Microbial enzymes have shown tremendous potential for different applications. Over the years due to their remarkable features enzymes have occupied the centre stage of all the biochemical and industrial processes. Pectinases are a group of enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of pectic materials found in plants and are important industrial enzymes. In the present study, pectinase is produced from Bacillus sp. that was isolated from vegetable waste dump soil samples. A total of five isolates showed pectinase production and designated as PPB1 to PPB5. The screened isolates were used as a source of pectinase production using cassava waste as a substrate. Isolate PPB5 showed maximum enzyme activity of 0.641 IU/ml. Pectinase activity was optimized for various parameters like incubation time, temperature, pH, different carbon and nitrogen sources. Enzyme activity was observed maximum at 96 hr of incubation, 35°C temperature and at pH 6. The best carbon was found to be glucose. Among organic and inorganic nitrogen sources yeast extract and ammonium nitrate was founded to be better than other nitrogen sources. Among the five isolates, the isolate PPB5 showed maximum activity at all optimum conditions. This isolate is best producer and can be used in future for further pectinase production.
Production of Pectinase by Aspergillus niger Cultured in Solid State Media - IJBInnspub Net
Solid state fermentation was carried out with 7 fungal strains, obtained from different sources. Among 7 isolates Aspergillus niger,IM-6 was found as effective pectinase producer.Maximum enzymatic activity (142.44U/gm) was observed after 7 days incubation at 40˚C temperature in 750 ml conical flask. In this study 1.69% (NH4)2SO4 was used as nitrogen source, although peptone as a nitrogen source showed better result but use of peptone was not cost effective. As a substrate, wheat bran and potato starch showed good result (85.54U/gm) in solid state culture. Addition of 9.68% pectin was found to increase the enzyme production as 116.57U/gm. Pectinase production was optimum in 60% moisture (98.34U/gm). Aeration showed positive effects on pectinase production (136.86U/gm) at 750 ml flask than 1000 ml flask. Thus the wild strain Aspergillus niger IM-6 has outstanding pectinase producing capability at 40◦C in 60% initial moisture content for 7 days of incubation in solid state fermentation. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-1-february-2011-3/
Upon the evolution brought about in the fermentation technology resulted out into various methodologies for optimization of the product yield by economical consumption of the substrates. Eventually, these ventures led for the development of technologies classified into as Submerged and Solid State technologies and the latter one being the concept of interest whose detailed view will be provided in the following presentation
Production of Pectinase by Aspergillus niger Cultured in Solid State Media - IJBInnspub Net
Solid state fermentation was carried out with 7 fungal strains, obtained from different sources. Among 7 isolates Aspergillus niger,IM-6 was found as effective pectinase producer.Maximum enzymatic activity (142.44U/gm) was observed after 7 days incubation at 40˚C temperature in 750 ml conical flask. In this study 1.69% (NH4)2SO4 was used as nitrogen source, although peptone as a nitrogen source showed better result but use of peptone was not cost effective. As a substrate, wheat bran and potato starch showed good result (85.54U/gm) in solid state culture. Addition of 9.68% pectin was found to increase the enzyme production as 116.57U/gm. Pectinase production was optimum in 60% moisture (98.34U/gm). Aeration showed positive effects on pectinase production (136.86U/gm) at 750 ml flask than 1000 ml flask. Thus the wild strain Aspergillus niger IM-6 has outstanding pectinase producing capability at 40◦C in 60% initial moisture content for 7 days of incubation in solid state fermentation. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-1-february-2011-3/
Upon the evolution brought about in the fermentation technology resulted out into various methodologies for optimization of the product yield by economical consumption of the substrates. Eventually, these ventures led for the development of technologies classified into as Submerged and Solid State technologies and the latter one being the concept of interest whose detailed view will be provided in the following presentation
Production of Industrial Enzymes
Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics, Production Schedule, Working Capital Requirement, Plant Layout, Process Flow Sheet, Cost of Project, Projected Balance Sheets, Profitability Ratios, Break Even Analysis
Enzymes are ideal catalysts—they are highly selective in nature and work under mild conditions. By combining the right enzymes with genetic engineering, enzyme companies have developed proteins that can work in harsh process environments, such as those that use solvents, salts and high temperatures. The world market for industrial enzymes is currently about $1.8 billion/year and growing by more than 20% per year.
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Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
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Industrial Enzymes Production Unit, Production of Industrial Enzymes, Enzyme Production, Industrial Production Process of Enzymes, Large Scale Production of Enzymes in Industries, Industrial Production of Enzymes, Enzyme Production Methods, Produce Industrial Enzymes, How Enzymes are Produced, Large-Scale Production of Enzymes, Commercial Production of Enzymes, Investment Opportunities in Production of Industrial Enzymes, Small Scale Production of Industrial Enzymes, Processing of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Industry, Commercial Production of Industrial Enzymes, Manufacturing of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Manufacture in India, Industrial Enzymes Processing Industry, Production Methods of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Production, Production of Industrial Enzymes in India, Industrial Enzyme Production Methods, Methods of Enzyme Production, Production Process of Industrial Enzymes, Manufacturing Plant of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Plant, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Unit, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Industry, Manufacturing Process of Industrial Enzymes In India, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Process, Industrial Enzymes Manufacture, Manufacture of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Production Process, Method for Producing Industrial Enzymes, Production Plant of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Making Business Ideas, Business Ideas for Manufacturing Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Business, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Project, Business Plan for Manufacturing Industrial Enzymes, Production and Processing of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Making Plant,
Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war.
Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
AMYLASES AND PROTEASES ARE THE ENZYMES USED A LOT IN FOOD INDUSTRIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOODS. THESE ARE SUPPOSED TO PRODUCE AT A LARGER QUANTITIES IN ORDER TO FULFILL THE DEMANDS FROM THESE INDUSTRIES, THE LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES MUST BE CARRIED OUT. THIS METHOD OF LARGER PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES ARE EXPLAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION.
This is about methods of creating transgenic animals,applications of transgenic animals in biotechnology and application of transgenic animals in pharmaceuticals.
The Pectinases are a group of related enzymes capable of degrading pectin.
Also known as pectic enzymes or pectolytic enzymes.
Pectinases are synthesized by microorganisms which used in industrial production.
They are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
When compared with chemical methods they are
More specific
Less aggressive
Generates low toxicity
Media used for Bio-fertilizers, Bio-pesticide and bio-agents productionRaksha Hingankar
The detail information about the media used for Bio-fertilizers, Bio-pesticide and Bio-agents production.
ELE PATH-243 Bio-fertilizers, Bio-control and Bio-agents and Bio-pesticide.
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The ability of Colletotrichumtruncatum CP2 in producing pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzymes was evaluated by shake flask fermentations. The results of enzymatic activity experiment indicated that PG was the first cell wall-degrading enzymes detected and the activities obtained were higher (0.24±0.10 U/mL) than other enzymes, which appeared later and in lower amount. After the cell wall was degraded by the action of PG, further degradation of the cell wall was affected by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, pectate lyase and cellulases. The disparity in enzymatic activity at different intervals may suggest their specific role for pathogenesis at proper timings.
Production of Industrial Enzymes
Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics, Production Schedule, Working Capital Requirement, Plant Layout, Process Flow Sheet, Cost of Project, Projected Balance Sheets, Profitability Ratios, Break Even Analysis
Enzymes are ideal catalysts—they are highly selective in nature and work under mild conditions. By combining the right enzymes with genetic engineering, enzyme companies have developed proteins that can work in harsh process environments, such as those that use solvents, salts and high temperatures. The world market for industrial enzymes is currently about $1.8 billion/year and growing by more than 20% per year.
See more
https://goo.gl/FKWz5w
https://goo.gl/sgrxHV
https://goo.gl/ZN16XK
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Industrial Enzymes Production Unit, Production of Industrial Enzymes, Enzyme Production, Industrial Production Process of Enzymes, Large Scale Production of Enzymes in Industries, Industrial Production of Enzymes, Enzyme Production Methods, Produce Industrial Enzymes, How Enzymes are Produced, Large-Scale Production of Enzymes, Commercial Production of Enzymes, Investment Opportunities in Production of Industrial Enzymes, Small Scale Production of Industrial Enzymes, Processing of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Industry, Commercial Production of Industrial Enzymes, Manufacturing of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Manufacture in India, Industrial Enzymes Processing Industry, Production Methods of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Production, Production of Industrial Enzymes in India, Industrial Enzyme Production Methods, Methods of Enzyme Production, Production Process of Industrial Enzymes, Manufacturing Plant of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Plant, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Unit, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Industry, Manufacturing Process of Industrial Enzymes In India, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Process, Industrial Enzymes Manufacture, Manufacture of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Production Process, Method for Producing Industrial Enzymes, Production Plant of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Making Business Ideas, Business Ideas for Manufacturing Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Business, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Project, Business Plan for Manufacturing Industrial Enzymes, Production and Processing of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Making Plant,
Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war.
Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
AMYLASES AND PROTEASES ARE THE ENZYMES USED A LOT IN FOOD INDUSTRIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOODS. THESE ARE SUPPOSED TO PRODUCE AT A LARGER QUANTITIES IN ORDER TO FULFILL THE DEMANDS FROM THESE INDUSTRIES, THE LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES MUST BE CARRIED OUT. THIS METHOD OF LARGER PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES ARE EXPLAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION.
This is about methods of creating transgenic animals,applications of transgenic animals in biotechnology and application of transgenic animals in pharmaceuticals.
The Pectinases are a group of related enzymes capable of degrading pectin.
Also known as pectic enzymes or pectolytic enzymes.
Pectinases are synthesized by microorganisms which used in industrial production.
They are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
When compared with chemical methods they are
More specific
Less aggressive
Generates low toxicity
Media used for Bio-fertilizers, Bio-pesticide and bio-agents productionRaksha Hingankar
The detail information about the media used for Bio-fertilizers, Bio-pesticide and Bio-agents production.
ELE PATH-243 Bio-fertilizers, Bio-control and Bio-agents and Bio-pesticide.
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The ability of Colletotrichumtruncatum CP2 in producing pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzymes was evaluated by shake flask fermentations. The results of enzymatic activity experiment indicated that PG was the first cell wall-degrading enzymes detected and the activities obtained were higher (0.24±0.10 U/mL) than other enzymes, which appeared later and in lower amount. After the cell wall was degraded by the action of PG, further degradation of the cell wall was affected by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, pectate lyase and cellulases. The disparity in enzymatic activity at different intervals may suggest their specific role for pathogenesis at proper timings.
Proteases are protein-degrading enzymes that catalyses hydrolytic reaction in which protein molecules are degraded into peptides and amino acids. Thermostable alkaline proteases are of particular great interest for industrial application because they are stable and active at temperature above 60-70˚C. Thermophiles are found in wide array of environment such as mushroom compost material, nest, hay, wood chips, grains, soil, manure, coal mines etc. Alkaline proteases are most important industrial enzymes and they occupy about 60% of total enzyme market. From the soil samples, eight different fungal species were isolated through soil dilution plate method. In the present study, two fungi Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus glaucus from mushroom compost and two fungi Aspergillus terrus, and Aspergillus fumigates from cow manure, showing alkaline protease activity, were isolated. The zones of clearance were observed in Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus terrus, and Aspergillus fumigatus species of fungi isolated from cow manure and mushroom compost. The best enzyme production was observed in Aspergillus terrus (1.005 ± 0.057 IU/mg protein) obtained from cow manure and the minimum enzyme activity was observed with Aspergillus glaucus (0.278 ± 0.026 IU/mg protein). However, more studies are required to assess the potential of Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus terrus, and Aspergillus fumigatus species. Key-words- Alkaline protease, Thermophiles, Zone of clearance, Trichloroacetic acid
Optimization of Cultural Parameters for Cellulase Enzyme Production from Fung...IOSR Journals
Cellulalytic fungi synthesize cellulose enzyme for biodegradation of cellulose. This depends on various condition which include the source f isolation. This study was designed to determine the optimum condition necessary for cellulose production by fungi. Cellulose activities at different temperatures, pH and nitrogen sources by Rhizopus oryzae Aspergillus niger; A. flams, P. expansum and A. oryzae in liquid medium was studied and cellulose enzyme assay carried out by dinitrosalicylic acid method. All the fungal isolates have their highest cellulose activity at 400c except Penicillium expansum whose highest value of 1.28mg/ml was obtained at 320c. Cellulase produced 6m was found to be highest in all the isolate at pH 4.0 exception P expansum which occur at pH 5.5 (1.21mg/ml). The highest value e1.45mg/ml was obtained in A niger. Highest cellulose activity for A. niger, A. oryzae & P. expansum occurred in peptone. The study shows the need to determine the best physiological condition that allow for the optimal cellulose activity of fungal isolate. This will enhance their enzyme production.
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Anti-Microbial Activity of probiotic Lactobacilli and Optimization of Bacteri...ijsrd.com
The present study is about the anti-microbial activity of the bacteriocin producing lactobacilli and optimization of bacteriocin production. Bacteriocin was extracted by solvent extraction with chloroform and the antimicrobial activity was tested against 5 different pathogens by agar spotting method. Optimization of bacteriocin production was done for 4 different parameters such as pH, Temperature, Carbon source and Nitrogen source and the anti-microbial activity was tested against the following 5 different pathogens and the results were observed and diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and tabulated. From the results of the study it was found that bacteriocin produced from lactobacilli has good antimicrobial activity.The present study is about the anti-microbial activity of the bacteriocin producing lactobacilli and optimization of bacteriocin production. Bacteriocin was extracted by solvent extraction with chloroform and the antimicrobial activity was tested against 5 different pathogens by agar spotting method. Optimization of bacteriocin production was done for 4 different parameters such as pH, Temperature, Carbon source and Nitrogen source and the anti-microbial activity was tested against the following 5 different pathogens and the results were observed and diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and tabulated. From the results of the study it was found that bacteriocin produced from lactobacilli has good antimicrobial activity.
Chronic Overworking: Cause Extremely Negative Impact on Health and Quality of...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Work is an action that organizes and provides meaning to the use of time in a society that
has programmed its rhythms as a function. It is important in structuring daily life and in
enabling a sense of continuity, provides capital, satisfaction that flourishing human life and
his family. What’s more, it is an antidote against boredom and emptiness. But it also
means we never really clock out while working and become too much workaholic. The
persistent overwork has extremely negative impacts on our health, happiness, and overall
quality of life. Nowadays working overtime has become the norm for most people. It is one
of those things everyone knows is bad for us, but no one really listens. Imbalance between
work and health or overwork not only bad for employees but also for employers. The long
working in the office or at home is bad for our health and our performance at work. A
person who expands more time in work may experience numerous health problems
including mental, physical and social problems. The Significant effects include stress, lack
of free time, poor work-life balance, relation hit and serious health risks lead to tiredness,
fatigue, obesity, lack of attentiveness, insomnia, depression, diabetes, high BP, Cerebrocardiovascular
problem, etc.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
This study was conducted to establish bacterial contamination of cell phones and microbial contamination of
mobile phones and isolate the significant bacterial species associated with these cell phones in reference
to give necessary remedial measure. A total of 80 samples were collected to isolate microbial
population associated with cell phones. Sterile swabs were firmly rubbed on the surface of the handset, the
key buttons and on the screens of cell phones. The swabs were then inoculated into different media viz.
Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol Salt agar and Eosin Methelyne Blue agar. A total of 143
different bacterial isolates recovered from these sample and were classified as: Staphylococcus spp.
Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Micrococcus spp., Proteus spp., Bacillus spp.,
and Enterobacter spp. at the ratio of 52, 17,14,7,4,3,2 and 1% respectively. The isolates were further
subjected for Antibiotic susceptibility profiling and have found that most of the recovered isolates were
challenging to Ampicillin, few isolates also shown intermediate results. Impimen, Norfloxacin and
Gentamycin were sensitive towards most isolates. Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol showed variable
susceptibility to the different isolates. The study shown that all cell phones under investigation
were significantly contaminated by numerous bacterial species. It is an also indication that the majority of
them belongs to the normal flora of the human body as well as airborne and soil bacteria. Thus it can be said
that it is necessary to sterilise hands after contact with a cell phone since it is a potential source of disease
transmission.
Effect of Various Substrate and Process Parameters on the Production of Prodi...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
In the present study it has been investigated that Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 has
good potential for Prodigiosin production. Among the screened media components,
maltose was the best carbon source for the production for this strain. The fermentation
media supplemented with maltose (2%) and NaCl (0.5%) at pH 6.8-7.0 incubated at 28°C
gave maximum prodigiosin production (1390 unit/cell) with the biomass content of 3.45 g
L-1 after 96 hrs of incubation period. Prodigiosin, a red pigment, produced by bacterial
species Serratia marcescens, belongs to the family of tripyrrole was found to exhibit
antibacterial, antimycotic, immunomodulating, anti-tumor and anti-malarial properties. A
lot of attention is now paid to the biotechnological synthesis of the colours through the
microorganisms. Plant cell and tissue culture, microbial fermentation and gene
manipulation have been investigated with respect to the production of biopigments.
However, extensive safety testing of such products is required before they are given
clearance as safe food additives or other applications.
α-Galactosidase Producing Probiotics Bacteria and Their Health ImplicationsSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Nowadays, people are aware that diet plays a major role in preventing diseases and promoting health.
Therefore there is an increasing trend for functional foods containing probiotic culture. “Probiotics are
defined as live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit
on the host”. Some LAB positively influence human health mainly by improving the composition of
intestinal micro biota and for this reason, they are called probiotics. The increasing cost of health care,
the steady increase in life expectancy and the desire of the elderly for improved quality of life research
and development required in the area of probiotics. The concept of providing functional foods
including beneficial components rather than removing potentially harmful components. Soybeans
and other pulses contain oligosaccharides which may cause intestinal disturbances such as
flatulence. This study was undertaken to investigate α-galactosidase-producing probiotics bacteria.
The enzymes and cultures can be added to foods in order to enhance the digestibility of
carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract. However since many of these bacteria are reported for
probiotic properties that support and induced health benefits to the consumer. The study provides
data on the stability of α-galactosidase, which could potentially be added to food matrices
containing stachyose or raffinose such as beans, soya and other pulses and could be an alternative
or remedies of oligosaccharides intolerance.
POTENTIAL BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL SURFACTANTSSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Many microorganisms are able to produce a wide range of amphipathic
compounds, with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties present
within the same molecule which allow them to exhibit surface
activities at interfaces and are generally called biosurfactants.
Biosurfactants are versatile, structurally diverse group of surface-active
substances produced by microorganisms and have variety of
applications in the sectors including bioremediation, food industry,
agriculture and pharmaceuticals. Interest in biosurfactant production
has markedly increased during the past decade, although large-scale
production has not been possible because of low production yields and
high total costs. At present, biosurfactants have gained importance in environmental
applications, while new applications in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic and food
industry, with a high added value, are still developing. Recently, the potential applications of
biosurfactants in the biomedical field have increased. Their antibacterial, antifungal and
antiviral activities make them relevant molecules for applications in combating many
diseases and as therapeutic agents. In addition, their role as anti-adhesive agents against
several pathogens indicates their utility as suitable anti-adhesive coating agents for medical
insertional materials leading to a reduction in a large number of hospital infections without
the use of synthetic drugs and chemicals. This article emphasizes the medicinal and
therapeutic perspective of biosurfactants. With these specialized and cost-effective
applications, biosurfactants can be considered as an interesting option for the near future.
A REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED FROM UNCONVENTIONAL INEXP...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Biosurfactants can serve as green alternative in different areas due to
their ecological acceptance as they are biodegradable and nontoxic.
Nowadays biosurfactants are predominantly used in pharmaceutical,
oil industry, and for the bioremediation of pollutants. Apart from these,
biosurfactants also show potential applications in many sectors of food
industry and agriculture. Allied with emulsion forming and breaking,
antiadhesive, functional ingredient, are some properties that can be
exploited in agro-food biotechnology. Potential role of biosurfactants
in food and agricultural sectors as well as present concern of lowering
the production cost of biosurfactants by using the unconventional
wastes as substrate is discussed in this article.
PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE FROM RHODOCOCCUS SPECIESSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Optimization of conditions for cholesterol oxidase production by the microorganism isolated from urban compost and dairy soil samples.Isolates were obtained on the basis of their capability of growing on isolation medium A and B and their cholesterol oxidase (CHO) production was estimated. CHO production was optimized by the optimization of temperature, pH, carbon sources, and organic and inorganic nitrogen sources.isolates out of 22 were found to secrete extracellular CHO as detected by cholesterol oxidase indicator plate A and were designated as cholesterol oxidase producing isolate 1, 2 and 3 (COP 1, COP 2 and COP 3). Results showed that the strain COP 2 belonging to the genus Rhodococcus sp. based on morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics recorded highest cholesterol oxidase activity. Optimum temperature and pH for CHO activity were found to be 35 °C and 7.5 respectively. Steroidal substrate cholesterol produced a significant increase in CHO level (0.502 IU/ml). Organic and inorganic nitrogen sources were supplemented in combinations leads to increase in CHO production as compared to individual components.
Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies on Bambusa arundinacea a...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
This study was formulated to check the phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial potential of
Bambusa arundinacea (Bamboo) and Mangifera indica (Mango) trees. Aqueous, ethanolic and
methanolic extracts were prepared from leaves of former and stem bark of later. The phytochemical
screening of the extracts showed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as
carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and proteins in B. arundinacea, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides in M. indica. Total phenolic concentration and
percentage of free radical scavenging activity was more in ethanolic extracts of B. arundinacea and
M. indica followed by methanolic extracts and aqueous extracts. Highest percentage of ferric
reducing antioxidant power was found in ethanolic extracts and lowest in aqueous extracts indicates
that ethanolic extracts has more antioxidant potential than the other two extracts. Ethanolic extracts
of both plants had higher inhibition on the tested Gram positive (B. subtilis & S. aureus) as well as
Gram negative (E.coli & P. aeruginosa) bacteria evidenced from the zones of inhibition. M. indica
showed more therapeutic potential as compared to B. arundinacea and ethanolic as well as
methanolic extracts of both the tested plants were more effective than aqueous extracts due to better
extraction power of organic solvents. Overall study indicates that B. arundinacea and M. indica are
potential source of natural antioxidants, phytochemicals and antibacterials that can be used for the
development of novel drugs and may represent new source of antimicrobials with stable, biologically
active components that can establish a scientific base for further use in modern medicines.
PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGI...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the epitome of an opportunistic pathogen of humans that cause urinary tract infections, respiratory system infection, particularly in victim of severe burns, cancer and AIDS patient who are immunocompromised. Most Pseudomonas infections are both invasive and toxigenic. The particular bacterial determinants of virulence mediate different stages of infection and are ultimately responsible for the characteristic syndromes that accompany the disease. In the present study P. aeruginosa was found to be more prevalent in burn patients (100%) followed by urinary tract infection samples (71%), sputum samples (66%) and wound samples (59%). 85% isolates recovered from clinical samples were mucoid. A total of 35% isolates were strong siderophore producers, 19% isolates were strong protease producers while 52% were strong phospholipase producers. Isolates from burns, sputum and environment sample were strong rhamnolipid producers. Elevated level of hemolysin production was observed in burn, urine and wound isolates. The prominence of haemagglutination ability in environmental isolates followed by burns isolates provided evidence for its being a nosocomial pathogen. The association between virulence determinants and disease can indicate the precise role played by the determinant in estabilishing the disease. Isolates were maximally sensitive towards lactam antibiotics.
Potential role of microbial surfactants in environment control recovered from...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
A total of 20 samples were collected from contaminated (oil contaminated) as well as non-contaminated (agricultural) sites. A
total of 10 bacterial isolates were recovered from these samples out of which 6 were recovered from non contaminated sites
and 4 were recovered from contaminated sites gave emulsification index ranged from 44% to 73%. Different carbon sources
viz. maltose, starch, sucrose, mannitol and nitrogen sources viz. urea, peptone, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate
were screened to obtain optimum emulsification activity by KMSS09 and KIWS11. In this study mannitol and peptone was
evaluated as best carbon and nitrogen source for the production of bioemulsifier. Further these potential isolates were
evaluated for some environmental applications viz. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery and Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon
assay having important role in bioremediation. The percentage oil recovered by KMSS09, KIWS11 and P. aeruginosa MTCC
2297 was 51.67%, 71.67% and 85.0% respectively. In BATH assay, percentage of bacterial adherence by KMSS09, KIWS11
and P. aeruginosa MTCC 2297 was 80.4%, 86.3% and 93.2% respectively showing wide applicability in bioremediation for
pollution remediation of metal and hydrocarbon contaminated field.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
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Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
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👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
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JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN
Enzymes are biological molecules that catalyze chemical reactions [1]. Like all catalysts, enzymes work by lowering the
activation energy (Ea) for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction. As a result, products are formed faster and
reactions reach their equilibrium state more rapidly. Most enzymes reaction rates are millions of time faster than those of comparable
un-catalyzed reactions. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates sufficient for life.
Enzymes are protein catalysts synthesized by living system and are important in synthetic as well as degradative processes. The
history of pectinases began with an understanding the structure of pectin substances and mechanism by which pectolytic enzymes
degrade pectic substances. Later, the microbial production of pectinases became prominent for many decades. Many microorganism
viz., bacteria, yeast, fungi could produced pectinases. Pectinases can be produced from different carbon sources. In the course of time,
numerous reports have appeared on the optimization of fermentation and microbiological parameters and different fermentation
strategies for the production of pectinases. Among the various pectinase, bacterial extracellular pectinase are the most significant,
compared with animal, plants, viruses and fungal extracellular pectinase. Extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus and Cocci
species are of main interest from a biotechnological perspective, and are not only in scientific fields of protein chemistry and protein
engineering but also in applied fields such as foods, pharmaceutical and paper industries. Pectinase accounts for 10% of global
industrial enzymes produced and their market is increasing day by day [2]. Bacteria produces enzyme to breakdown middle lamella in
plants so that it can extract nutrients from the plant tissue and insist fungal hyphae. Addition of chelating agent or pre-treatment of
plant material enhances the effect of enzymes. Hence pectinolytic enzymes or pectinase are a heterogeneous group of related enzymes
that hydrolyse the pectic substances. Keeping in mind the importance of pectinase, the present investigation was undertaken and
attempts were made to isolate and characterize Bacillus sp. isolated from vegetable waste soil and optimize pectinase production by
using cassava waste as substrate.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Isolation of organisms
Bacillus sp. was used for the production of pectinase enzyme isolated from vegetable waste soil samples which was identified
by morphological and biochemical characterization. Based on this, the isolates were found to be Gram positive, motile, rod shaped
Bacillus.
Screening of pectin producing bacteria
Screening was performed to detect the presence of bacteria that degrades pectin. The YEP medium was used for isolation of
cultures supplemented with 2% agar. Pure culture was inoculated by puncture in the medium and incubated for 48hrs at 30°C. After
incubation, iodine-potassium iodide solution was added to detect the clearance zone [3].
Pectinase assay
Substrate
Cassava waste (100g dry residue) was collected from local fruit market. The cassava waste was oven dried (80°C for 24 h),
and the powder was stored at 4°C till use [4].
Pectinase production medium
A basic liquid medium showing the following composition (g/l): Cassava waste 0.3, Sucrose 10, KNO3 0.6, KH2PO4 0.1,
MgSO4 0.25, CaCl2 0.1, NaNO3 2, K2HPO3 0.5, KCl 0.5 and yeast extract1 used for the production of pectinase [5]. Erlenmeyer flasks
containing 100 ml of basal medium amended with 3% cassava waste were inoculated with one ml of overnight grown bacterial culture
s
crude enzyme source.
Quantitative assay for pectinolytic activity
The crude enzymes were taken for pectinase activity from all the isolates by the Lowry’s method. The Bovine Serum
Albumin (1mg/ml) serves as a standard for the determination of enzyme concentration. 0.1 ml of the crude enzyme was taken and
makes up to 1 ml with distilled water. About 4.5 ml of the Lowry’s reagent was added to each test tube and it was incubated at room
temperature for 10 minutes. Then about 0.5 ml of Folin-Phenol reagent was added and it was then incubated for 30 minutes and the
blue colour was formed and measured at 660nm in spectrophotometer.
Effect of incubation time, temperature, pH
The bacterial isolates were subjected to different culture conditions to derive the optimum conditions for pectinase
production. Pectinase production was estimated at regular time intervals (12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hr), at selected temperatures (25,
30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55°C) and pH (4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9). All the experiments were carried out in 500ml Erlenmeyer flask containing
100 ml of basal medium [6].
Effect of carbon and nitrogen Sources
Carbon sources viz., starch, fructose, lactose, glucose, maltose and nitrogen sources viz., tryptone, yeast extract, peptone
among organic and urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride among inorganic were supplemented as individual components
to the basal media to check their effect on pectinase production.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Pectinase are among the most important enzymes and are great significance in present day biotechnology. Although they can
be derived from several sources such plants, animals and microbes, the enzymes from microbial sources generally meets industrial
demands. The present study was planned to study the pectinase producing microorganisms and to optimize the factors which effect
pectinase production.
Isolation of pectinase producing bacteria from soil
The collected vegetable waste soil samples were used to identify pectinase producing microorganisms. The colonies showing
clear zones upon flooding with 1% acetylmethyl ammonium bromide were confirmed as pectinase producers. Five isolates (PPB1,
PPB2, PPB3, PPB4 and PPB5) showed clear zones and found as pectinase producers were subcultured and tested for pectinolytic
activity.
Pectinase assay
The pectinase enzyme was produced using the isolated strains of Bacillus sp., in the sterilized pectinase medium. On
calculating the obtained values of absorbance for each isolated enzymes, it was concluded that Bacillus sp. PPB5 showed maximum
enzyme activity of 0.641 IU/ml. Enzymes extracted from Bacillus sp. PPB1, PPB2, PPB3 and PPB4, showed activities of 0.436,
0.321, 0.534 and 0.421 IU/ml respectively.
Factors affecting enzyme activity
Effect of incubation time
The pectinase production by different isolates of Bacillus sp. was found maximum at 96hr of incubation period (Fig.1).
Further increase in incubation time marks the decrease of pectinolytic activity. Isolate PPB5 showed maximum enzyme activity after
96hr of inoculation. In submerged fermentation the pectinase production reached maximum at 96 hr of incubation. Further increase in
incubation period did not show any significant increase in pectinase production rather it was decreased [6]. Enzyme production
increase with increase in time duration up to 96 hr then it decreases [7]. These investigations are in line with the present study. But in
some studies incubation period of 48 hr for optimal production for some fungal strains was reported [8]. While Fuijo and Eledago,
reported a 72 hr incubation time for polygalacturonase production by Rhizopus oryza [9].
Fig.1. Enzyme activity of pectinase at different Incubation time
Effect of Temperature
Activity of enzymes extracted from the isolates was determined to check out the optimum range of temperature for pectinase
enzyme. Pectinase activity was found maximum at 35°C (Fig. 2). Isolate PPB5 showed maximum enzyme activity. When temperature
is altered below or above the optimum, the activity is decreased. The maximum production of pectinase enzyme was obtained at 37°C
by the Bacillus subtilis [10]. Kumar et al. found pectinase production by Bacillus sp. MFW7 maximum at 35°C. Further increase in
the temperature results in the decrease of pectinolytic activity [6]. Temperature of the fermentation medium was found to be optimum
at 35°C. The maximum production of pectinase enzyme was obtained at this temperature by the Bacillus subtilis [10]. Maximal
growth of Bacillus sp. DT7 as well as maximum pectinase production was observed at 37°C incubation [11]. The increasing of kinetic
energy can lead to increasing of collisions between enzyme and substrates to form a complex of enzyme substrates (ES) and finally
can increase the product. Production of enzyme was high at 28°C [12, 13].
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Fig.2. Enzyme activity of pectinase at different temperature
Effect of pH
Enzyme activity of different isolates was checked at different pH (4-9). Maximum activity of enzyme was observed at pH 6
for all the isolates. Thus this is considered as optimum pH for enzyme production (Fig. 3). Isolate PPB5 showed maximum activity at
this pH. Pectinase production by Bacillus sp. by using orange peel as substrate at the concentration of 1% was found to be maximum
at pH 6.5 [10]. Bacillus firmus isolated from soil and isolate FW2 which belong to Bacillus sp. produced pectinase maximum at pH 6
[5,7]. Isolated strains of Bacillus firmus provided optimum conditions for pectinase production at pH 7-8 and high pectinase
production was observed at pH 6 by fungi Aspergillus terreus by using banana peel as substrate [12,14]. Sugarcane bagasse gives
maximum pectinase yield during the fermentation period at pH 5 and Bacillus sp. produced significant amount of pectinase at pH 6.5
[15,16].
Fig.3. Enzyme activity of pectinase at different pH
Effect of carbon sources
Supplementation of carbon sources in the form of carbohydrates resulted increase in pectinase production by Bacillus sp. (Fig. 4).
Highest production was recorded when glucose was used as carbon source followed by lactose. Prakash et al. observed highest
production of pectinase with lactose and glucose [17]. The synthesis of pectinase was greatly hidden when the bacterium was grown
either on starch and production was found to be good when the bacterium was grown on glucose [6]. Jayani et al. reported citrus
pectin and xylose as best carbon source for the pectinase production by Bacillus sphaericus [18].
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Fig.4. Enzyme activity of pectinase at different carbon sources
Effect of nitrogen sources
The influence of organic nitrogen sources such as tryptone, yeast extract, peptone and inorganic nitrogen sources such as urea,
ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride on amylase production was determined. Yeast extract and ammonium nitrate was founded
to be better among organic and inorganic nitrogen sources respectively (Fig. 5). The organic sources like peptone and inorganic
sources like NH4Cl were found to stimulate the pectinase production [6]. Prakash et al. also observed pectinase production in different
organic sources and reported that peptone and yeast extract were better than other nitrogen sources [17]. Tryptone also served as better
nitrogen source for pectinase production [10].
Fig.5. Enzyme activity of pectinase at different organic and inorganic nitrogen sources
CONCLUSIONS
As there is need of bulk production of enzymes at a cost effective rate. In order to meet this goal, such strategies should be
explored by which cost-efficient and ecofriendly method for bulk production can be achieved. Present study illustrated the usage of
cassava wastes as a substrate for pectinase production and isolate PPB5 showed maximum enzyme activity, so this can be used for
pectinase production on large scale.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank SUS College of Research and Technology, Tangori, Punjab for providing the research facilities.
REFERENCES
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fermented on agro waste. Af J Microbiol Res 2010; 4 Suppl 24:2729-2734.
14. Helen Soundra Rani M, Elavarasi A, Kalaiselvam M. Studies on Pactinase production from halotolerant Aspergillus terreus by
Submerged Fermentation. J Sci Res Pharm 2013; 2 Suppl 1:8-11.
15. Baladhandayutham S, Thangavelu V. Optimization and Kinetics of Solid-State Fermentative Production of Pectinase by
Aspergillus awamori. Int J Chem Tech Res 2011; 3 Suppl 4:1758.
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Residue Forits SSF. Recent Re Sci Technol 2010; 2 Suppl 7:36-42.
17. Prakash S, Karthik R, Tamil Venthan M, Sridhar B, Bharath PG. Optimization and Production of Pectinase from Bacillus subtilis
(mtcc 441) by using Orange Peel as a Substrate. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research 2014; 5 Suppl 6:1177-1179.
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sphaericus (MTCC 7542) Enzyme Res 2010; 1–5.
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