This document summarizes a study that investigated the antibacterial activity of 2-(2-hydroxy phenylimino) acetic acid [2-(2-HP-AA)] against various pathogenic bacteria. Various concentrations of the compound were tested against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus mutans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. A concentration of 70mM completely inhibited the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and S. agalactiae after 24 hours, while having no effect on the other bacteria tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the compound was determined to be 70mM
Engineering escherichia coli to convert acetic acid to free fatty acidszhenhua82
Fatty acids (FAs) are promising precursors of advanced biofuels. This study investigated conversion of acetic acid (HAc) to FAs by an engineered Escherichia coli strain. We combined established genetic engineering strategies including overexpression of acs and tesA genes, and knockout of fadE in E. coli BL21, resulting in the production of similar to 1 g/L FAs from acetic acid. The microbial conversion of HAc to FAs was achieved with similar to 20% of the theoretical yield. We cultured the engineered strain with HAc-rich liquid wastes, which yielded similar to 0.43 g/L FAs using waste streams from dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and similar to 0.17 g/L FAs using effluent from anaerobic-digested sewage sludge. C-13-isotopic experiments showed that the metabolism in our engineered strain had high carbon fluxes toward FAs synthesis and TCA cycle in a complex HAc medium. This proof-of-concept work demonstrates the possibility for coupling the waste treatment with the biosynthesis of advanced biofuel via genetically engineered microbial species.
Oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation on combined acid and alkali-pretreated ...zhenhua82
A combined hydrolysis process, which first mixed dilute acid- and alkali-pretreated corn stover at a 1:1 (w/w) ratio, directly followed by enzymatic saccharification without pH adjustment, has been developed in this study in order to minimize the need of neutralization, detoxification, and washing during the process of lignocellulosic biofuel production. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina was selected and applied to the combined hydrolysate as well as a synthetic medium to compare fungal lipid accumulation and biodiesel production in both shake flask and 7.5 L fermentor. Fungal cultivation on combined hydrolysate exhibited comparable cell mass and lipid yield with those from synthetic medium, indicating that the integration of combined hydrolysis with oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation has great potential to improve performance of advanced lignocellulosic biofuel production
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Azolla microphylla based gold nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Our present study sought to evaluate hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanol extract of Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNaP) in acetaminophen (APAP) - induced hepatotoxicity of fresh water common carp fish.
Materials and Methods:
GNaP were prepared by green synthesis method using methanol extract of Azolla microphylla. Twenty four fishes weighing 146 ± 2.5 g were used in this experiment and these were divided into four experimental groups, each comprising 6 fishes. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) for 24 h. Groups 3 and 4 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) + GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) and GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) for 24 h, respectively. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentials were assessed by measuring liver damage, biochemical parameters, ions status, and histological alterations.
Results:
APAP exposed fish showed significant elevated levels of metabolic enzymes (LDH, G6PDH and MDH), hepatotoxic markers (GPT, GOT and ALP), reduced hepatic glycogen, lipids, protein, albumin, globulin, increased levels of bilirubin, creatinine, and oxidative stress markers (TBRAS, LHP and protein carbonyl), altered the tissue enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GST) non-enzyme (GSH), cellular sulfhydryl (T-SH, P-SH and NP-SH) levels, reduced hepatic ions (Ca2+, Na+ and K+), and abnormal liver histology. It was observe that GNaP has reversal effects on the levels of above mentioned parameters in APAP hepatotoxicity.
Conclusion:
Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized GNaP protects liver against oxidative damage and tissue damaging enzyme activities and could be used as an effective protector against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in fresh water common carp fish.
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Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
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Research Papers,
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Free Journals, Open access Journals,
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Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Abstract Biosorption is bioengineering where metabolism independent adsorption of xenobiotics to living or dead cells takes place.Microorganisms dead or alive are successfully exploited for bioremediation of xenobiotics by biosorption. In the present study bioremediation of xenobiotics of textile industry effluent was carried out by biosorption using dead fungus biomass of Aspergillus flavus. The dead biomass of fungus Aspergillus flavus shows maximum biosorption for three toxic components of textile industry effluent under different parameters. Methyl orange biosorption was found to be 53.62% at room temperature, at pH 5.5, with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of 40 min and the dye concentration was 1ppm. Chromium biosorption was 72.18%, at pH 6, at room temperature with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of 10 min and solution concentration 200ppm. Lead biosorption was found to be 76.12%, at pH 7, at room temperature with biomass concentration 2g/L having contact time of 40 min and solution concentration 1ppm. Desorption studies were also performed and was found that dead fungal biomass can be reused further. Key words: Bioengineering, Bioremediation, Biosorption, Textile industry effluent, Methyl Orange, Chromium, Lead, Aspergillus flavus .
Engineering escherichia coli to convert acetic acid to free fatty acidszhenhua82
Fatty acids (FAs) are promising precursors of advanced biofuels. This study investigated conversion of acetic acid (HAc) to FAs by an engineered Escherichia coli strain. We combined established genetic engineering strategies including overexpression of acs and tesA genes, and knockout of fadE in E. coli BL21, resulting in the production of similar to 1 g/L FAs from acetic acid. The microbial conversion of HAc to FAs was achieved with similar to 20% of the theoretical yield. We cultured the engineered strain with HAc-rich liquid wastes, which yielded similar to 0.43 g/L FAs using waste streams from dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and similar to 0.17 g/L FAs using effluent from anaerobic-digested sewage sludge. C-13-isotopic experiments showed that the metabolism in our engineered strain had high carbon fluxes toward FAs synthesis and TCA cycle in a complex HAc medium. This proof-of-concept work demonstrates the possibility for coupling the waste treatment with the biosynthesis of advanced biofuel via genetically engineered microbial species.
Oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation on combined acid and alkali-pretreated ...zhenhua82
A combined hydrolysis process, which first mixed dilute acid- and alkali-pretreated corn stover at a 1:1 (w/w) ratio, directly followed by enzymatic saccharification without pH adjustment, has been developed in this study in order to minimize the need of neutralization, detoxification, and washing during the process of lignocellulosic biofuel production. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina was selected and applied to the combined hydrolysate as well as a synthetic medium to compare fungal lipid accumulation and biodiesel production in both shake flask and 7.5 L fermentor. Fungal cultivation on combined hydrolysate exhibited comparable cell mass and lipid yield with those from synthetic medium, indicating that the integration of combined hydrolysis with oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation has great potential to improve performance of advanced lignocellulosic biofuel production
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Azolla microphylla based gold nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Our present study sought to evaluate hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanol extract of Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNaP) in acetaminophen (APAP) - induced hepatotoxicity of fresh water common carp fish.
Materials and Methods:
GNaP were prepared by green synthesis method using methanol extract of Azolla microphylla. Twenty four fishes weighing 146 ± 2.5 g were used in this experiment and these were divided into four experimental groups, each comprising 6 fishes. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) for 24 h. Groups 3 and 4 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) + GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) and GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) for 24 h, respectively. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentials were assessed by measuring liver damage, biochemical parameters, ions status, and histological alterations.
Results:
APAP exposed fish showed significant elevated levels of metabolic enzymes (LDH, G6PDH and MDH), hepatotoxic markers (GPT, GOT and ALP), reduced hepatic glycogen, lipids, protein, albumin, globulin, increased levels of bilirubin, creatinine, and oxidative stress markers (TBRAS, LHP and protein carbonyl), altered the tissue enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GST) non-enzyme (GSH), cellular sulfhydryl (T-SH, P-SH and NP-SH) levels, reduced hepatic ions (Ca2+, Na+ and K+), and abnormal liver histology. It was observe that GNaP has reversal effects on the levels of above mentioned parameters in APAP hepatotoxicity.
Conclusion:
Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized GNaP protects liver against oxidative damage and tissue damaging enzyme activities and could be used as an effective protector against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in fresh water common carp fish.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Abstract Biosorption is bioengineering where metabolism independent adsorption of xenobiotics to living or dead cells takes place.Microorganisms dead or alive are successfully exploited for bioremediation of xenobiotics by biosorption. In the present study bioremediation of xenobiotics of textile industry effluent was carried out by biosorption using dead fungus biomass of Aspergillus flavus. The dead biomass of fungus Aspergillus flavus shows maximum biosorption for three toxic components of textile industry effluent under different parameters. Methyl orange biosorption was found to be 53.62% at room temperature, at pH 5.5, with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of 40 min and the dye concentration was 1ppm. Chromium biosorption was 72.18%, at pH 6, at room temperature with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of 10 min and solution concentration 200ppm. Lead biosorption was found to be 76.12%, at pH 7, at room temperature with biomass concentration 2g/L having contact time of 40 min and solution concentration 1ppm. Desorption studies were also performed and was found that dead fungal biomass can be reused further. Key words: Bioengineering, Bioremediation, Biosorption, Textile industry effluent, Methyl Orange, Chromium, Lead, Aspergillus flavus .
Production of Spirulina in semicontinuous cultivation using medium recycleIJERA Editor
The biomass of cyanobacteria Spirulina is rich in bioactive compounds, with main applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrient consumption on the growth kinetics of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 grown in semicontinuous cultivation in raceway bioreactor. Zarrouk medium was used, maintaining the original concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, while the other nutrients varied by 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Chemical determinations were performed in the biomass for each growth cycle. Spirulina sp. LEB 18 exhibited cell growth until approximately 130 days of experiment. The maximum specific growth rate (0.184 d-1) and productivity (48.03 mg L-1 d-1) were observed in the trial with 50% Zarrouk medium, except for nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations reduced up to 100% and 64.8%, respectively. No significant difference (p <0.0003) was observed in the protein concentrations for all tests. The results showed that Spirulina sp. LEB 18 can provide high growth rate and productivity, as well as production of proteic biomass when cultivated with lower nutrients concentration in Zarrouk medium, thus reducing production costs.
CULTIVATION OF OSCILLATORIA SP IN DAIRY WASTE WATER IN TWO STAGE PHOTO BIOREA...civej
This paper presents an integrated approach to cultivate microalgae in dairy wastewater and to
investigate the capability of the organism for biodiesel production. The present study was carried out
using tolerant strains of microalgae collected from dairy effluent treatment plant, Kochi. Selected blue
green algal strains were mass cultured in the laboratory and acclimatized using different concentrations
of synthetic effluent. Blue green algal filaments were immobilized inside the primary and secondary
photobioreactors. The experiment was conducted in two stages including batch and continuous
treatment. The stage 1 of the experiment was designed for the reduction of physical impurities and the
nutrients. Stage 2 was designed mainly for the cultivation of blue green algae in dairy waste water by
utilizing the extra nutrients . Reduction of 94 -99.5% in phosphate was observed after 48 h of treatment
in the primary and secondary photobioreactors. The level of phosphate, total hardness, ammoniacal
nitrogen in the MSE was reduced by 97%,93 %, 81% respectively. BOD was reduced to 370mg L-1 from
1500 mg L-1 after 48 hrs of treatment in the primary reactor. COD was reduced to 85 mg L -1 from an
initial value of 1500 mg L -1 from medium strength effluent (MSE) and 90-95 % removal of COD was
also obtained from high strength effluent(HSE) during the study period. Biomass developed within the
reactor was harvested at every 15 days intervals from the secondary reactor and analyzed for lipids and
fattyacids. Presence of C14:0, C16:0,C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids strongly supports its abilility for
biodiesel production.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Effect of Various Substrate and Process Parameters on the Production of Prodi...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
In the present study it has been investigated that Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 has
good potential for Prodigiosin production. Among the screened media components,
maltose was the best carbon source for the production for this strain. The fermentation
media supplemented with maltose (2%) and NaCl (0.5%) at pH 6.8-7.0 incubated at 28°C
gave maximum prodigiosin production (1390 unit/cell) with the biomass content of 3.45 g
L-1 after 96 hrs of incubation period. Prodigiosin, a red pigment, produced by bacterial
species Serratia marcescens, belongs to the family of tripyrrole was found to exhibit
antibacterial, antimycotic, immunomodulating, anti-tumor and anti-malarial properties. A
lot of attention is now paid to the biotechnological synthesis of the colours through the
microorganisms. Plant cell and tissue culture, microbial fermentation and gene
manipulation have been investigated with respect to the production of biopigments.
However, extensive safety testing of such products is required before they are given
clearance as safe food additives or other applications.
ABSTRACT- Laccase is multicopper oxidases that are widely distributed among plants, insects, fungi and bacteria. Pollution increased with the
time day by day, laccase is an oxido-reductase which plays a significant role in remediation. These enzyme catalyze and one-electron oxidation of a
wide variety of organic and inorganic substrate including mono-, di-, and poly-phenols, amino-phenols, metho-oxyphenols, aromatic amines, and
ascorbate, with the concomitant four electron reduction of oxygen to water. Present study on their use in several industrial application, includes dye
decolorization, detoxification of environmental pollutants and revalorization of waste and waste water etc. this review helps to understand the properties
of these improvement enzymes for efficient utilization for its biotechnological and environmental applications. Now we provide a brief discussion
of this interesting group of enzymes, increase knowledge of which will promote laccase based industrial process in future.
Keywords: Laccase, Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Dye decolorization
Production of Spirulina in semicontinuous cultivation using medium recycleIJERA Editor
The biomass of cyanobacteria Spirulina is rich in bioactive compounds, with main applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrient consumption on the growth kinetics of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 grown in semicontinuous cultivation in raceway bioreactor. Zarrouk medium was used, maintaining the original concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, while the other nutrients varied by 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Chemical determinations were performed in the biomass for each growth cycle. Spirulina sp. LEB 18 exhibited cell growth until approximately 130 days of experiment. The maximum specific growth rate (0.184 d-1) and productivity (48.03 mg L-1 d-1) were observed in the trial with 50% Zarrouk medium, except for nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations reduced up to 100% and 64.8%, respectively. No significant difference (p <0.0003) was observed in the protein concentrations for all tests. The results showed that Spirulina sp. LEB 18 can provide high growth rate and productivity, as well as production of proteic biomass when cultivated with lower nutrients concentration in Zarrouk medium, thus reducing production costs.
CULTIVATION OF OSCILLATORIA SP IN DAIRY WASTE WATER IN TWO STAGE PHOTO BIOREA...civej
This paper presents an integrated approach to cultivate microalgae in dairy wastewater and to
investigate the capability of the organism for biodiesel production. The present study was carried out
using tolerant strains of microalgae collected from dairy effluent treatment plant, Kochi. Selected blue
green algal strains were mass cultured in the laboratory and acclimatized using different concentrations
of synthetic effluent. Blue green algal filaments were immobilized inside the primary and secondary
photobioreactors. The experiment was conducted in two stages including batch and continuous
treatment. The stage 1 of the experiment was designed for the reduction of physical impurities and the
nutrients. Stage 2 was designed mainly for the cultivation of blue green algae in dairy waste water by
utilizing the extra nutrients . Reduction of 94 -99.5% in phosphate was observed after 48 h of treatment
in the primary and secondary photobioreactors. The level of phosphate, total hardness, ammoniacal
nitrogen in the MSE was reduced by 97%,93 %, 81% respectively. BOD was reduced to 370mg L-1 from
1500 mg L-1 after 48 hrs of treatment in the primary reactor. COD was reduced to 85 mg L -1 from an
initial value of 1500 mg L -1 from medium strength effluent (MSE) and 90-95 % removal of COD was
also obtained from high strength effluent(HSE) during the study period. Biomass developed within the
reactor was harvested at every 15 days intervals from the secondary reactor and analyzed for lipids and
fattyacids. Presence of C14:0, C16:0,C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids strongly supports its abilility for
biodiesel production.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Effect of Various Substrate and Process Parameters on the Production of Prodi...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
In the present study it has been investigated that Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 has
good potential for Prodigiosin production. Among the screened media components,
maltose was the best carbon source for the production for this strain. The fermentation
media supplemented with maltose (2%) and NaCl (0.5%) at pH 6.8-7.0 incubated at 28°C
gave maximum prodigiosin production (1390 unit/cell) with the biomass content of 3.45 g
L-1 after 96 hrs of incubation period. Prodigiosin, a red pigment, produced by bacterial
species Serratia marcescens, belongs to the family of tripyrrole was found to exhibit
antibacterial, antimycotic, immunomodulating, anti-tumor and anti-malarial properties. A
lot of attention is now paid to the biotechnological synthesis of the colours through the
microorganisms. Plant cell and tissue culture, microbial fermentation and gene
manipulation have been investigated with respect to the production of biopigments.
However, extensive safety testing of such products is required before they are given
clearance as safe food additives or other applications.
ABSTRACT- Laccase is multicopper oxidases that are widely distributed among plants, insects, fungi and bacteria. Pollution increased with the
time day by day, laccase is an oxido-reductase which plays a significant role in remediation. These enzyme catalyze and one-electron oxidation of a
wide variety of organic and inorganic substrate including mono-, di-, and poly-phenols, amino-phenols, metho-oxyphenols, aromatic amines, and
ascorbate, with the concomitant four electron reduction of oxygen to water. Present study on their use in several industrial application, includes dye
decolorization, detoxification of environmental pollutants and revalorization of waste and waste water etc. this review helps to understand the properties
of these improvement enzymes for efficient utilization for its biotechnological and environmental applications. Now we provide a brief discussion
of this interesting group of enzymes, increase knowledge of which will promote laccase based industrial process in future.
Keywords: Laccase, Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Dye decolorization
Antifungal activity of lichen extracts and usnic acid for controlling the sap...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Aquatic oomycetous fungi often cause serious damage to fresh water fishes. Antifungal activity of acetone extracts of three fruticose lichens namely, Cladonia amaurocraea, Cladonia rangiferina and Usnea longissima were investigated against three pathogenic oomycete fungi which can cause serious saprolegniasis: Saprolegnia parasitica, Achlya bisexualis and Pythium sp.. Usnic acid was also examined for antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration of usnic acid and lichen extracts for the tested fungi Saprolegnia parasitica and Achlya bisexualis were 2 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1 respectively. The higher concentration was needed to inhibit mycelial growth of Pythium sp.. The result suggests that the potential of using usnic acid and lichen extracts for controlling the saprolegniasis.
Suillus species, in general, are edible mushrooms, and environmentally important that are associated
mostly with pine trees in the tropics regions. These fungi considered a remarkable source of phenolic
compounds that play a crucial role as antioxidants which may reduce the risk of most human chronic
diseases such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer, and others. On the other hand,
carotenoids (β carotene) are the most popular natural pigments which play an important role to protect
the plants from photo-oxidative reactions. In human, these compounds prevent oxidative stress and
expects to have antimicrobial activity. Here, the phenolic compounds were extracted with Ethyl acetate
from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp and analyzed by HPLC, the antioxidant activity (reducing power%) of
phenolic compounds was determined at the concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity
of β carotene pigment was measured at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against some human pathogenic
bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus
aureus. The specific DNA region ITS was amplified and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers with
some bioinformatics analyses. The phenolic extract isolated from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp showed a
remarkable antioxidant activity by increasing the reducing power percent (from F+3 ions to F+2 ions)
comparing with the industrial antioxidant (Propyl gallate) at all used concentrations. Percent of reducing
power of phenolic compounds were 75.5, 84.9 and 95.7% at concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL
respectively; comparing with PG were 65.9, 81.3, and 93.3 at 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL respectively. The β
carotene pigment revealed a significant antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against K.
pneumonia, E. coli, and S. aureus. The highest bacterial growth inhibition was against K. pneumonia (40
mm), followed by E. coli (36 mm) and S. aureus (31 mm), while no effect showed against P. aeruginosa.
Our outcomes revealed that the phenolic bioactive compounds can be used as a natural antioxidant
instead of the industrial antioxidants, and also a β carotene pigment could be applied as a promising
natural compound rather than using the antibiotics and other manufactured compounds to inhibit
bacteria activity.
Effects of Fungicides for Non Target Fungi Alternaria cassiaeIJEAB
The fungicides are used to control of pathogenic fungi in several tilth but they can affect negatively the microorganisms diversity of soil. The aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicity and environmental risk of tebuconazoles: captan, tebuconazole and the mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride for fungi Alternaria cassiae. Each fungicide were performed three experiments in completely randomized design with three repetitions and the growth was evaluated daily. Inhibition concentration (IC50;7d) of tebuconazole was 3.49 mg L-1, the captan was 47.36 mg L-1 and of mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride, 64.04 mg L-1. Tebuconazole is classified as moderately toxic and sensitivity, captan, low toxicity and sensitivity and the mixture, non toxic and insensitive but only captan showed possibility of adverse effect for A. cassiae.`
Effects of Fungicides for Non Target Fungi Alternaria cassiaeIJEAB
The fungicides are used to control of pathogenic fungi in several tilth but they can affect negatively the microorganisms diversity of soil. The aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicity and environmental risk of tebuconazoles: captan, tebuconazole and the mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride for fungi Alternaria cassiae. Each fungicide were performed three experiments in completely randomized design with three repetitions and the growth was evaluated daily. Inhibition concentration (IC50;7d) of tebuconazole was 3.49 mg L-1, the captan was 47.36 mg L-1 and of mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride, 64.04 mg L-1. Tebuconazole is classified as moderately toxic and sensitivity, captan, low toxicity and sensitivity and the mixture, non toxic and insensitive but only captan showed possibility of adverse effect for A. cassiae.
Toxicology testing, also known as safety assessment, or toxicity testing, is conducted to determine the degree to which a substance can damage a living or non-living organism. It is often conducted by researchers using standard test procedures to comply with governing regulations, for example for medicines and pesticides. Much toxicology is considered to be part of the field of preclinical development. Stages of in vitro and in vivo research are conducted to determine safe doses of exposure in humans before a first-in-man study. Toxicology testing may be conducted by the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology companies or contract research organizations.
Drug development is a high-risk enterprise. The typical new drug takes 10-12 years to get to market and costs up to $500 million. Pharmaceutical companies face continually increasing challenges in drug development— shorter product life cycles, global competition, as well as daunting technical and regulatory hurdles. Meanwhile, as a result of the Human Genome Project and high throughput drug development methods, there are many more drug candidates to test. Thus, there is growing pressure on pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies.
A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda cyhal...ijtsrd
A synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide is called lambda cyhalothrin LCT . Investigation of LCTs effects on neurobehavioral and reproductive effects was the studys main objective. Therefore, the existing study was designed to investigate the effect of LCT on the reproductive and neurobehavioral effects. In this study found reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and splenotoxicity and also showed reduced testosterone levels and ovarian alteration. Also found neurotransmitter levels and AChE and Na K ATPase activities are suppressed. Gaurav Kumar | Navodita Priyadarshani "A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda-cyhalothrin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55107.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/zoology/55107/a-review-on-reproductive-and-neurobehavioral-effect-of-pesticide-lambdacyhalothrin/gaurav-kumar
— The diseases caused by bipartite Begomoviruses have emerged as overwhelming problem in various cropping systems of Pakistan. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of induced resistance in mungbean to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease. In this work, resistance to MYMV infection was induced in mungbean plants by activating the Salicylic acid (SA) pathway using SA and Benzothiadiazole (BTH) as treatments. The resistance was characterized by evaluating symptom appearance and virus titter through ELISA. Elicitors i.e., SA and BTH were applied at different concentrations to enhance the innate resistance of mungbean by the induction of defense related compounds. All treatments were helpful in reducing plant infection but the most effective treatment was the combination of SA@5mM and BTH@150mg/L as compared to virus inoculated control. Three weeks analysis showed peak accumulation of defense related enzymatic antioxidants and phenols in the mungbean leaves treated with SA and BTH. Higher enzymatic activity was observed in elicitor treated plants followed by inoculation with MYMV. As the resistance increased due to the application of SA & BTH the enzymatic activities of SOD, POD, and CAT were also increased during second week after application of elicitors. This study revealed that SA and BTH are potential source for management of MYMV by enhancing the level of protection through induction of systemic acquired resistance.
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Biodegradation of Profenofos Pesticide by Efficient Bacillus Cereus and Klebs...ijsrd.com
The objective of this study to examine potential for the degradation Profenofos pesticide by the bacteria and finding the optimum conditions of bacteria. The growth of the pesticide degrading bacteria was assessed in Mineral salt broth containing 25mg of pesticide at different level temperature levels (25°C,30°C, 35°C & 40°C) and pH levels ( pH 5, pH 6, pH 7 & pH 8) .The maximum growth rate of bacteria was recorded at 35°C and pH 6. Among the tow bacteria the bacteria Bacillus cereus utilized the pesticides effectively and showed maximum growth. Profenofos pesticide was biological degradable.
Anti-Adhesion and Anti-Biofilm Effectiveness of Disinfectants Used In Hemodia...IJERA Editor
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Antibacterial activity of 2 (2-hydroxy phenylimino) acetic acid
1. Advances in Life Science and Technology www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online)
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Antibacterial Activity of 2- (2-Hydroxy phenylimino) Acetic Acid
Mufeed Ewadh*1
, Hamid Hasan2
, Ilham Bnyan1
, Falih Mousa2
, Jasim Sultan2
, Muna Ewadh1
1 . University of Babylon ,College of Medicine,. Hilla, Iraq
2 . Ibn Al-haitham College of Pure Science, University of Baghdad , Iraq
E-mail : mewadh@yahoo.com
Abstract
The ability of 2-(2-hydroxy phenylimono) acetic acid [2-(2- HP-AA)] to inhibit growth of different types of
pathogenic bacteria was investigated.Different concentration were prepared from this chemical compounds( 40
mM ,50 mM and 70 mM).
E.coli, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus agalactiae nearly completely inhibited at 70 mM ,while the
same concentration did not inhibit the growth of Proteus mirabilis ,streptococcus mutans, Klebsiella
pneumoniae and streptococcus pneumonia .after 24 h incubating in the present study we evaluate that 70 mM
considered as the minimum inhibitory concentration.
Key words: Acetic acid, Acetic acid derivatives 2-(2- HP-AA) , Antibacterial effect , Cytoplasmic PH
1. Introduction:
An acetic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the
carboxylic acids ,whose acidity is associated with their Carboxyl group (Dibner and Butin 2002).
Acetic acid is used in food preservation since of their effect on bacteria. The key basic principle on the mode of
action of acetic acid is that non dissociated ( non ionized) can penetrate the bacteria cell wall and disrupt the
normal physiology of certain types of bacteria that presented as PH- sensitive, meaning that they cannot tolerate
a wide internal and external PH gradient (Patanen and Morz,1999).
Certain organic acids involvement acetic acid appear to have toxicity in excess of that which could possibly be
due to the PH alone. The consensus of authorities seems to favor the theory that it is the undissociated molecule
which is toxic and found that the undissociated acetic acid molecule was toxic (Leon et al.,1993).
The antiseptic action of acetic acid was connected with their influence on surface tension or contributed to the
idea that the toxic effect was due to the whole molecule rather than to hydrogen ions alone.
The acetic acid either chemically pure or as Vinegar ,had a marked influence on the growth of different types of
bacteria. The same PH, greater inhibition was obtained with an increasing concentration of acetic acid (Beuchat
and Golden,1999).
Antibacterial activity of acetic acid is attributed to direct PH reduction of the substrate ,depression of the
intracellular pH by ionization of the undissociated acid molecule or disruption of substrate transport by alteration
of cell membrane permeability (IKawa,1995) and therefore PH dependent (IFT,1990).
Aim of the study:
The present work were aim to investigate further the antibacterial effect of new organic compound.
2-(2-hydroxy phenylamino) acetic acid [2-(2- HP-AA)] on different types of pathogenic bacteria insulated from
different sites of infection.
2. Material and Methods:
2.1 Bacterial Isolates:
Clinical strains of E.coli,K.pneumoniae,P.Mirabilis,staphylococcus aureus,streptococcus
pneumoniae,st.mutans,and St.agalactiae were obtained from department of microbiology-college of
Medicine-Babylon University.Isolates were identified to the species level based on the standards biochemical
and microbiological methods (Macfaddin,2000)
2.2 Preparation of different concentration of 2-(2-Hydroxy phenylimino) acetic acid:
The derivative has been synthesized by mousa & sultan (2013) and different concentration of [2-(2-
HP-AA)],were prepared in deionized water DDW (40,50,70) mM and all these gradient concentration were
tested against the bacterial growth to clarify the minimum inhibitory concentration after filtrated through 0.2 mµ
pore size filter (Special communication Prof.Dr.Mufeed Ewadh 2013).
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2.3 Minimal inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test :
A minimum inhibitory concentration test was carried out to determine the lowest concentration of [2-(2- HP-AA)]
needed to inhibit visible (99%) bacterial growth of fixed concentration of experimental microorganism after an
overnight incubation. The MIC value was confirmed based on the inhibition and growth observed on the agar
plate which had been spot inoculated. The test was carried out in triplicate and the mean value of MIC was
calculated( AL-Bayaty et al,2011).
2.4 McFarland tube standard (0.5):
A barium sulfate turbidity standard solution equivalent to a 0.5 McFarland standard was prepared as described by
CLSI (2010).
2.5 Detection of bacterial growth by optical density:
The optical density of each tube was measured at a wave length of 750 nm against the standard medium ,and
the measurement being performed every 1 to 2 hrs. During the logarithmic phase to growth .the OD results were
collected as the means of three measurements (Bnyan,2013).Fig (1)
2.6 Screening of organic compound –acetic acid effect in bacterial growth :
Organic compound_acetic acid [2-(2- HP-AA)] effect in different concentration was analyzed for inhibition
activities against indicator bacteria by agar –well diffusion Muller-Hinton agar seeded with bacterial isolates.
The inoculums to be used in this test were prepared by adding ( 5 ) isolated colonies grown on blood agar plate
to (5) ml of nutrient broth and incubated at 37C0
for 18 hrs. and compared with (0.5) Mc farland tube. A
sterile swabs was used to obtain an inoculums was streaked on Muller-Hinton agar plate and left to dry. Wells (5 )
mm were hollowed out in agar using a sterile cork borer, a volume of (50 ) µl of tested organic compound-acetic
acid were dropped separately in each well, and incubated at 370
C for 24 hrs. and inhibition zone around the
wells were measured and recorded in millimeter after subtraction 5 mm (well diameter).
3. Results:
In the present study investigation of antibacterial effect of the organic compound-acetic acid against different
Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria was recorded.(Table 1).
Bacterial isolates were subjected to study the effect of organic compound –acetic acid in different concentration
on their growth these results showed in table (2).It was found that this chemical compound have the ability to
inhibit the growth of E.coli, staphylo coccus aureus and strepto coccus agalactiae,and the best inhibitory
concentration was determined as 70 mM as showed in table (3).The mean optical density OD750 reading of E.coli,
S.aureus and st.agalactiae were subjected to [2-(2- HP-AA)] in different concentrations.The presence of this
compound in the growth of K.pnenmoniae, P.mirabilis, St mutaris ,St.pneumonial ,did not cause substantial
inhibition of growth. However {2-(2- HP-AA)} nearly completely inhibited growth of E.coli , S.aureus and
St.agalactiae (Fig.1).40 mM and 50 mM did not show an inhibitory effect on all bacterial isolates. While 70 mM
considered as minimum inhibitory concentration of [2-(2- HP-AA)].
4. Discussion:
Organic acids are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) antimicrobial agents,and the dilute solutions of organic
acids(1,3 %) are generally without effect on desirable senseroy properties when used to prewserve many
products from contaminated pathogenic bacteria(Smulder and geer,1998).Previous studies focused on limited
treatments for controlling bacteria in which results were in consistent because of the extensive variations in
conditions of experiments.
From our results addition of organic compound-acetic acid to the growth medium of E.coli, S.aureus and
st.agalactiae nearly completely inhibited growth of tested strains.These results were similar to results obtained by
other investigatiors . Raftari et al., (2009) reported that the number of bacterial growth were decreased when the
affected meat with E.coli and S.aureus treated with acetic acid as spray wash.Also Roe etal., (2002) explain the
inhibitory effect of acetic acid on strain of E.coli that organic acid toxicity is multifunctional and includes the
ability of the undissociated acid to diffuse freely across lipid bilayers and liberate protons in the cytoplasm
lowering the cytoplasmic PH( Booth,1995);the interaction of the undissociated acid in to the lipid bilayer at low
external PH (Stratford and Anslow,1998 );and the consequence of anion accumulation consistent with these
modes of action,the inhibition provoked by these compound is PH dependent (Russell and Diez ,1998).
The PH is one of the important factors which influences the growth of bacteria.It has been well established that
most microorganisms grow best at PH values around 7 (Jay etal ., 2005 ),therefore, PH reduction is one of the
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inhibitor factors, which can limit the growth of bacteria (Dubal etal.,2004) .It was indicated that direct
bacteriocidal action of acetic acid result from PH decrease within bacterial cell resulted in reduction of E.coli
population (Malicki etal.,2004).Morever our resuls similar to another study that found the bacteriostatic effect of
acetic acid against e.coli was proportional to PH decrease in culture medium (Shin etal., 2002).
Bornemeier etal., (1997) tested the ability of acetic acid against staphylococcus aureus and listeria
monocytogenes and their results indicate the effectiveness of acetic acid to inhibit the growth of two bacterial
species.Another study referred to as the effect of acetic acid in the growth of staphylococcus aureus and activity
of production of their entero toxins.(Rode etal., 2010 ).
Our results showed that strepto coccus agalactiae affected by high concentration of acetic acid .It was refered
that the bacteria differ greatly in their sensitivities to weak acids, certain bacteria and lactobacilli are able to
grow rapidly in low PH but E.coli and some strains of streptococcus are not resistant (Russell,1991).this study
intiated to test what extent acetic acid inhibitis the growth of different types of certain pathogenic bacteria and
our results showed the degree of inhibition depend on the acid concentration .The undissociated molecule of the
acid is known to be the active antimicrobial and also to be responsible for PH value (IFT,1990), (Mc Donald
etal.,1990),fathermore it is known that the action of acetic acid as antimicrobial agents is generally improved by
anions which interferes with dissociation of acid molecule, however certain specific cations may also
significantly increase the effectivness of organic acids by increasing the solubility of the acid in the microbial
cell membrane (Roe etal.,1998).
Conclusions :
This study showed the possibility of novel role of [2-(2- HP-AA)] inhibiting the growth of three different types
of bacteria isolated from different sites of infection .The concentration of 70 mM of this derivatives can be used
as antibacterial in different ways. Upon passive diffusion of acetic acid into the bacteria, where the PH is near or
above neutrality, and the acid will dissociate and lower the bacteria internal PH,leading to situation that will
impair or stop the growth of bacteria. On the other hand ,the anionic part of the organic acid that can not escape
the bacteria in its dissociated form will accumulate within the bacteria and disrupt many metabolic functions,
leading to osmotic pressure increase incompatible with the survival of the bacteria.
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Table (1): Bacterial isolates and site of infection
Site of isolationTypes of bacteria
UrineE.Coli
UrineK.pneumoniae
UrineP.mirabilis
BloodS.aureus
Vaginal swabSt.agalactiae
BloodSt.pneumoniae
Oral cavitySt.mutans
Table (2) : Growth media used in the experiments in all isolates
Test MediumControl medium
BHI + 40 mMBHI
BHI + 50 mMBHI
BHI + 70 mMBHI
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Table (3) : Effect of different concentration of organic derivatives on
bacterial isolates
Organic derivatives of acetic acid
Concentration
Bacteria Types
70 mM50 mM40 mM
23 mm-ve-veE.Coli
-ve-ve-veK.pneumoniae
-ve-ve-veP.mirabilis
20 mm-ve-veS.aureus
18 mm-ve-veSt.agalactiae
-ve-ve-veSt.pneumoniae
-ve-ve-veSt.mutans
Fig.(1): Time course of bacteria growth inhibition by 70 mM [2-(2- HP-AA)]