In this assignment file i will demonstrate the process involved in Thin layer chromatography for Chlorinated Pesticide
determination. if u like this work feel free to share this file. thank you.
TLC is a useful technique for qualitatively and semi-quantitatively analyzing chlorinated pesticide residues in food products. The procedure involves preparing standard and sample solutions, spotting them on a TLC plate coated with silica gel, developing the plate in n-hexane, detecting spots using silver nitrate under UV light, and comparing sample Rf values to standards to identify residues. TLC allows for easy, inexpensive, and portable detection of pesticides in foods and has been established as an effective method by the AOAC. However, TLC only provides semi-quantitative results and has lower accuracy than techniques like HPLC.
Organoborane chemistry deals with organoboron compounds that contain carbon-boron bonds. Key reactions of organoboranes include hydroboration of alkenes, oxidation of organoboranes to alcohols, isomerization of organoboranes at high temperatures, protonolysis with carboxylic acids, and carbonylation with carbon monoxide. Carbonylation can produce aldehydes, ketones, or alcohols depending on reaction conditions and presence of migrating groups.
This document discusses organic reagents used in inorganic analysis. It begins by defining organic reagents as organic compounds used qualitatively to detect ions or molecules, and quantitatively to estimate them. It then discusses the history of organic reagent use dating back to the 17th century. Finally, it covers the properties, reactions, applications and classifications of various organic reagents used in gravimetric, titrimetric, and other analytical methods.
This document discusses various methods for analyzing pesticides and summarizes the key points as follows:
1) It describes several methods for analyzing organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sample extraction and cleanup techniques are discussed along with instrumentation parameters.
2) Methods are provided for analyzing pesticides in foods, vegetables, grains, and drinking water. These involve extracting samples using solvents like dichloromethane or acetonitrile followed by purification and analysis using GC or GC-MS.
3) A specific LC-MS/MS method is summarized for analyzing the herbicides paraquat and diquat
This document provides an overview of pesticide analysis. It begins with an introduction to pesticides and pests. It then covers various methods of pest control and classifications of pesticides based on chemical composition and action. The pesticide cycle involving processes like adsorption, volatilization, and degradation is described. Analytical methods for detecting pesticide residues including multiresidue, single residue, and qualitative/quantitative approaches are summarized. Specific analytical techniques like gas chromatography and determination of chlorides and phosphates are outlined. The document provides essential information on pesticides and their analysis in a student project on the topic.
This document discusses the analysis and characterization of petroleum and petroleum products. It begins with an introduction to the constituents of petroleum and the fractional distillation process used to separate petroleum into fractions. It then describes several key tests used to analyze petroleum products, including tests to determine specific gravity, viscosity, aniline point, color, cloud point, pour point, and tests to detect water, acid/base content, ash, and metals. The document provides details on the principles and procedures for each test method. It concludes with discussions of petroleum fractionation and the typical composition of crude petroleum.
APPLICATIONS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY [APPLICATIONS OF GC] BY Prof. Dr. P.RAVISA...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Gas chromatography (GC) is an instrumental technique used for drug analysis, toxicology, and identification of organic compounds. It allows for high-speed and sensitive analysis of mixtures like pesticides. GC coupled with mass spectrometry is used in applications like pharmaceutical analysis, food safety testing, and indoor air quality monitoring. It is also used in forensic sciences to identify drugs and other compounds.
Coulometry is an electroanalytical technique where the amount of electricity (in coulombs) required to complete an electrochemical reaction is measured. There are two main types - potentiostatic coulometry, where the potential is held constant, and coulometric titration with a constant current. The quantity of electricity is directly proportional to the amount of analyte and can be used to determine concentrations. Coulometry has applications in inorganic analysis, analysis of radioactive materials, microanalysis, and determination of organic compounds.
TLC is a useful technique for qualitatively and semi-quantitatively analyzing chlorinated pesticide residues in food products. The procedure involves preparing standard and sample solutions, spotting them on a TLC plate coated with silica gel, developing the plate in n-hexane, detecting spots using silver nitrate under UV light, and comparing sample Rf values to standards to identify residues. TLC allows for easy, inexpensive, and portable detection of pesticides in foods and has been established as an effective method by the AOAC. However, TLC only provides semi-quantitative results and has lower accuracy than techniques like HPLC.
Organoborane chemistry deals with organoboron compounds that contain carbon-boron bonds. Key reactions of organoboranes include hydroboration of alkenes, oxidation of organoboranes to alcohols, isomerization of organoboranes at high temperatures, protonolysis with carboxylic acids, and carbonylation with carbon monoxide. Carbonylation can produce aldehydes, ketones, or alcohols depending on reaction conditions and presence of migrating groups.
This document discusses organic reagents used in inorganic analysis. It begins by defining organic reagents as organic compounds used qualitatively to detect ions or molecules, and quantitatively to estimate them. It then discusses the history of organic reagent use dating back to the 17th century. Finally, it covers the properties, reactions, applications and classifications of various organic reagents used in gravimetric, titrimetric, and other analytical methods.
This document discusses various methods for analyzing pesticides and summarizes the key points as follows:
1) It describes several methods for analyzing organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sample extraction and cleanup techniques are discussed along with instrumentation parameters.
2) Methods are provided for analyzing pesticides in foods, vegetables, grains, and drinking water. These involve extracting samples using solvents like dichloromethane or acetonitrile followed by purification and analysis using GC or GC-MS.
3) A specific LC-MS/MS method is summarized for analyzing the herbicides paraquat and diquat
This document provides an overview of pesticide analysis. It begins with an introduction to pesticides and pests. It then covers various methods of pest control and classifications of pesticides based on chemical composition and action. The pesticide cycle involving processes like adsorption, volatilization, and degradation is described. Analytical methods for detecting pesticide residues including multiresidue, single residue, and qualitative/quantitative approaches are summarized. Specific analytical techniques like gas chromatography and determination of chlorides and phosphates are outlined. The document provides essential information on pesticides and their analysis in a student project on the topic.
This document discusses the analysis and characterization of petroleum and petroleum products. It begins with an introduction to the constituents of petroleum and the fractional distillation process used to separate petroleum into fractions. It then describes several key tests used to analyze petroleum products, including tests to determine specific gravity, viscosity, aniline point, color, cloud point, pour point, and tests to detect water, acid/base content, ash, and metals. The document provides details on the principles and procedures for each test method. It concludes with discussions of petroleum fractionation and the typical composition of crude petroleum.
APPLICATIONS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY [APPLICATIONS OF GC] BY Prof. Dr. P.RAVISA...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Gas chromatography (GC) is an instrumental technique used for drug analysis, toxicology, and identification of organic compounds. It allows for high-speed and sensitive analysis of mixtures like pesticides. GC coupled with mass spectrometry is used in applications like pharmaceutical analysis, food safety testing, and indoor air quality monitoring. It is also used in forensic sciences to identify drugs and other compounds.
Coulometry is an electroanalytical technique where the amount of electricity (in coulombs) required to complete an electrochemical reaction is measured. There are two main types - potentiostatic coulometry, where the potential is held constant, and coulometric titration with a constant current. The quantity of electricity is directly proportional to the amount of analyte and can be used to determine concentrations. Coulometry has applications in inorganic analysis, analysis of radioactive materials, microanalysis, and determination of organic compounds.
FIA involves injecting a sample into a continuous flow of carrier solution that mixes with other flowing solutions before reaching a detector. It provides precise, automated analysis of samples. Key aspects of FIA include:
- Injection of samples into a flowing stream for dispersion and reaction with reagents
- Use of various detectors to measure analytes downstream after processing
- Development over time to include techniques like sequential injection and bead injection using computer-controlled programmable flow
The auto titrator works by potentiometrically measuring the change in potential of a solution as a titrant of known concentration is dispensed. It can perform various acid-base and complexometric titrations more quickly, accurately, and precisely than classical titration methods. The Mettler Toledo T70 auto titrator model's operation involves preparing the equipment, calibrating sensors, selecting a pre-programmed method, validating the results against known standards, running the titration, and automatically printing a test report. Auto titrators are used in many industries to determine unknown concentrations of analytes like acids, bases, metals, and chemicals.
This document discusses the process of saponification and how soap cleans dirt. It defines saponification as the production of soap from fats or oils. A soap molecule has a polar end that is water-soluble and a nonpolar end consisting of a long carbon chain. In water, the polar ends of clustered soap molecules form micelles that can dissolve oil and remove it from surfaces. The document also describes methods for determining the saponification value and acid value of oils and fats to identify them and detect adulteration.
This document provides instructions for estimating the amount of nickel (Ni) in a sample using complexometric titration with EDTA. The procedure involves:
1) Standardizing a solution of EDTA against zinc sulfate to determine its concentration.
2) Dissolving a nickel sample and filtering the solution.
3) Titrating an aliquot of the nickel solution against EDTA using murexide indicator, which changes color from yellow to red at the endpoint.
4) Calculating the concentration of nickel in the original sample and percentage of nickel in the complex from titration results.
To estimate aluminium by back titration using zinc sulphateMithil Fal Desai
In the complexometric titration of Al3+, excess of EDTA is reacted with Al3+ to form Al-EDTA complex. The unreacted EDTA can be determined by titrating it with a standard solution of Zn2+ using EBT indicator. The pH of the solution is maintained at around 10 using ammonia buffer. The indicator color in the buffer is blue, while the Zn-indicator complex appears wine red. The exact concentration of EDTA salt solution is determined by titrating it with a standard solution of Zn2+ at pH 10, using EBT indicator
Transition metal carbonyls form when carbon monoxide bonds to a transition metal through both sigma and pi bonding. This synergistic metal-ligand bonding strengthens the metal-carbon bond. Metal carbonyls can be classified based on the ligands present and the number/structure of metal atoms. They exhibit a variety of reactions including substitution, reactions with halogens, and disproportionation. Metal carbonyls display properties related to their toxicity, magnetic behavior, thermal stability, and thermodynamic instability.
This document provides information on potentiometry and potentiometric titration. It discusses the basic principles of potentiometry including electrode potentials and how a potential difference is established between an electrode and solution. It describes the instrumentation used including reference electrodes like calomel and silver-silver chloride electrodes and indicator electrodes like metal, glass membrane, and quinhydrone electrodes. It also discusses different types of potentiometric titrations and provides examples of applications for potentiometry in various industries.
The document presents information on the analysis of pesticides. It discusses organophosphorous pesticide analysis and organochlorine pesticide analysis. For organochlorine pesticide analysis, it describes the sodium biphenyl reduction method which involves decomposing organic halogen compounds using sodium biphenyl and titrating the liberated halide ion. It also provides an example of using this method to analyze endrin, including the reagents, preparation of the sample, and determination steps.
mass spectrometry for pesticides residue analysis- L1sherif Taha
This is the first lecture in series of lectures on mass spectrometry for pesticides residue analysis. This lecture (1) include Pesticides classification, introduction to mass spectrometry, vacuum system for Agilent GC MS/ MS and AB SCIEX LC MS/ MS
This document discusses four types of electrode polarizations that occur in fuel cells: ohmic, concentration, and activation polarizations at both the anode and cathode. Ohmic polarization is due to the resistance of cell components to ion/electron flow. Concentration polarization occurs when the transport of reactants or products to/from the electrode-electrolyte interface is too slow. Activation polarization is associated with the reaction rate at the electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy can be used to measure these polarizations by analyzing the different time dependencies and relaxation processes associated with each polarization type.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze volatile compounds. It works by injecting a sample into a column through which an inert gas flows, carrying the separated components out at different rates depending on their interactions with the stationary phase coating the column. The separated components are detected to produce a chromatogram showing peaks that can be analyzed to determine the identity and quantity of each component in the original sample.
Oxidative addition is a process where a metal complex increases its oxidation state and coordination number by addition of two ligands. It is the reverse of reductive elimination. It requires the metal to have available orbitals and be in a lower oxidation state. There are four mechanisms for oxidative addition: concerted, SN2, radical, and ionic. Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are important steps in many catalytic cycles in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Nickel(II) reacts with dimethylglyoxime [C4H6(NOH)2] to form a coordination complex. The formation of the red chelate occurs quantitatively in an aqueous solution at pH 5 to 9. Usually, citric acid is added to lower the interference of iron
Estimation of Cu(II) in copper sulphate, idometricallyMithil Fal Desai
This document provides instructions for determining the concentration of copper (II) ions through titration. It involves standardizing a sodium thiosulfate solution against potassium dichromate to determine its exact normality. Then, copper (II) ions are reacted with excess iodide ions to liberate iodine, which is then titrated with the standardized sodium thiosulfate solution. By comparing the volumes of thiosulfate used in the two titrations, the amount of copper in the sample can be calculated. The procedure is described in two steps - first the standardization of sodium thiosulfate, then the titration of a copper (II) sample against the standardized thiosulfate to determine the
The document discusses adsorption and the Gibbs adsorption equation. It defines adsorption as molecules of a gas or liquid being attracted to and retained on the surface of a solid. Absorption occurs when a substance is uniformly distributed throughout a solid or liquid. The Gibbs adsorption equation relates changes in surface tension to changes in solute concentration at an interface. It shows that the surface excess concentration of a solute is proportional to the negative of the derivative of surface tension with respect to solute activity. The document also lists factors that affect adsorption and describes adsorption isotherms.
Flash chromatography is a technique that uses slightly smaller silica gel particles and pressurized gas to drive solvents through a column more rapidly than conventional chromatography. It allows for rapid separation of mixtures in a matter of hours rather than days. The key components are the pump system to push solvents through the column under pressure, injection systems to load samples, glass columns packed with adsorbent like silica gel, and fraction collectors. It has advantages over conventional chromatography in being faster, more reproducible, and avoiding hazardous removal of silica gel.
This document summarizes key concepts in organometallic chemistry. It discusses the definition of organometallic compounds as those containing metal-carbon bonds. It outlines different types of ligands that can bind to metals, including carbonyl, carbene, and cyclic π systems. It also describes principles for understanding bonding interactions between ligands and metals, such as the 18-electron rule and molecular orbital theory. Spectroscopic techniques for analyzing organometallic compounds are also summarized.
The coupling constant is the distance between peaks in a multiplet in NMR spectroscopy. It is measured in Hertz and does not depend on external magnetic field strength. The value of the coupling constant provides information to distinguish multiplets and can indicate structural features like cis/trans isomers. Coupling occurs between protons close in space, known as geminal, vicinal, and sometimes long-range coupling over several bonds. The coupling constant is affected by factors like bond angle, dihedral angle, and electronegativity of substituents.
This document describes a study that aimed to identify a fungal strain that can degrade the pesticide chlorpyrifos and optimize the concentration for degradation. The fungal strain was identified as Fusarium sp. based on morphological analysis under a microscope. The strain was grown in media containing different concentrations of chlorpyrifos and it was found to grow best at a 1.2% concentration, demonstrating this is the optimum level for degradation. The study concludes Fusarium sp. has potential for bioremediation of chlorpyrifos contamination.
The document discusses parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations. It outlines physical, chemical, botanical, and biological/toxicological parameters to assess, including foreign matter, pesticides, and other contaminants. Methods are provided for determining pesticide residues using extraction, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography. Maximum residue limits for pesticides in herbal drugs are calculated based on acceptable daily intake limits.
FIA involves injecting a sample into a continuous flow of carrier solution that mixes with other flowing solutions before reaching a detector. It provides precise, automated analysis of samples. Key aspects of FIA include:
- Injection of samples into a flowing stream for dispersion and reaction with reagents
- Use of various detectors to measure analytes downstream after processing
- Development over time to include techniques like sequential injection and bead injection using computer-controlled programmable flow
The auto titrator works by potentiometrically measuring the change in potential of a solution as a titrant of known concentration is dispensed. It can perform various acid-base and complexometric titrations more quickly, accurately, and precisely than classical titration methods. The Mettler Toledo T70 auto titrator model's operation involves preparing the equipment, calibrating sensors, selecting a pre-programmed method, validating the results against known standards, running the titration, and automatically printing a test report. Auto titrators are used in many industries to determine unknown concentrations of analytes like acids, bases, metals, and chemicals.
This document discusses the process of saponification and how soap cleans dirt. It defines saponification as the production of soap from fats or oils. A soap molecule has a polar end that is water-soluble and a nonpolar end consisting of a long carbon chain. In water, the polar ends of clustered soap molecules form micelles that can dissolve oil and remove it from surfaces. The document also describes methods for determining the saponification value and acid value of oils and fats to identify them and detect adulteration.
This document provides instructions for estimating the amount of nickel (Ni) in a sample using complexometric titration with EDTA. The procedure involves:
1) Standardizing a solution of EDTA against zinc sulfate to determine its concentration.
2) Dissolving a nickel sample and filtering the solution.
3) Titrating an aliquot of the nickel solution against EDTA using murexide indicator, which changes color from yellow to red at the endpoint.
4) Calculating the concentration of nickel in the original sample and percentage of nickel in the complex from titration results.
To estimate aluminium by back titration using zinc sulphateMithil Fal Desai
In the complexometric titration of Al3+, excess of EDTA is reacted with Al3+ to form Al-EDTA complex. The unreacted EDTA can be determined by titrating it with a standard solution of Zn2+ using EBT indicator. The pH of the solution is maintained at around 10 using ammonia buffer. The indicator color in the buffer is blue, while the Zn-indicator complex appears wine red. The exact concentration of EDTA salt solution is determined by titrating it with a standard solution of Zn2+ at pH 10, using EBT indicator
Transition metal carbonyls form when carbon monoxide bonds to a transition metal through both sigma and pi bonding. This synergistic metal-ligand bonding strengthens the metal-carbon bond. Metal carbonyls can be classified based on the ligands present and the number/structure of metal atoms. They exhibit a variety of reactions including substitution, reactions with halogens, and disproportionation. Metal carbonyls display properties related to their toxicity, magnetic behavior, thermal stability, and thermodynamic instability.
This document provides information on potentiometry and potentiometric titration. It discusses the basic principles of potentiometry including electrode potentials and how a potential difference is established between an electrode and solution. It describes the instrumentation used including reference electrodes like calomel and silver-silver chloride electrodes and indicator electrodes like metal, glass membrane, and quinhydrone electrodes. It also discusses different types of potentiometric titrations and provides examples of applications for potentiometry in various industries.
The document presents information on the analysis of pesticides. It discusses organophosphorous pesticide analysis and organochlorine pesticide analysis. For organochlorine pesticide analysis, it describes the sodium biphenyl reduction method which involves decomposing organic halogen compounds using sodium biphenyl and titrating the liberated halide ion. It also provides an example of using this method to analyze endrin, including the reagents, preparation of the sample, and determination steps.
mass spectrometry for pesticides residue analysis- L1sherif Taha
This is the first lecture in series of lectures on mass spectrometry for pesticides residue analysis. This lecture (1) include Pesticides classification, introduction to mass spectrometry, vacuum system for Agilent GC MS/ MS and AB SCIEX LC MS/ MS
This document discusses four types of electrode polarizations that occur in fuel cells: ohmic, concentration, and activation polarizations at both the anode and cathode. Ohmic polarization is due to the resistance of cell components to ion/electron flow. Concentration polarization occurs when the transport of reactants or products to/from the electrode-electrolyte interface is too slow. Activation polarization is associated with the reaction rate at the electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy can be used to measure these polarizations by analyzing the different time dependencies and relaxation processes associated with each polarization type.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze volatile compounds. It works by injecting a sample into a column through which an inert gas flows, carrying the separated components out at different rates depending on their interactions with the stationary phase coating the column. The separated components are detected to produce a chromatogram showing peaks that can be analyzed to determine the identity and quantity of each component in the original sample.
Oxidative addition is a process where a metal complex increases its oxidation state and coordination number by addition of two ligands. It is the reverse of reductive elimination. It requires the metal to have available orbitals and be in a lower oxidation state. There are four mechanisms for oxidative addition: concerted, SN2, radical, and ionic. Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are important steps in many catalytic cycles in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Nickel(II) reacts with dimethylglyoxime [C4H6(NOH)2] to form a coordination complex. The formation of the red chelate occurs quantitatively in an aqueous solution at pH 5 to 9. Usually, citric acid is added to lower the interference of iron
Estimation of Cu(II) in copper sulphate, idometricallyMithil Fal Desai
This document provides instructions for determining the concentration of copper (II) ions through titration. It involves standardizing a sodium thiosulfate solution against potassium dichromate to determine its exact normality. Then, copper (II) ions are reacted with excess iodide ions to liberate iodine, which is then titrated with the standardized sodium thiosulfate solution. By comparing the volumes of thiosulfate used in the two titrations, the amount of copper in the sample can be calculated. The procedure is described in two steps - first the standardization of sodium thiosulfate, then the titration of a copper (II) sample against the standardized thiosulfate to determine the
The document discusses adsorption and the Gibbs adsorption equation. It defines adsorption as molecules of a gas or liquid being attracted to and retained on the surface of a solid. Absorption occurs when a substance is uniformly distributed throughout a solid or liquid. The Gibbs adsorption equation relates changes in surface tension to changes in solute concentration at an interface. It shows that the surface excess concentration of a solute is proportional to the negative of the derivative of surface tension with respect to solute activity. The document also lists factors that affect adsorption and describes adsorption isotherms.
Flash chromatography is a technique that uses slightly smaller silica gel particles and pressurized gas to drive solvents through a column more rapidly than conventional chromatography. It allows for rapid separation of mixtures in a matter of hours rather than days. The key components are the pump system to push solvents through the column under pressure, injection systems to load samples, glass columns packed with adsorbent like silica gel, and fraction collectors. It has advantages over conventional chromatography in being faster, more reproducible, and avoiding hazardous removal of silica gel.
This document summarizes key concepts in organometallic chemistry. It discusses the definition of organometallic compounds as those containing metal-carbon bonds. It outlines different types of ligands that can bind to metals, including carbonyl, carbene, and cyclic π systems. It also describes principles for understanding bonding interactions between ligands and metals, such as the 18-electron rule and molecular orbital theory. Spectroscopic techniques for analyzing organometallic compounds are also summarized.
The coupling constant is the distance between peaks in a multiplet in NMR spectroscopy. It is measured in Hertz and does not depend on external magnetic field strength. The value of the coupling constant provides information to distinguish multiplets and can indicate structural features like cis/trans isomers. Coupling occurs between protons close in space, known as geminal, vicinal, and sometimes long-range coupling over several bonds. The coupling constant is affected by factors like bond angle, dihedral angle, and electronegativity of substituents.
This document describes a study that aimed to identify a fungal strain that can degrade the pesticide chlorpyrifos and optimize the concentration for degradation. The fungal strain was identified as Fusarium sp. based on morphological analysis under a microscope. The strain was grown in media containing different concentrations of chlorpyrifos and it was found to grow best at a 1.2% concentration, demonstrating this is the optimum level for degradation. The study concludes Fusarium sp. has potential for bioremediation of chlorpyrifos contamination.
The document discusses parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations. It outlines physical, chemical, botanical, and biological/toxicological parameters to assess, including foreign matter, pesticides, and other contaminants. Methods are provided for determining pesticide residues using extraction, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography. Maximum residue limits for pesticides in herbal drugs are calculated based on acceptable daily intake limits.
This presentation discusses pesticide pollution detection and analysis. It defines pesticides as agrochemicals used to control pests that compete with humans for food and spread disease. Pesticide pollution occurs when chemicals from pesticides contaminate soil, water, and air, bringing mostly negative environmental impacts. Detection can be done through gas chromatography with atomic emission detectors or biosensors. Accurate detection is important to prevent issues from overuse of pesticides like resistant pests, decreased biodiversity, water pollution, and air pollution.
This document discusses using thin layer chromatography (TLC) to identify chlorinated pesticide residues in food products. TLC is a qualitative and semi-quantitative technique that involves extracting pesticide residues from food samples, applying the extract to a silica gel plate, developing the plate in n-hexane, detecting residues using silver nitrate, and identifying residues by comparing their Rf values to standards. TLC is an inexpensive and easy method that does not require sophisticated instruments, though it provides only a low degree of accuracy.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
The document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized the fungus Aspergillus flavus TEAK 07 for its ability to decolorize the reactive textile dye Reactive Red 120. A. flavus TEAK 07 showed greater decolorization efficiency than the reference strain. The study optimized various factors affecting decolorization, finding pH 5.5 and 28°C provided optimal conditions. Glucose and ammonium nitrate served as the best carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Seed germination tests showed the decolorized dye was less toxic than the original dye.
This document describes the materials and methods used to isolate and enrich microorganisms capable of detoxifying environmental pollutants. Six different techniques are outlined for isolating microorganisms from sources contaminated with toxic heavy metals, hydrocarbons, oil, diesel, and the insecticide malathion. Samples are collected from polluted sites and enriched in media containing the contaminants. Microorganisms are then isolated on agar plates through serial dilution and purified through subculture and storage of pure colonies. The goal is to develop microbial cultures capable of bioremediating various environmental pollutants.
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & ...someshwar mankar
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & Evaluation of disinfectant as per bacteriostatic & Bacteriocidal action
Department of Pharmaceutics,PRCOP,Loni
Pesticide residues in foods can pose risks if present at unsafe levels. This document discusses pesticide residues, including definitions and classifications of different pesticide types. It also covers factors that influence residue formation, such as application rate and environmental conditions. Risk assessment and monitoring programs set maximum residue limits and estimate exposure and intake to ensure pesticide residues do not exceed safe levels. International and national organizations monitor residues and set limits to protect public health.
This document provides an overview and comparison of various in-vitro methods used to measure antioxidant activity, including their advantages and disadvantages. It summarizes several common methods such as the Thin Layer Chromatography autography technique, Cellular Antioxidant Activity assay, Dye-Substrate oxidation method, and Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity method. The document emphasizes selecting methods based on feasibility, simplicity, required instrumentation and ability to effectively analyze antioxidant properties.
1) Pesticides are substances used to control pests like insects, weeds, and fungi. They have benefits like protecting crops and controlling disease vectors, but also pose hazards to health and the environment if not used carefully.
2) Pesticides are classified based on their target pest into insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides. Common synthetic pesticides include organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates.
3) Alternatives to pesticides include integrated pest management using biological controls and biopesticides from natural sources like bacteria, fungi, and plant extracts. Proper use and disposal of pesticides is important to minimize risks to people and the
The document outlines key topics in environmental microbiology including the roles of microorganisms like algae, fungi, and bacteria in the environment. It discusses optimal conditions for microbial growth and describes microbial growth curves. It also addresses microorganisms in various settings like water, food, waste, soil and their roles in nutrient cycles. The document concludes by covering management of microorganisms in healthcare facilities, universal precautions, disinfection techniques, and sterilization methods.
Pesticide residues refer to any pesticide substance or its metabolites that remain in food, water, or animal feed after application. This document outlines methods for analyzing pesticide residues, including sampling procedures, sample preparation techniques like homogenization, common extraction methods like solid phase extraction, cleanup steps to remove interferences, and quantification methods like gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. It emphasizes the importance of analyzing pesticide residues to ensure food safety and compliance with legal limits.
Formulation and in vitro evaluation of quercetin loaded carbon nanotubes for ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study that formulated and evaluated quercetin-loaded carbon nanotubes for cancer targeting. Specifically, it:
1) Developed a quercetin-loaded drug delivery system using functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes conjugated with chitosan.
2) Found that the highest drug loading efficiency of 38% was achieved at 4°C and with an equal initial weight ratio of drug to carrier.
3) Demonstrated that the drug delivery system was stable under neutral pH but effectively released quercetin under acidic pH similar to the tumor environment.
4) Showed that the quercetin-conjugated carrier had significantly higher cytotoxicity against HeLa
The document provides an overview of microbiology and laboratory techniques used for the identification of microorganisms. It discusses the types of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It also describes various sterilization and staining methods used in the laboratory such as Gram staining, acid-fast staining, and biochemical tests to identify bacteria. These techniques are important tools for classifying bacteria and determining the cause of infectious diseases.
Disinfectants classification and mode of action of disinfectantsmuthulakshmi623285
The document discusses disinfection and disinfectants. It begins by defining key terminology like sepsis, asepsis, and antisepsis. It then discusses the ideal properties of disinfectants and how they are classified, including acids/alkalies, halogens, heavy metals, phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, quaternary ammonium compounds, dyes, and detergents/soaps. The modes of action and factors affecting disinfection are described. Various methods for evaluating antimicrobial agents and disinfectants are also outlined.
This document discusses the management of biomedical waste. It defines biomedical waste as waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animals. It notes that 85% of healthcare waste is non-infectious, while 10-25% is hazardous. Hazardous waste is further divided into two types - infectious solid waste and hazardous chemicals. The document outlines the different categories of biomedical waste and appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category.
This document discusses the management of biomedical waste. It defines biomedical waste as waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animals. It notes that 85% of healthcare waste is non-infectious, while 10-25% is hazardous. Hazardous waste is further divided into two types - infectious solid waste and hazardous chemicals. The document outlines the different categories of biomedical waste and appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category.
This document discusses disinfection, including ideal characteristics of disinfectants, common terminology, various disinfectants and their uses, recommended concentrations, and recent advancements. It provides details on types of disinfectants such as alcohol, aldehydes, phenols, halogens, metallic salts, dyes, and gases. It also discusses recommended concentrations and recent developments, including disinfectants used for COVID-19 and techniques for disinfecting surfaces, dental casts, impression trays, and instruments in dental settings.
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TLC for chlorinated pesticide determination Bapi Mondal
1. 1
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and
Technology University, Gopalganj-8100
An assignment on
“Thin layer chromatography for Chlorinated Pesticide
determination.”
Course Code: ACCE-514
Course Title: Food Processing Engineering.
Submitted by Submitted To
Name: Bapi Mondal
ID No: 20151207052
Year: M.Sc. (Engg.)
Semester: 1st
Dept. of Applied Chemistry &
Chemical Engineering
BSMRSTU
Rifat Ara Masud
Lecturer
Dept. of Applied Chemistry &
Chemical Engineering
BSMRSTU
Date of submission: 25-11-2020
2. 2
“Thin layer Chromatography for Chlorinated Pesticide determination”
1. Pesticide
Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to kill pests, including insects, rodents,
fungi and unwanted plants (weeds). Pesticides are used in agriculture, to kill pests that
damage crops. Pesticides are a group of chemicals used for the destruction of insects, weeds,
fungi, bacteria, etc. They are generally called insecticides, fungicides, bactericides, herbicides
or rodenticides. Most of the pesticides have the ability to destroy a wide variety of pests or
weeds, but some are developed against specific pests or pathogens.
Pesticides can be grouped according to the types of pests which they kill:
Insecticides –Kill insects, Herbicides – kill plants, Rodenticides -kill rodents (rats and mice),
Bactericides –kill bacteria, Fungicides –kill fungi, Larvicides - larvae.
A pesticide is any substance used to kill, repel, or control certain forms of plant or animal life
that are considered to be pests. Pesticides include herbicides for destroying weeds and other
unwanted vegetation, insecticides for controlling a wide variety of insects, fungicides used to
prevent the growth of molds and mildew, disinfectants for preventing the spread of bacteria,
and compounds used to control mice and rats. Because of the widespread use of agricultural
chemicals in food production, people are exposed to low levels of pesticide residues through
their diets.
Effects of pesticides ion human health: The general population is exposed to low levels of
pesticides through food and water, and these are not typically cause for concern. People at
higher risk of adverse health effects are those who work directly with pesticides, such as
agricultural workers, and those who are in the immediate area when pesticides are applied.
People not involved with applying the pesticide should avoid the area during and
immediately after its use.
After countless studies, pesticides have been linked to cancer, Alzheimer's Disease, ADHD,
and even birth defects. Pesticides also have the potential to harm the nervous system, the
reproductive system, and the endocrine system.
2. Chlorinated pesticides
Chlorinated pesticides are a small but diverse group of artificially produced chemicals
characterized by a cyclic structure and a variable number of chlorine atoms. Most members
of the group are resistant to environmental degradation and relatively inert toward acids,
bases, oxidation, reduction, and heat.
3. 3
Chlorinated pesticides list or Example:
Chlorinated pesticides are chlorinated hydrocarbons used extensively from the 1940s through
the 1960s in agriculture and mosquito control. Representative compounds in this group
include DDT, methoxychlor, dieldrin, chlordane, toxaphene, mirex, kepone, lindane, and
benzene hexachloride.
Chlorinated pesticides list
Dicofol,
Eldrin,
Dieldrin,
Chlorobenziate,
Lindane, BHC
Methoxychloro
Aldrin, Chlordane,
Heptaclor, Endosufan,
Toxaphene,
Chloro propylate
Most commonly used pesticides: Chlorpyrifos (chlorinated pesticides) one of the most
widely used chlorinated pesticides. Introduced by Dow Chemical in 1965, chlorpyrifos is the
most widely-used pesticide on crops, including corn, soybeans, broccoli, and apples, and is
also widely used in non-agricultural settings like golf courses. hlorpyrifos works by attacking
insects’ nervous systems. At high doses, such as what farmers get exposed to when they
spray pesticides, it can cause people to experience nausea, dizziness, and confusion.
Health effects of Chlorinated pesticides
Exposure to organo chlorine chemicals (Chlorinated pesticides) has been associated with
many deleterious effects on human health, such as, hormone related conditions
(endometrisios, infertility), cancer of male and female reproductive system, immune toxicity,
neurotoxicity and spontaneous abortions.
3. Analytical method for Pesticide determination
The analysis of pesticide in biological samples continues to presents challenges to analysts.
The complexity and the diversity of matrices in biological materials, the low concentrations
of pesticides in samples of fruit and vegetables. Target analytes must, therefore, be isolated
from matrices and then be enriched before the final determination can be undertaken. there
are various method determination of chlorinated pesticides which is listed below:
I. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
II. Gas Chroamtograpy Mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
III. High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)
IV. Multi residue method (MRM)
V. Aceton extraction method
VI. QueChers methods
VII. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
4. 4
4. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate non-
volatile mixtures. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of glass, plastic, or
aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel,
aluminium oxide (alumina), or cellulose. On completion of the separation, each component
appears as spots separated vertically. Each spot has a retention factor (Rf) expressed as:
Rf =
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) depends on the separation principle. The separation relies
on the relative affinity of compounds towards both the phases. The compounds in the mobile
phase move over the surface of the stationary phase. The movement occurs in such a way that
the compounds which have a higher affinity to the stationary phase move slowly while the
other compounds travel fast. Therefore, the separation of the mixture is attained. On
completion of the separation process, the individual components from the mixture appear as
spots at respective levels on the plates. Their character and nature are identified by suitable
detection techniques.
5. Thin layer chromatography for Chlorinated pesticide determination
A rapid sensitive method for the application of thin-layer chromatography to the detection
and estimation of chlorinated organic pesticide residues has been developed. Compared to
paper chromatography the method is faster, more sensitive, and in most cases more specific.
Chlorinated pesticide residues were identified in extracts of various food products at
concentrations as low as 1 part per billion, these results were verified by gas-liquid
chromatography. Because of its simplicity, speed, and sensitivity, thin-layer chromatography
is suitable as a rapid screening method or as a confirmatory method in conjunction with gas-
liquid chromatography or other analytical methods for chlorinated pesticide residue analysis.
Apparatus: Volumetric flask (10-200ml), Separating funnel (250-500ml),
Chromatographic column 2 cm diameter, Evaporator, Rotator for evaporation control
under desired pressure.
Thin layer chromatograph apparatus: Desage applicator, Sandwich chamber, detector,
ultraviolet light source.
Reagents: Dimethyl formamide, Ethanol. Ethyl ether (anhydrous) Hexane, redistilled
Light petroleum, redistilled. Heptachlor solution Heptachlor epoxide solution. n-Heptane,
n-Hep-tane with 1% or 2% aceton.
a) Developing solvent for TLC: Redistilled hexane and anhydrous ethyl ether.
b) Adsorbents: Aluminum oxide and Silica gel.
5. 5
c) Chromogenic agent: Dissolve 0.100 g AgN03 in 1 ml water, add 10 ml 2-
phenoxy-ethanol dilute to 200 ml with acetone, reagent grade, add a very
small drop of 30% H202, and mix.
d) Standard solutions: Stock Solution mixture of aldrin, hepta-chlor, Perthane,
lindane, heptachlor epoxide, methoxychlor. Into one 10 ml glass-stoppered
flask, weigh 0.1 g of each pesticide; into a second flask, 0.05 g of each.
Dissolve in ethyl acetate, dilute to 10 ml, and mix.
e) Stock solutions of individual pesticides: Prepare 10 and 5 mg/ml separate stock
solu-tions of toxaphene, chlordane, and BHC.
f) Diluted stock solution: Dilute each stock solution to contain 2,1,0.5,0.2,
0.1,0.05, 0.02, and 0.01 mg/ml for each pesticide or mix-ture of pesticides
present.
1. Spraying agent Preparation for Chlorinated pesticide determination by TLC.
Fig: Spraying agent preparation for TLC
2. Thin layer plate preparation
Fig: Preparation process of TLC plate.
6. Chlorinated pesticide determination by TLC method
Chlorinated pesticide determination by TLC methods needs some steps and these steps are
very crucial for determining pesticides. The main steps of this experimental procedure are
represented below:
Apply a 0.25
mm thick
layer of
aluminium
oxide and pre
wash the
adsorbent
layer
Activate the
pate at150 0c
for 2 hours
before use
Develop the
plates with 11
cm and sprary
with silver
nitrate
Expsoe thye
short wave
UV light for
30 min to 2
hours with
respect to
concentration.
1Ml of
H2O
200 ml
Aceton
0.01g silver
nitrate
2-phenoxoethanol
30% H2O2
6. 6
Fig: Chlorinated pesticide determination by TLC methods process flow diagram.
For best results, prewashing the prepared coatings with distilled water to remove chlo-
rides prior to analytical use is recommended. This is particularly important for silica gel
coatings. On unwashed plates of A1203 G, the maximum sensitivity that can be
attained is 0.05 µg for all compounds examined except chlordane. The spotting technique
for thin layer chromatography, in general, is similar to that for paper
chromatography. Exposure times for prewashed plates of A1203 are not critical
because backgrounds do not darken after a prolonged period of exposure to
ultraviolet light (3-4 hours) nor on subsequent standing. Thus plates should be
exposed as long as necessary to fully de-lineate spots of the lowest concentration
sought. Exposure times for silica gel are very critical. Spots appear rapidly during
expo-sure to ultraviolet light, but the background also darkens very rapidly and
continues to darken on standing. Therefore these plates should be exposed the
minimum time necessary to fully delineate spots of lowest con-centration sought,
and evaluated without delay.
Chlorinated pesticide determination in Butter, Vegetables oils and Similar Foods
Melt 100 g of butter and margarine and filter through a folded paper. Transfer the 40.0 g of
vegetable oil or filtered fat to a 200 ml volumetric flask and make up to the mark with
hexane. Transfer 50 ml of the sample solution to a a 250 ml separating funnel and add 1 ml of
standard solution. Shake with 50 ml of dimethyl formamide solution for 2 min. after
separation transfer the dimethylformamide layer to a separating funnel containing 400 ml of
2% Na2SO4 solution. Repeat the process for 3 times and transfer the extracts to the funnel.
Add 50 ml of hexane to the combined extracts and shake vigorously for 2 min. Discard the
aqueous layer and wash the hexane layer with 200ml of Na2SO4 solution. Transfer the
hexane layer to the evaporator and rinse the separating funnel with small portions of hexane
and evaporate the combined extracts and washing at reduced pressure at 350
c to 2 ml.
Pack a chromatographic column with 10g of activated Al2O3.and put a 3.5 cm layer of
anhydrous Na2SO4 on the top. Pre wet the adsorbents with 25 ml of hexane.
Preparation of adsorbent layer
Prewashing of adsorbent layer
Sample spotting.
Development of plates.
Spraying of plates
Exposure
7. 7
Transfer the evaporated extracts quantitatively to the column and elute with 100 ml of
hexane. Evaporate the elute at reduced pressure at 350
c to 5ml.transfer quantitatively to a
volumetric flask and make up to the mark with hexane. Examine the solution by gas
chromatography and after further concentration by thin layer chromatography. Using this
clean up an amount of extracts corresponding to 10 g of fat can be analysis. And finally the
presence of chlorinated pesticide can be checked by using detector of TLC.
Chlorinated pesticide determination in Milk
Chlorinated pesticide determination in Milk is a quite simple method and that is understood
easily by a process flow diagram. And this process flow diagram for chlorinated pesticide
determination by TLC method is represented below:
Chlorinated pesticide determination in Meat
1. Mince or slice 100 g of meat in mincing machine and mix thoroughly .Homogenize
the meat with 50 ml of ethanol.
2. Transfer the mixture to a 500 ml centrifuge flask with 90 ml of water. Rinse the
homogenize with 50 ml of ethanol and transfer to the flask.
3. Add 1 ml of heptachloro epoxide soluion and shake for 10 min. add 50 ml of ethyl
ether and shake it.
4. Finally add 50 ml of light petroleum and check the TLC detector machine and
determine the chlorinated pesticide in meat of fish food.
• Add 1 ml of heptachloro epoxide solution , 1g of potasium oxalate and 100 ml of
ethanol to 100 g of milk in each of two 500 ml centrifuge bottles and shake for 10
min .
• add 50ml of ethyl ether and shake vigorosuly and also add 50 ml of light
petrolium and shake for 50 min.
• Until the phase separation is complete centrifuge the solution for 45 min.Then
transfer the solution into light petrolium ,ethyl ether layers from both bottles with
a pipette to the separating funnel.
• Shake the residue in centrifuge flask with 50ml of light petrolium, ethyl ether for
5 min.also centrifuge the rest extraction and repeat it.
• collect the light petrolium ethyl ether in 1 L of separating funnel and shake with
100 ml of water.
• Evaporates the organic solvents at reduced pressure at 35 0c .transfer the resiude
ith 50ml of hexane to a 250 ml separating funnel.
• finally shaking the solution with 50 ml of dimethyl formamide solution and check
via the TLC detector and determine the chlorinated pesticide in milk .
8. 8
Chlorinated pesticide in Meat determine by TLC Process represented by a figure:
So finally we can say that the Thin layer chromatography technique for determine chlorinated
pesticide is better with comparing among all the analytical technique for chlorinated pesticide
determination. And this technique is advantageous.
7. References
1. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/chemical-safety-pesticides
2. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/pesticides/index.cfm
3. https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-enhealth-
manual-atsi-cnt-l~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-ch5~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-
ch5.7
4. https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/the_dangers_of_pesticides/
5. http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/widely-used-pesticide-one-year-later/
6. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9538-6_6
7. https://dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/files/organochlorpestfaq.pdf
8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5464684/
9. https://byjus.com/chemistry/thin-layer-chromatography/
10. https://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article-abstract/46/5/884/5732029
11. https://www.hsj.gr/medicine/mechanisms-of-actions-and-health-effects-of-
organochlorine-substances-a-review.php?aid=3667
12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226241207_Improved_analytical_procedure_fo
r_determination_of_chlorinated_pesticide_residues_in_human_serum_using_solid_phase
_disc_extraction_SPDE_single-step_clean-up_and_gas_chromatography
13. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/04345546609415378?journalCode=ttpma2
0
Shake
for 10
min
50 ml
Ethanol
Slice
100 g of
meat
500 ml
centrifuge
flask with 90
ml of water
Flask
50 ml of
ethyl ether,
heptachloro
epoxide
Flask
50 ml of light
petroleum
Detector to
determine
Pesticide
9. 9
14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4179951/
15. Determination of Some Chlorinated Pesticides in Vegetable Oils, Margarine, Butter,
Milk, Eggs, Meat, and Fish by Gas Chromatography and Thin-Layer Chromatography by
Norén, Koidu; Westöö, Gunnel. DOI number: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.22-2289. Pages:
2289-2293.
16. Kovacs, B. M. F. (1963). Thin-Layer Chromatography for Chlorinated Pesticide Residue
Analysis. 46, 884–893.
17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10826076.2017.1298024?scroll=top&need
Access=true&journalCode=ljlc20
18. https://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article-abstract/46/5/884/5732029
19. https://www.longdom.org/open-access/chromatographic-determination-of-pesticides-in-
foods-and-food-products-2155-9600.1000126.pdf
20. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/002196739285688P