oil contaminated sites in MSM medium. Anjali Sharma "Effect of Glucose on Biosurfactant Production using Bacterial Isolates from Oil Contaminated Sites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19033.pdf Direct URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/19033/effect-of-glucose-on-biosurfactant-production-using-bacterial-isolates-from-oil-contaminated-sites/anjali-sharma
This document summarizes a presentation on biodegradable films used in food packaging. The presentation covers:
- The objectives of understanding the importance of biodegradable films and reviewing related studies
- An introduction to biodegradable polymers, the biodegradation process, sources of biodegradable polymers, and their classification
- Applications of biopolymers in food packaging and companies involved in bioplastics for food packaging
- Advantages and disadvantages of biodegradable polymers as well as the use of nanotechnology to improve their properties
- Two case studies on using biodegradable films for beef steak packaging and improving the properties of soy protein isolate films with polylactic acid coating
This document introduces primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are essential molecules for growth and development, involved in respiration and photosynthesis. They are produced in large quantities and are not poisonous. Secondary metabolites are not essential for growth, produced for defensive purposes, in smaller quantities, and some are poisonous. Secondary metabolites are derived from primary metabolites and provide chemical protection against predators for plants. Examples of secondary metabolites include alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, phenol, resins, and lignin.
Potential role of microbial surfactants in environment control recovered from...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
This document summarizes a study on microbial surfactants recovered from oil contaminated and non-contaminated sites. 20 samples were collected from these sites, yielding 10 bacterial isolates. 6 isolates came from non-contaminated sites and 4 from contaminated sites. The isolates were screened for bioemulsifier activity, with emulsification indexes ranging from 44-73%. Mannitol and peptone were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for bioemulsifier production. The isolates showed potential for applications in microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) and bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbons (BATH) assay, with oil recovery ranging from 51.67-85% and bacterial adherence of 80.4-93.2
TECHNICAL BULLETIN - FASCINATE THE IDEAL HERBICIDE RESISTANCE PARTNERUPL
This Technical Bulletin provides
information to facilitate the understanding of the growing herbicide resistance of weeds, as well as the consequences of this problem.
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
the presentation is about the natural polymers i.e. classification, applications, properties and examples. it is in 25 pages in shortcuted manner and simple method.
Biosurfactants which are amphiphilic compounds synthesized from microorganisms and plants have properties such as low toxicity and high biodegradability and are great alternatives in domestic and industrial uses. A lot of research has gone into production, characterization and uses of biosurfactants because of its eco-friendly properties in remediation of the environment. Crude oil and its products causes deleterious harm to the environment which needs to be cleaned up with environmentally friendly substances such as biosurfactants, so as not to cause more harm to the environment in the bid to get it cleaned up. Biosurfactants are cheaply available because the substrates used in their production are low cost and readily available. Biosurfactants display an accomplished and well-ordered application in various ways such as food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, petroleum and agricultural industries. This review describes synthetic and biosurfactants classification, mechanism of action and applications. It also focuses on organisms that produce biosurfactants and why they do.
Isolation, Screening, and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Microor...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Biosurfactants are amphiphatic in nature and are surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms. These molecules reduce interfacial surface tension between aqueous solutions and hydrocarbon mixtures. Unfortunately, oil spills and industrial discharges from petroleum-related industries have been identified as the major pollution sources. The hydrophobicity and low aqueous solubility of petroleum pollutant limit the biodegradation process. The features that make biosurfactants as an alternative to commercially synthesized surfactants are its low toxicity, higher biodegradability and, hence, greater environmental compatibility, better foaming properties, and stable activity at extreme pH, temperature, and salinity. Objective: Therefore, in this study, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were screened from petroleum-contaminated soil, characterized and optimization of the physical and nutrient parameters were done to enhance the production of biosurfactants. Results: Petroleum-contaminated soil was collected from different petrol pumps in Pune and screening was done on minimal salt medium media containing palm oil as carbon source using hemolytic activity, emulsification index, drop-collapse test, and oil displacement method. The most promising strain was isolated and identified using Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Biology and 16s rRNA sequencing and was found to be Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimization of various parameters, namely temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources on growth, and biosurfactant production was studied. The highest biosurfactant production was obtained when MSS media contains sucrose (carbon source) and urea (nitrogen source) at pH 10 and temperature 55°C. The Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis of purified biosurfactant indicated the presence of lipopeptide biosurfactant when compared with reference FT-IR spectra.
Los plaguicidas han sido identificados como los principales contaminantes de varias vías fluviales. Al estar clasificados como posibles compuestos disruptores endocrinos, los pesticidas en el sistema acuoso son altamente peligrosos para los organismos acuáticos y el ecosistema.
This document summarizes a review article about the potential applications of biosurfactants in the food industry. It discusses how biosurfactants have properties like emulsion formation and stabilization, as well as antiadhesive and antimicrobial activities, that could be useful in food processing. Biosurfactants are naturally derived and biodegradable alternatives to chemical surfactants. They are generally non-toxic and tolerant of various environmental conditions like temperature, pH, and salt concentrations. The document outlines several classes of biosurfactants and their producing microorganisms. It also discusses emulsification abilities and how biosurfactants could potentially be used as emulsifiers in foods.
Bioprospecting involves systematically searching for useful products from biological resources like plants, microorganisms, and animals that can be developed and commercialized for societal benefit. It generally consists of four phases: sample collection, isolation and characterization of compounds, screening for potential uses, and product development and commercialization. Microbes, extremophiles, fungi, algae, and other organisms provide sources for bioprospecting and have led to discoveries like antibiotics, enzymes, bioplastics, and more. While bioprospecting has benefits, issues around benefit-sharing with indigenous groups and biopiracy must be addressed.
This document provides an overview of the metabolism and genetics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used as starter cultures in food fermentation. LAB play an important role in fermented foods through the production of lactic acid and other beneficial compounds. The three main metabolic pathways involved are glycolysis (sugar fermentation), lipolysis (fat degradation), and proteolysis (protein degradation). Advances in genetics and genomics have revealed insights into LAB metabolism and led to commercial starter cultures with desirable properties for fermented foods.
This document evaluated the influence of phosphorus and nitrogen nutrients on the growth and biosurfactant production of three microalgae strains: Spirulina platensis Paracas, Spirulina platensis LEB 52, and Spirulina sp. LEB 18. Experiments were conducted using different concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen. The results showed that Spirulina platensis LEB 52 achieved the highest biomass production. Phosphorus and nitrogen levels did not significantly influence maximum biomass or productivity. Spirulina sp. LEB 18 produced biosurfactants most effectively, with one extract showing a surface tension of 31.2 mN/m using high nitrogen without phosphorus.
Pretreatment techniques for biofuels and biorefineriesSpringer
This document discusses microbial production of extracellular polysaccharides from biomass. It begins with an introduction to microbial polysaccharides and their commercial importance. The main focus is on developing cost-effective production processes by utilizing cheaper biomass resources as fermentation substrates. Various microbial polysaccharide production processes using resources like syrups, molasses, olive mill wastewater, cheese whey, fruit and vegetable pomace, pulp, kernels, carbon dioxide, and lignocellulosic biomass are described, with emphasis on pretreatment methods employed.
Plant Design for bioplastic production from Microalgae in Pakistan.pdfMianHusnainIqbal2
Microalgae is an organism that belongs to the unicellular eukaryotic protists, prokaryotic
cyanobacteria, and blue-green algae. It have withdrawn a great attention of industrialists due to
its remarkable properties. According to the recent searches microalgae have more than 25.000
forms of species among which 15 has major use as a resource of many industrial products. Many
environmental friendly green plant processes have been develope in order to minimize the waste
and for energy saving such as Phytoremediation. Which is an excellent recovery system for
many resources. Via this process the recovery of microalgae species from aquaculture wastes is
done and the microalgae is then used as source of industrial biopolymers having excellent
characteristics.
This document provides an overview of various polysaccharides including their sources, structures, and applications. It discusses structural polysaccharides like cellulose and pectin, marine polysaccharides such as alginate, microbial polysaccharides including pullulan and cyclodextrins. Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer derived from plants. Pectin is extracted from citrus and contains galacturonic acid. Alginate is isolated from brown seaweed and forms gels with divalent cations. Chitosan is derived from chitin in insects and crustaceans. Pullulan is produced by Aureobasidium pullulans yeast fermentation. Cyclodextrins are derived from starch and can
This document reports on research into the antimicrobial activity of 2-aminothiophene derivatives. It summarizes the Gewald method for synthesizing 2-aminothiophenes, which involves a three-component reaction of a ketone, activated nitrile, and elemental sulfur. The researchers synthesized two 2-aminothiophene derivatives - ethyl 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylate and 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile - using a solvent-free one-pot Gewald reaction. They characterized the products and report yields and
New Green Synthesis Approaches of Pharmacologically Active Heterocyclic Compo...ijtsrd
Green chemistry is a rapidly developing field providing a proactive avenue for the sustainable development of future science and technology. Green chemistry can be applied to the design of highly efficient, environmentally benign synthetic protocols to deliver life saving medicines, and to accelerate lead optimization processes in drug discovery, while minimizing environmental impact. It also offers enhanced chemical process economics, concomitant with a reduced environmental burden. There are relatively environmentally benign protocols for the synthesis of pharmaceutically active heterocycles that highlight the advantages of using green chemistry, for example, by proceeding under microwave irradiation or in aqueous reaction media. Chandra Prakash Gharu "New Green Synthesis Approaches of Pharmacologically Active Heterocyclic Compounds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51793.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/51793/new-green-synthesis-approaches-of-pharmacologically-active-heterocyclic-compounds/chandra-prakash-gharu
This document summarizes research on bioactive carbohydrates and peptides found in foods. It discusses the various health benefits of these compounds, including effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, stress, obesity, and mental health. The document also reviews downstream processing methods used to extract and purify these compounds from different food sources like dairy, meat, fish, and plants. Finally, it discusses challenges in developing these bioactives as food ingredients or pharmaceuticals, such as production costs and regulatory approval of health claims.
This document provides a review of literature on the adsorption behavior of antibiotics in soil environments. It discusses how antibiotics from various sources enter soil systems and the importance of sorption processes in determining their environmental fate. The review examines how the physicochemical properties of different classes of antibiotics, as well as soil properties like pH and organic matter content, can impact antibiotic adsorption behaviors. It aims to provide insight into antibiotic-soil interactions and discusses literature on adsorption mechanisms and the effects of environmental factors on antibiotic adsorption in soil.
This document describes the synthesis of 2-aminothiophene derivatives and an evaluation of their antimicrobial activity. Specifically, it details the Gewald method for synthesizing 2-aminothiophenes via a three-component reaction of a ketone, activated nitrile, and elemental sulfur. Several 2-aminothiophene derivatives were synthesized using cyclohexanone or acetaldehyde with various nitriles. The compounds were characterized and their structures confirmed. An evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds found that some demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, or other biological activities, showing potential for further development as pharmaceutical agents.
An assessment overview of microbe assisted bioremediation of.pptxWaqasHaidar3
This document provides an overview of using microbes to assist in the bioremediation of pharmaceutical waste from polluted environments. It begins with an introduction describing the increase in pharmaceutical industry and resulting pollution. The objectives are then outlined as evaluating the effectiveness of microbes in reducing pharmaceutical waste by breaking down compounds into less harmful substances. A knowledge gap is identified in understanding the diversity of microbial communities involved and fate of transformed compounds. Results show removal of selected pharmaceuticals by a fungus over time. The conclusion states that microbe-assisted bioremediation is a promising approach but further optimization of conditions and identification of effective microorganisms is needed.
This study examined the growth kinetics of Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 on different carbohydrates as energy sources, including inulin-type fructans. Small- and large-scale fermentations showed that B. animalis grew poorly on monosaccharides but preferentially metabolized shorter oligofructose chains, depleting them before metabolizing longer chains. Acetic acid was the major metabolite produced, along with initial high levels of lactic acid and later formic acid production, suggesting a shift in sugar metabolism for growth on oligofructose.
Screening of Biosurfactant Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Co...ijtsrd
The release of impurities in the environment, containing petroleum and petroleum cogitated products, is engenders of global being taint. It is also a hazardous for human and animal health, since many of these impurities have evidenced to be toxic and oncogenic. Hydrocarbon particles that are secreted into the environment are hard to get rid of, since they change state to surfaces and are captured by surface tension in a water immiscible stage. Bioremediation has tested to be an alternate to lessen the effects caused to impureness of soil and water, applying the metabolic abilities of microorganisms that can apply hydrocarbons as source of carbon and energy, or that can alter them by co metabolism. The proficiency of removal is directly related to the compound’s chemical structure, to its bioavailability deliberation, harmfulness, flexibility and approach and to the physicochemical situation present in the atmosphere. Perwez Qureshi | Dr. Reshma Jaweria "Screening of Biosurfactant/Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Contaminated Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46276.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46276/screening-of-biosurfactantbioemulsifier-producing-bacteria-from-petroleum-contaminated-soil/perwez-qureshi
Application of encapsulation technique on antimicrobials | Food TechnologyAbdul Rehman
1. Antimicrobial compounds like nisin and thymol are commonly used in food processing but lose effectiveness due to interactions with food components. Encapsulation within carbohydrate nanoparticles or chitosan micelles can help protect these compounds and provide prolonged release, improving food safety and shelf-life.
2. Studies show nanoparticle-encapsulated nisin and chitosan-complexed thymol have stronger and longer-lasting antibacterial effects against pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus compared to the unencapsulated forms.
3. Encapsulation of antimicrobials within biopolymer carriers that can withstand processing and storage is a promising approach for enhancing food safety
Agroindustrial Exploitation of the Mucilage Obtained from the Nopal Cactus Op...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
Agroindustrial Exploitation of the Mucilage Obtained from the Nopal Cactus Opuntia spp. Cultivated in Hydroponics by Romeo Rojas in Food Science Journal
Similar to POTENTIAL BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL SURFACTANTS (20)
Chronic Overworking: Cause Extremely Negative Impact on Health and Quality of...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Work is an action that organizes and provides meaning to the use of time in a society that
has programmed its rhythms as a function. It is important in structuring daily life and in
enabling a sense of continuity, provides capital, satisfaction that flourishing human life and
his family. What’s more, it is an antidote against boredom and emptiness. But it also
means we never really clock out while working and become too much workaholic. The
persistent overwork has extremely negative impacts on our health, happiness, and overall
quality of life. Nowadays working overtime has become the norm for most people. It is one
of those things everyone knows is bad for us, but no one really listens. Imbalance between
work and health or overwork not only bad for employees but also for employers. The long
working in the office or at home is bad for our health and our performance at work. A
person who expands more time in work may experience numerous health problems
including mental, physical and social problems. The Significant effects include stress, lack
of free time, poor work-life balance, relation hit and serious health risks lead to tiredness,
fatigue, obesity, lack of attentiveness, insomnia, depression, diabetes, high BP, Cerebrocardiovascular
problem, etc.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
This study was conducted to establish bacterial contamination of cell phones and microbial contamination of
mobile phones and isolate the significant bacterial species associated with these cell phones in reference
to give necessary remedial measure. A total of 80 samples were collected to isolate microbial
population associated with cell phones. Sterile swabs were firmly rubbed on the surface of the handset, the
key buttons and on the screens of cell phones. The swabs were then inoculated into different media viz.
Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol Salt agar and Eosin Methelyne Blue agar. A total of 143
different bacterial isolates recovered from these sample and were classified as: Staphylococcus spp.
Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Micrococcus spp., Proteus spp., Bacillus spp.,
and Enterobacter spp. at the ratio of 52, 17,14,7,4,3,2 and 1% respectively. The isolates were further
subjected for Antibiotic susceptibility profiling and have found that most of the recovered isolates were
challenging to Ampicillin, few isolates also shown intermediate results. Impimen, Norfloxacin and
Gentamycin were sensitive towards most isolates. Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol showed variable
susceptibility to the different isolates. The study shown that all cell phones under investigation
were significantly contaminated by numerous bacterial species. It is an also indication that the majority of
them belongs to the normal flora of the human body as well as airborne and soil bacteria. Thus it can be said
that it is necessary to sterilise hands after contact with a cell phone since it is a potential source of disease
transmission.
Effect of Various Substrate and Process Parameters on the Production of Prodi...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
In the present study it has been investigated that Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 has
good potential for Prodigiosin production. Among the screened media components,
maltose was the best carbon source for the production for this strain. The fermentation
media supplemented with maltose (2%) and NaCl (0.5%) at pH 6.8-7.0 incubated at 28°C
gave maximum prodigiosin production (1390 unit/cell) with the biomass content of 3.45 g
L-1 after 96 hrs of incubation period. Prodigiosin, a red pigment, produced by bacterial
species Serratia marcescens, belongs to the family of tripyrrole was found to exhibit
antibacterial, antimycotic, immunomodulating, anti-tumor and anti-malarial properties. A
lot of attention is now paid to the biotechnological synthesis of the colours through the
microorganisms. Plant cell and tissue culture, microbial fermentation and gene
manipulation have been investigated with respect to the production of biopigments.
However, extensive safety testing of such products is required before they are given
clearance as safe food additives or other applications.
α-Galactosidase Producing Probiotics Bacteria and Their Health ImplicationsSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Nowadays, people are aware that diet plays a major role in preventing diseases and promoting health.
Therefore there is an increasing trend for functional foods containing probiotic culture. “Probiotics are
defined as live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit
on the host”. Some LAB positively influence human health mainly by improving the composition of
intestinal micro biota and for this reason, they are called probiotics. The increasing cost of health care,
the steady increase in life expectancy and the desire of the elderly for improved quality of life research
and development required in the area of probiotics. The concept of providing functional foods
including beneficial components rather than removing potentially harmful components. Soybeans
and other pulses contain oligosaccharides which may cause intestinal disturbances such as
flatulence. This study was undertaken to investigate α-galactosidase-producing probiotics bacteria.
The enzymes and cultures can be added to foods in order to enhance the digestibility of
carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract. However since many of these bacteria are reported for
probiotic properties that support and induced health benefits to the consumer. The study provides
data on the stability of α-galactosidase, which could potentially be added to food matrices
containing stachyose or raffinose such as beans, soya and other pulses and could be an alternative
or remedies of oligosaccharides intolerance.
PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF PECTINASE BY BACILLUS SP. ISOLATED FROM VEGETA...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Microbial enzymes have shown tremendous potential for different applications. Over the years due to their remarkable features enzymes have occupied the centre stage of all the biochemical and industrial processes. Pectinases are a group of enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of pectic materials found in plants and are important industrial enzymes. In the present study, pectinase is produced from Bacillus sp. that was isolated from vegetable waste dump soil samples. A total of five isolates showed pectinase production and designated as PPB1 to PPB5. The screened isolates were used as a source of pectinase production using cassava waste as a substrate. Isolate PPB5 showed maximum enzyme activity of 0.641 IU/ml. Pectinase activity was optimized for various parameters like incubation time, temperature, pH, different carbon and nitrogen sources. Enzyme activity was observed maximum at 96 hr of incubation, 35°C temperature and at pH 6. The best carbon was found to be glucose. Among organic and inorganic nitrogen sources yeast extract and ammonium nitrate was founded to be better than other nitrogen sources. Among the five isolates, the isolate PPB5 showed maximum activity at all optimum conditions. This isolate is best producer and can be used in future for further pectinase production.
PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE FROM RHODOCOCCUS SPECIESSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Optimization of conditions for cholesterol oxidase production by the microorganism isolated from urban compost and dairy soil samples.Isolates were obtained on the basis of their capability of growing on isolation medium A and B and their cholesterol oxidase (CHO) production was estimated. CHO production was optimized by the optimization of temperature, pH, carbon sources, and organic and inorganic nitrogen sources.isolates out of 22 were found to secrete extracellular CHO as detected by cholesterol oxidase indicator plate A and were designated as cholesterol oxidase producing isolate 1, 2 and 3 (COP 1, COP 2 and COP 3). Results showed that the strain COP 2 belonging to the genus Rhodococcus sp. based on morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics recorded highest cholesterol oxidase activity. Optimum temperature and pH for CHO activity were found to be 35 °C and 7.5 respectively. Steroidal substrate cholesterol produced a significant increase in CHO level (0.502 IU/ml). Organic and inorganic nitrogen sources were supplemented in combinations leads to increase in CHO production as compared to individual components.
Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies on Bambusa arundinacea a...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
This study was formulated to check the phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial potential of
Bambusa arundinacea (Bamboo) and Mangifera indica (Mango) trees. Aqueous, ethanolic and
methanolic extracts were prepared from leaves of former and stem bark of later. The phytochemical
screening of the extracts showed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as
carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and proteins in B. arundinacea, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides in M. indica. Total phenolic concentration and
percentage of free radical scavenging activity was more in ethanolic extracts of B. arundinacea and
M. indica followed by methanolic extracts and aqueous extracts. Highest percentage of ferric
reducing antioxidant power was found in ethanolic extracts and lowest in aqueous extracts indicates
that ethanolic extracts has more antioxidant potential than the other two extracts. Ethanolic extracts
of both plants had higher inhibition on the tested Gram positive (B. subtilis & S. aureus) as well as
Gram negative (E.coli & P. aeruginosa) bacteria evidenced from the zones of inhibition. M. indica
showed more therapeutic potential as compared to B. arundinacea and ethanolic as well as
methanolic extracts of both the tested plants were more effective than aqueous extracts due to better
extraction power of organic solvents. Overall study indicates that B. arundinacea and M. indica are
potential source of natural antioxidants, phytochemicals and antibacterials that can be used for the
development of novel drugs and may represent new source of antimicrobials with stable, biologically
active components that can establish a scientific base for further use in modern medicines.
PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGI...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the epitome of an opportunistic pathogen of humans that cause urinary tract infections, respiratory system infection, particularly in victim of severe burns, cancer and AIDS patient who are immunocompromised. Most Pseudomonas infections are both invasive and toxigenic. The particular bacterial determinants of virulence mediate different stages of infection and are ultimately responsible for the characteristic syndromes that accompany the disease. In the present study P. aeruginosa was found to be more prevalent in burn patients (100%) followed by urinary tract infection samples (71%), sputum samples (66%) and wound samples (59%). 85% isolates recovered from clinical samples were mucoid. A total of 35% isolates were strong siderophore producers, 19% isolates were strong protease producers while 52% were strong phospholipase producers. Isolates from burns, sputum and environment sample were strong rhamnolipid producers. Elevated level of hemolysin production was observed in burn, urine and wound isolates. The prominence of haemagglutination ability in environmental isolates followed by burns isolates provided evidence for its being a nosocomial pathogen. The association between virulence determinants and disease can indicate the precise role played by the determinant in estabilishing the disease. Isolates were maximally sensitive towards lactam antibiotics.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
POTENTIAL BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL SURFACTANTS
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Harjot et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
POTENTIAL BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL
APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL SURFACTANTS
Bhairav Prasad, Dr. Harjot Pal Kaur*
and Dr. Sukhvir Kaur
SUS College of Research and Technology, Tangori, Mohali.
ABSTRACT
Many microorganisms are able to produce a wide range of amphipathic
compounds, with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties present
within the same molecule which allow them to exhibit surface
activities at interfaces and are generally called biosurfactants.
Biosurfactants are versatile, structurally diverse group of surface-active
substances produced by microorganisms and have variety of
applications in the sectors including bioremediation, food industry,
agriculture and pharmaceuticals. Interest in biosurfactant production
has markedly increased during the past decade, although large-scale
production has not been possible because of low production yields and
high total costs. At present, biosurfactants have gained importance in environmental
applications, while new applications in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic and food
industry, with a high added value, are still developing. Recently, the potential applications of
biosurfactants in the biomedical field have increased. Their antibacterial, antifungal and
antiviral activities make them relevant molecules for applications in combating many
diseases and as therapeutic agents. In addition, their role as anti-adhesive agents against
several pathogens indicates their utility as suitable anti-adhesive coating agents for medical
insertional materials leading to a reduction in a large number of hospital infections without
the use of synthetic drugs and chemicals. This article emphasizes the medicinal and
therapeutic perspective of biosurfactants. With these specialized and cost-effective
applications, biosurfactants can be considered as an interesting option for the near future.
KEYWORDS: Antiadhesive, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Biosurfactant, Gene transfection,
Immunoadjuvants.
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*Correspondence for
Author
Dr. Harjot Pal Kaur
SUS College of Research
and Technology, Tangori,
Mohali.
Article Received on
19 March 2015,
Revised on ------------------,
Accepted on 27 March 2015
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INTRODUCTION
Biosurfactants are surface active agents with wide range of properties including reduction of
surface and interfacial tensions of liquids. Surface tension is defined as the free surface
enthalpy per unit area[1]
and is the force acting on the surface of a liquid leading to decrease
the area of that surface. Already reported surfactants, both synthetic and natural, are capable
of reducing the surface tension of water from 72 mNm−1
to 27 mNm−1
.[2]
Surfactants are
extensively used for industrial, agricultural, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
Most of these surfactants are chemically synthesized and are potentially toxic to the
environment.[3,4]
Microbial-derived surfactants or biosurfactants are amphipathic molecules
produced by a wide variety of microbes containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic domain that
increase the solubility of poorly soluble compounds in water by reducing the surface tension.
[5]
Surface active compounds produced by microorganisms are of two main types; first, that
reduce surface tension at the air water interface (biosurfactants) and second, that reduce
interfacial tension between immiscible liquids, or at the solid-liquid interface (bioemulsifier).
Biosurfactants usually display emulsifying capacity but bioemulsifier do not necessarily
reduce surface tension.[6,7]
A wide spectra of microbial surfactants, including glycolipids,
lipopeptides, fatty acids, and polymeric biosurfactants, have been found to have surface
activity.[8]
Biosurfactants have important advantages relative to chemically synthesized
surfactants, such as higher biodegradability, low toxicity, greater environmental
compatibility, better foaming properties and stable at extreme pH, salinity and
temperature.[9,10]
Microbial surfactants are considered to be secondary metabolites, play important role for the
survival of biosurfactant producing microorganisms by facilitating nutrient transport or
microbe-host interactions or by acting as biocide agents[11, 12]
, bacterial pathogenesis and
biofilm formation.[13, 14]
Biosurfactant have been found to possess several properties of
restorative as well as biomedical importance[15]
and also have potent antibacterial,
antifungal[16]
and antiviral properties, inhibit fibrin clot formation and anti-adhesive action
against several pathogenic microorganisms.[12, 17, 18]
Here, in this article role and applications
of microbial surfactants were discussed with main focus on the most recent and appealing
medicinal and pharmaceutical perspectives.
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CLASSIFICATION AND BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF BIOSURFACTANTS
The synthetic surfactants are generally classified according to the nature of their polar group
but biosurfactants have been categorized mainly by their chemical composition and microbial
origin.[13]
Biosurfactants have been broadly classified into low molecular-mass molecules
(efficiently lower surface and interfacial tension, include glycolipids, lipopeptides and
phospholipids) and high molecular-mass polymers (more effective as emulsion-stabilizing
agents and bioemulsifier, include polymeric and particulate surfactants).[19]
Most
biosurfactants are either anionic or neutral with a long-chain fatty acids or fatty acid
derivatives as hydrophobic moiety, whereas the hydrophilic moiety can be a carbohydrate,
amino acid, phosphate or cyclic peptide.[20]
The major classes of biosurfactants include
glycolipids, lipopeptides and lipoprotein, fatty acid, phospholipids, neutral lipids and
polymeric surfactants.
Glycolipids
Glycolipids are the most common biosurfactants contain carbohydrates in combination with
long chain aliphatic acids or hydroxyaliphatic acids.[21, 22]
Rhamnolipids, trehalolipids and
sophorolipids are best known glycolipids produced by a variety of microorganisms.[23]
Rhamnolipids
Glycolipids composed of one or two molecules of rhamnose linked with one or two
molecules of β-hydroxy-decanoic acid (Fig. 1) are called rhamnolipids. The production of
rhamanose containing glycolipids was first described in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[24]
The
two principal types of glycolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are L-rhamnosyl-L-
rhamnosyl-β-hydroxydecanoyl-β-hydroxydecanoate and L-rhamnosyl- β-hydroxydecanoyl-β-
hydroxydecanoate commonly referred as rhamnolipids I and II respectively.[25-27]
Trehalolipids
Trehalolipids are disaccharides trehalose linked at C-6 and C-6’ to mycolic acids which is
associated with most species of Mycobacterium, Nocardia and Corynebacterium (Fig. 2).
Mycolic acids are long-chain, α- branched β- hydroxy fatty acids. The size of the
trehalolipids, structure of mycolic acids, the number of carbon atoms and the degree of
unsaturation varies organisms to organisms.[28]
The most common trehalolipids are trehalose
dimycolate and anionic trehalose lipid produced by Rhodococcus erythropolis and
Artrobacter sp. lowered the surface and interfacial tension in culture broth from 25 to 40 and
1to 5 mN/m respectively.[29]
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Sophorolipids
Sophorolipids are glycolipids consists of a dimeric carbohydrate sophorose linked to a long
chain hydroxyl fatty acid by glycosidic linkage and mainly produced by yeast such as
Torulopsis bombicola, T. petrophilum and T. apicola. [30, 31]
Usually, sophorolipids occur as a
mixture of macrolactones and free acid form (Fig. 3A & 3B). It has been shown that the
lactone form of the sophorolipid is essential, for many applications.[32]
Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins
Lipopeptides and lipoprotein are mostly consists of a lipids attached with polypeptide chain.
Cyclic peptide gramicidins (decapeptide antibiotic) and polymyxin (lipopeptide antibiotic)
produced by Bacillus brevis and B. polymyxa respectively posseses remarkable biosurfactant
activity.[33]
Surfactin
Surfactin (lipopeptide produced by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332), is one of the most
powerful biosurfactant (Fig. 4). It is composed of a seven amino acid ring structure coupled
to a fatty acid (3-hydroxy-13-methyl tetradecanoic acid) chain via lactone linkage.[34]
Surfactin produced by B. subtilis has been shown to increase solubility and bioavailability of
a petrochemical mixture and also stimulate indigenous microorganisms for enhanced
biodegradation of diesel contaminated soil.[35]
Fatty Acids, Phospholipids and Neutral Lipids
Several bacteria and yeasts produce large quantities of fatty acid and phospholipid surfactants
during growth on n-alkanes and other hydrocarbons. The HLB (hydrophilic and lipophilic
balance) of the produced surfactants is directly related to the length of the hydrocarbon chain
and their structures.[36]
Corynebacterium alkanolyticum produces a phospholipid
biosurfactant with a relatively low yield; however, the use of self-cycling fermentation
processes resulted in three fold increase in the biosufactant production. The yield could be
further increased to five fold by the addition of high amount of limiting substrates.[37]
Phosphatidylethanolamine produced by Rhodococcus erythropolis grown on n-alkane helps
in lowering the interfacial tension between water and hexadecane to less than 1mN/m and a
CMC of 30 mg/l.[38]
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Polymeric Biosurfactants
The most common polymeric biosurfactants are emulsan (Fig. 5), liposan, alasan, lipomanan
and other polysaccharide-protein complexes. Alasan is an anionic covalently bound alanine
containing hetero-polysaccharide protein biosurfactant with a molecular weight
approximately 1MDa produced from Acinetobacter radioresistens KA-53. The protein
component of alasan appears to play an important role in both the structure and activity of the
complex and found to be 2.5 to 3 times more active after being heated at 100o
C under neutral
or alkaline condition.[39]
Similarly, Yarrowia lipolytica, a tropical marine strain produced an
emulsifier complex (lipid-carbohydrate-lipid) associated with the cell wall in earlier stages of
growth but displayed extracellularly in the stationary phase in the presence of alkanes or
crude oil.[40]
Particulate Biosurfactants
Particulate biosurfactants are extracellular membrane vesicles partition hydrocarbons that
form micro emulsion and play an important role in alkane uptake by microbial cells. Vesicles
of Acinetobacter sp. strain HO1-N with a diameter of 20-50 nm and a buoyant density of
1.158cubic g/cm are composed of protein, phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide.[13]
POTENTIAL BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
The use and potential commercial applications of biosurfactants in the medical field has
increased during the past decade. It have also been demonstrated that the biosurfactants could
have a wide range of application in pharmaceutical fields.[12]
Several surfactants produced by
bacteria and fungi have strong antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor and anticancer
activity.
Antimicrobial Activity
The diverse compositions of microbial surfactants confer them to exhibit versatile
performance.[41, 42]
Due to its configuration, biosurfactant is believed to exert its toxicity on
the plasma membrane permeability similar to detergent. The biosurfactants possess strong
antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties.[43]
The antimicrobial activity of two
biosurfactants obtained from probiotic bacteria, Lactococcus lactis 53 and Streptococcus
thermophilus A, have been investigated against a variety of bacterial and yeast strains isolated
from explanted voice prostheses and it was found that both the biosurfactants have a high
antimicrobial activity even at low concentration.[44]
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Probiotics have long been known for their antimicrobial activity and for the capacity to
interfere with the adhesion and formation of biofilms of pathogens to epithelial cells of
urogenital and intestinal tracts,[45]
catheter materials and voice prostheses,[12,44]
and the
mechanisms of this interference have been demonstrated to include, among others, the release
of biosurfactants.[15,46]
Recently it was demonstrated that the surfactants obtained from three
Lactobacillus acidophilus strains inhibited Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus biofilm
integrity and formation.[47]
Another interesting application of probiotics that is gaining more
interest is their use in preventing oral infections. The role of probiotics on oral health has
been thoroughly investigated.[48-50]
It has been reported that the biosurfactant from
Streptococcus mitis inhibited adhesion of Streptococcus sobrinus HG 1025 and Streptococcus
mutans ATCC 25175 to bare enamel, and also inhibit the adhesion of S. sobrinus HG 1025 to
salivary pellicles.[51]
It was suggested that these reductions may be attributed to increased
electrostatic repulsion between the bacteria and the biosurfactant-coated pellicles.[52]
Biosurfactants from different microorganisms viz., MELs (glycolipid biosurfactant) produced
by Candida antartica, and rhamnolipids from P. aeruginosa,[53]
lipopeptides produced by B.
subtilis 31 and B. licheniformis have been shown to have potent antimicrobial activities.[46]
A biosurfactant from B. subtilis R14 shown antibacterial activity against 29 bacterial strains
and results demonstrated that lipopeptide have a broad spectrum of action including microbial
strain with multidrug-resistant profile.[11]
Similarly, another biosurfactant produced by a
marine B. circulans had strong antibacterial activity against G (+) and G (-) pathogenic and
semi pathogenic bacteria including MDR strain.[54]
The antifungal activities of biosurfactants
have long been known, although their action against human pathogenic fungi has been rarely
described.[55,56].
Recently, a glycolipid named flocculosin isolated from yeast-like fungus, P.
flocculosa, was shown to display in vitro antifungal activity against several pathogenic
yeasts, associated with human mycoses.[57]
The antiviral activity of biosurfactants, mainly surfactin and its analogues has been
reported.[58]
The potential inactivation of enveloped viruses, such as retroviruses and herpes
viruses, compared to non-enveloped viruses, suggests that this inhibitory action may be
mainly due to physico-chemical interactions between the virus envelope and the surfactant.[59]
An antimicrobial lipopeptides produced by B. subtilis, inactivated cell-free virus of porcine
parvovirus, pseudorabies virus, newcastle disease virus and bursal disease virus, while it
effectively inhibited replication and infectivity of the newcastle disease virus and bursal
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disease virus but had no effect on pseudorabies virus and porcine parvovirus.[60]
The
biosurfactant sophorolipids have activity against human immunodeficiency virus.[61]
Similarly, a rhamnolipid and its complex with alginate, both produced by a Pseudomonas sp.
strain, showed significant antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.[62]
The
suppressive effect of the compounds on herpes simplex virus replication was dose-dependent
and occurred at concentrations lower than the critical micelle concentration.[63]
Gene Rescue
Gene therapy, an efficient and safe method for introducing exogenous nucleotides into
mammalian cells is critical for basic sciences and clinical applications. It has been reported
that lipofection using cationic liposomes, a method of gene transfection is considered to be a
potential way to deliver foreign gene to the target cells without any side effects.[64-66]
A
comparative study of commercially available cationic liposomes and liposomes based on
biosurfactants shown increasing efficiency of gene transfection.[22]
Immunological Adjuvants
Adjuvants are protein when mixed with conventional antigen, surprisingly amplified the
immune response. Some bacterial lipopeptides comprise potent non-toxic and non-pyrogenic
act as immunological adjuvants when mixed with conventional antigens. A marked
improvement in the humoral immune response was obtained with the low molecular mass
antigens iturin AL, herbicolin A and microcystin (MLR) coupled to poly-L-lysine (MLR-
PLL) in rabbit and chickens.[12]
Immunomodulator Agents
It has been reported that sophorolipids are promising modulators of the immune response. It
has been also demonstrated that sophorolipids, decreased sepsis related mortality at 36 h in
vivo in a rat model of septic peritonitis by modulation of nitric oxide, adhesion molecules and
cytokine production. In addition to that it also decreased IgE production in vitro in U266 cells
possibly by affecting plasma cell activity. The results show that sophorolipids decrease IgE
production in U266 cells by suppressing the genes involved in IgE pathobiology in a
synergistic manner. This data can support the utility of sophorolipids as an anti-inflammatory
agent and a novel potential therapy in diseases of altered IgE regulation.[67,68]
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Anti-human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sperm-immobilizing Activity
The increased incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS in women aged 15-
49 years has identified the urgent need for a female-controlled, efficacious and safe vaginal
topical microbicide.[28]
It has been reported that sophorolipid produced by C. bombicola and
its structural analogues have been studied for their spermicidal, anti-HIV and cytotoxic
activities. The sophorolipid diacetate ethyl ester derivative is the most potent spermicidal and
virucidal agent of the series of sophorolipids studied.[61]
Its virucidal activity against HIV and
sperm-immobilizing activity against human semen are similar to those of nonoxynol-9.
However, it also induced enough vaginal cell toxicity to raise concerns about its applicability
for long-term microbicidal contraception.[28]
Anti-adhesive Agents in Surgical
The microbial sufactnts or biosurfactants have been found to inhibit the adhesion of
pathogenic organisms to the surgical instruments or to infection sites thus might constitute a
new alternative and effective means of combating colonization of pathogenic
microorganisms.[54,69]
It has been demonstrated that pre-coating vinyl urethral catheters
treated with surfactin solution before inoculation with media resulted in decreased amount of
biofilm formation by gram negative bacteria like S. typhimurium, S. enterica, E. coli, and P.
mirabilis. Microbial surfactants significantly reduced microbial population on prostheses and
also induced a decrease in the air flow resistance that occurs on voice prostheses after biofilm
formation.[70]
Pulmonary Surfactant
A deficiency of pulmonary surfactant, a phospholipid protein complex is responsible for the
failure of respiration in prematurely born infants. Isolation of genes for protein molecules of
this surfactant and cloning in bacteria has made possible its fermentative production for
medical applications.[13]
Anticancer Activity
It has been recently reported that the glycolipids produced by some bacteria and yeasts have
potent anticancer activity. The seven microbial extracellular glycolipids, including
mannosylerythritol lipids-A, mannosylerythritol lipids-B, polyol lipid, rhamnolipid,
sophorose lipid, succinoyl trehalose lipid (STL)-1 and succinoyl trehalose lipid-3 have been
investigated and found that except rhamnolipdis all these glycolipds involved in induced cell
differentiation instead of cell proliferation in the human pro-myelocytic leukaemia cell line
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HL60.[71,72]
STL and MEL markedly increased common differentiation characteristics in
monocytes and granulocytes respectively. Exposure of B16 cells to MEL resulted in the
condensation of chromatin, DNA fragmentation and sub-G1 arrest (the sequence of events of
apoptosis). In addition, exposure of PC12 cells to MEL enhanced the activity of acetylcholine
esterase and interrupted the cell cycle at the G1 phase, with resulting outgrowth of neurites
and partial cellular differentiation. This suggests that MEL induces neuronal differentiation in
PC12 cells and provides the groundwork for the use of microbial extracellular glycolipids as
novel reagents for the treatment of cancer cells.[73]
It have been suggested that the
sophorolipid produced by W. domercqiae have anticancer activity. The cytotoxic effects of
sophorolipid on cancer cells of H7402, A549, HL60 and K562 were investigated by MTT
assay. The results showed a dose-dependent inhibition ratio on cell viability according to the
drug concentration <62.5 g/ml.[74]
Recovery of Intracellular Products
Biosurfactants are very much similar to chemical surfactant or detergents and can
permeabilise or lyse cells after the fermentation for recovery of intracellular products. It have
been reported that the permeabilization of E. coli cells was done by reverse micelle solution
to facilitate penicillin acyclase extraction.[75]
In down streaming process for the recovery of
intracellular protein from microbial cells were achieved through aggressive mechanical cell
disintegration. However these mechanical methods solubilise and disrupt most of the protein
components associated with cell walls, organelles and membrane. Therefore more selective
permeabilization achieved by using compounds that making microbial cell more porous and
release target protein with highest efficiencies. Biosurfactants can be the choice of molecule
for membrane permeabilization.[76]
Thus the biosurfactants could be a promising purification
option for the recovery of purified intracellular proteins to permeabilize cells with selective
protein. In selecting biosurfactants for these applications the primary consideration should be
the efficiency, selectivity and also important to insure the biosurfactant has no negative
impact on the stability of the product as these are bioactive molecules and may bind to
protein and other molecules.[75, 76]
Biosurfactants for Cosmetics
The biosurfactants exerts many properties such as emulsification and de-emulsification,
foaming, water binding capacity, spreading and wetting properties effect on viscosity and on
product stability can efficiently be utilized by cosmetics industry. Surfactants as emulsifiers,
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foaming agents, solubilizers, wetting agents, cleansers, antimicrobial agents, mediators of
enzymes action in various dosages forms like creams, lotions, liquids, pastes, powders, sticks,
gels, films, sprays could be used and may be replaced by biosurfactants.[77-80]
Biosurfactants
are used in insect repellents, antacids, bath products, acne pads, antidandruff products,
contact lens solution, hair colours and care products, deodorants, nail care, body message
accessories, lip markers, eye shades, mascaras, soaps, tooth pastes and polishes, denture
cleansers, adhesives, antiperspirants, lubricated condoms, baby products, foot care,
antiseptics, shampoos, conditioners, shave and depilatory products, moisturizers, health and
beauty products.[3]
All of these applications of surfactants could be replaced by using
microbial surfactants.[81]
FIGURES
O O
H
C
H2
C C
(CH2)6
O
H
C
H2
C COOH
O
CH3
(CH2)6
CH3
CH3
OH
O
CH3
OH
OH OH
OH
Fig. 1. Structure of Rhamnolipid[82]
O
CH2O
OH
OH
OH
O
O
C C
H
(CH2)n
HOH
C (CH2)m
CH3
CH3
O
OH
OH
OH
CH2OOC
H
C
(CH2)n
HOHC
CH3
m(H2C)H3C
Figure 2. Structure of Trehalose Lipids[83]
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O
O
0
OH
OH
CH2OH
CH
CH3
(CH2)6
O
CH2OH
OH
OH
CH
CH
(CH2)7O
Lactone form
Fig. 3A. Structure of Lactonized Form of Sophorolipids[32]
O
O
0
OH
OH
CH2OH
CH
CH3
(CH2)6
O
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
CH
CH
(CH2)7
COOH
Acid form
Fig. 3B. Structure of Free-acid Forms of Sophorolipids[30, 31]
O
N
H
O
O
NH
FA
HN
O
O
HN O
R
O
O
NH
O
O
O
O
N
H
O
O
Fig. 4. Structure of Surfactin[84]
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O
O
O
O
O
O
NH
C
OH
COO
OH
HO
OCOH2C
NHAc
H3C
AcHN
NHAc
O
Fig. 5. Structure of Emulsan Like Polymer[85]
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE POTENTIAL
Surfactants are an important class of chemical compounds posses both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic moieties. The microbial derived surfactants have several advantages over
synthetic counterpart such as ecofriendly, biodegradable, less toxic and non mutagenic in
nature. Due to their above trait the microbial surfactants find versatile applicability in many
household and industrial sectors. Currently, the surfactants and biosurfactants derived
products are progressively entering into the market. Another interesting feature of
biosurfactants has led to a wide range of potential applications in the pharmaceutical field.
They are useful as antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agents, immunomodulatory
molecules and in vaccines and gene therapy. Biosurfactants have been used for gene
transfection, as ligands for binding immunoglobulins, as immunoadjuvants for antigens and
also as inhibitors for fibrin clot formation and activators of fibrin clot lysis. Promising
alternatives to produce potent biosurfactants with altered antimicrobial profiles and decreased
toxicity against mammalian cells may be exploited by genetic alteration of biosurfactants.
Furthermore, biosurfactants have the potential to be used as anti-adhesive biological coatings
for medical insertional materials, thus reducing hospital infections and use of synthetic drugs
and chemicals. They may also be incorporated into probiotic preparations to combat
gastrointestinal, urogenital tract infections and pulmonary immunotherapy. In spite of the
immense potential the commercial use of biosurfactants is still limited due to their high
production and recovery cost. Optimized growth conditions using inexpensive renewable
substrates (agro-industrial wastes), mutant high producer and novel strains, efficient methods
for isolation and purification of biosurfactants could make their production economical.
Further investigations on human cells and natural micro biota are needed to validate the use
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of biosurfactants in several biomedical and health related areas. Nevertheless, there appears
to be great potential for their use in the environmental and medical science arena waiting to
be fully exploited.
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