Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent Gamit Shraddha | Shreya Desai | Jemisha Mistry | Swetal Patel | Rajashekhar Ingalhalli"Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16978.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/16978/efficacy-of-leaves-of-lantana-camara-as-mosquito-repellent/gamit-shraddha
This document provides information on the whitefly, a small sap-sucking insect pest that is an important vector of plant viruses. It describes the whitefly's taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, damage caused to plants, and biological control. Some key whitefly genera that are agricultural pests are mentioned. Methods of control include chemical pesticides, introduction of natural enemies like parasitic wasps, and use of companion plants that attract predators of whiteflies.
1. The document summarizes several plant-derived insecticides, including neem (Azadirachta indica), rotenone, nicotine, pyrethrins, ryania, sabadilla, limonene, linanool, and garlic oil.
2. Neem contains azadirachtin and other compounds that have insecticidal properties like antifeedant action, inhibiting insect growth, and deterring egg-laying. It is commonly used in neem seed kernel extract products.
3. Rotenone is derived from plants like Derris elliptica and is a contact poison that causes paralysis and death in insects by disrupting oxygen consumption.
a simple and sophisticated presentation to understand the morphology of honey bee for the student of agriculture ,entomology of any kind of student related to zoological science field or person with common interest
The document discusses the Green Leaf Hopper, Nephotettix virescens. It is found in rice growing areas across India and feeds on rice plants as well as grasses. The female lays 200-300 eggs in batches on rice leaves. Both nymphs and adults sap the leaves, causing hopper burn and spreading virus diseases. Management techniques include using resistant rice varieties, crop rotation, applying neem cake in nurseries, and spraying with carbofuran or phorate.
This document discusses the shoot and fruit borer pest of brinjal plants. It begins with an introduction to brinjal and then focuses on the shoot and fruit borer pest, including its scientific classification, importance as an agricultural pest as it reduces brinjal yields, life cycle of egg to adult, and methods of management. Cultural, biological and chemical controls are outlined as well as the use of Bt brinjal, a genetically modified variety that is resistant to the borer pest through expression of a Cry protein. The document concludes that integrated pest management using selective biological controls is the most effective approach to control the pest while preserving beneficial insect populations.
Integrated Pest Management on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)RAKESH KUMAR MEENA
This document provides information on major insect pests that affect okra and their management through integrated pest management. It discusses 6 major insect pests that damage okra - okra shoot and fruit borer, jassid, whitefly, aphid, red cotton bug. For each pest, it provides details on identification, nature of damage, and life cycle. It then outlines various integrated pest management strategies for okra like cultural practices, mechanical controls, biological controls and chemical controls. Finally, it lists some references for further reading on management of insect pests on okra.
This document provides information on the whitefly, a small sap-sucking insect pest that is an important vector of plant viruses. It describes the whitefly's taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, damage caused to plants, and biological control. Some key whitefly genera that are agricultural pests are mentioned. Methods of control include chemical pesticides, introduction of natural enemies like parasitic wasps, and use of companion plants that attract predators of whiteflies.
1. The document summarizes several plant-derived insecticides, including neem (Azadirachta indica), rotenone, nicotine, pyrethrins, ryania, sabadilla, limonene, linanool, and garlic oil.
2. Neem contains azadirachtin and other compounds that have insecticidal properties like antifeedant action, inhibiting insect growth, and deterring egg-laying. It is commonly used in neem seed kernel extract products.
3. Rotenone is derived from plants like Derris elliptica and is a contact poison that causes paralysis and death in insects by disrupting oxygen consumption.
a simple and sophisticated presentation to understand the morphology of honey bee for the student of agriculture ,entomology of any kind of student related to zoological science field or person with common interest
The document discusses the Green Leaf Hopper, Nephotettix virescens. It is found in rice growing areas across India and feeds on rice plants as well as grasses. The female lays 200-300 eggs in batches on rice leaves. Both nymphs and adults sap the leaves, causing hopper burn and spreading virus diseases. Management techniques include using resistant rice varieties, crop rotation, applying neem cake in nurseries, and spraying with carbofuran or phorate.
This document discusses the shoot and fruit borer pest of brinjal plants. It begins with an introduction to brinjal and then focuses on the shoot and fruit borer pest, including its scientific classification, importance as an agricultural pest as it reduces brinjal yields, life cycle of egg to adult, and methods of management. Cultural, biological and chemical controls are outlined as well as the use of Bt brinjal, a genetically modified variety that is resistant to the borer pest through expression of a Cry protein. The document concludes that integrated pest management using selective biological controls is the most effective approach to control the pest while preserving beneficial insect populations.
Integrated Pest Management on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)RAKESH KUMAR MEENA
This document provides information on major insect pests that affect okra and their management through integrated pest management. It discusses 6 major insect pests that damage okra - okra shoot and fruit borer, jassid, whitefly, aphid, red cotton bug. For each pest, it provides details on identification, nature of damage, and life cycle. It then outlines various integrated pest management strategies for okra like cultural practices, mechanical controls, biological controls and chemical controls. Finally, it lists some references for further reading on management of insect pests on okra.
This document summarizes several major insect pests that affect wheat crops, including the pink borer (Sesamia inferens). It describes the pink borer's life cycle, feeding behavior, and damage caused. The pest breeds actively from March to November, with moths laying eggs on wheat leaves. Hatched caterpillars bore into plant stems, causing 'dead hearts' that can kill young plants or reduce grain production in older plants. Management strategies include removing crop residue, flooding fields, clipping seedling tips, using parasitic wasps, and applying pesticides when dead heart infestations exceed 5%.
Integrated disease management in silkworm bombyx morilanantaparihar4
This document summarizes a study on integrated disease management in silkworm Bombyx mori L. It discusses the major predisposing factors for silkworm diseases like constitution, nutrition, crowding, pathogens, and environment. It outlines the different aspects of integrated disease management including disinfection, hygiene maintenance, silkworm rearing management, and disease control measures. The results of rearings conducted during an unfavorable season show that the integrated approach adopted in the treatment batches led to significantly lower mortality from diseases compared to the control batches.
This document provides an overview of a science investigatory project that examines the effectiveness of Blumea balsamifera (sambong) tea against Escherichia coli. It acknowledges those who supported the project and dedicates it to supportive parents, teachers, and God. The abstract summarizes that the study aims to prove sambong is effective at killing E. coli and provides an herbal tea using sambong as the main ingredient. The introduction provides background on diarrheal diseases and traditional herbal treatments. The study hypothesizes that sambong tea can kill E. coli.
Presentation Made By Ehtisham Ali Hussain
University college of agriculture , university of sargodha
4th Semester
Email Address
shamu.hassan.eh@gmail.com
This document discusses gas laws and provides examples of using gas laws to solve problems involving gas temperature, pressure, and volume. It introduces Boyle's law, Charles' law, Avogadro's law, and the combined and ideal gas laws. Sample problems demonstrate how to use these laws to calculate unknown temperature, pressure, or volume given initial conditions. Formulas for pressure, density, Boyle's law, and the combined and ideal gas laws are also presented.
This document provides information on various insect pests that attack sugarcane crops. It describes the scientific names, symptoms of damage, life cycles and IPM strategies for borers like Chilo infuscatellus, Scirpophaga nivella, Holotrichia serrata, and Odontotermes obesus. It also discusses other pests like Melanapis glomerata, Ripersia sacchari, Pyrilla perpusilla, Ceratobvacuna lanigera, Aleurolobus barodensis and their management. The document lists cultural, biological and chemical control methods for effective management of sugarcane insect pests.
This document provides information on two sugarcane pests: the sugarcane scale (Melanapsis glomerata) and the sugarcane leafhopper (Pyrilla perpusilla). It describes their taxonomic classification, life cycles, damage symptoms, and management strategies. The sugarcane scale is an armored scale insect that sucks plant sap and weakens the cane, while the leafhopper excretes honeydew allowing sooty mold to grow. Cultural practices like trash removal and tolerant varieties, along with biological and chemical controls, can help manage these pests.
This document discusses several pests that affect coconut plants, including the rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, black headed caterpillar, slug caterpillar, white grub, and coconut eriophyid mite. It provides information on the scientific name, symptoms caused, biology like egg laying and life stages, and management methods for each pest.
This document provides descriptions of various grain pests, including moths, beetles, and weevils. It discusses the life cycles, physical characteristics, and damage caused by angoumois moth, granary weevil, lesser grain borer, boll weevil, flour weevil, rice weevil, bean weevil, wheat weevil, rose weevil, confused flour beetle, flat grain beetle, Indian meal moth, flour beetles, saw-toothed grain beetle, warehouse beetle, and warehouse moth. The descriptions aim to help identify and understand these common pests of stored grains.
This document presents research on an organic insecticide made from ginger and vinegar. The researchers tested different mixtures of ginger, vinegar, and water in 4 trials to determine the most effective formulation. Their findings showed that the trial with the highest ginger concentration killed insects the fastest, in under 20 seconds. The researchers concluded that this organic insecticide provides an effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. They recommend its use to reduce populations of disease-carrying insects like mosquitoes.
Tuta absoluta is an invasive pest that damages tomato crops. It is native to South America but has spread globally. The document defines alien, invasive, and invasive alien species and provides the taxonomic classification of T. absoluta. It then discusses the pest's short generation time, lack of diapause, resistance to insecticides, ability to use multiple host plants, and other traits that allow it to spread rapidly and cause extensive damage to tomato crops. Yield losses of 80-100% are reported from the pest's direct feeding on leaves and fruits.
1. Rice is an important staple crop for over 60% of the world's population. Major insect pests of rice in Nepal include the brown plant hopper, yellow rice stem borer, and rice ear-head bug.
2. These pests cause around 25-30% yield losses annually. The brown planthopper sucks plant cell sap and transmits diseases. The yellow stem borer bores into rice stems, causing 'dead hearts' and 'white heads'. The rice ear-head bug feeds on developing rice grains, reducing yield.
3. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, applying recommended pesticides at economic thresholds, and cultural practices like removing rice residue and maintaining good field drainage.
The document summarizes information about codling moth, a serious pest of apples, pears, and walnuts. It describes the identification, life cycle, damage, and management of codling moth. Codling moth overwinters as larvae in cocoons under tree bark and emerges in spring as adult moths. Females lay eggs on fruit and trees, and larvae bore into and feed within the fruit. Integrated pest management strategies to control codling moth include sanitation, fruit bagging, traps, and carefully timed insecticide applications based on the moth's life cycle and degree day models.
Bhendi shoot and fruit borer, which is highly destructive to the bhendi crops, damaging most of the economic part of the crops,yield of crop will reduce and fruit become unsuitable for the consumption .
Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao Grado 10
Modyul 15 - Mga Isyung Moral tungkol sa Kawalan ng
Paggalang sa Katotohanan
Gloders College, Inc.
Sto. Nino Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro Philippines
Physical and mechanical control methods modify the environment or use physical force to manage pest populations. Temperature, moisture, light, and sound can all be manipulated to exceed insect tolerance thresholds. High temperatures from sun drying grains or hot water treatments can kill pests. Low temperatures in cold storage facilities also control certain insects. Mechanical methods directly kill pest life stages through actions like hand picking, crushing, or using machines that apply centrifugal force. Physical barriers like banding, netting, or traps can exclude pests from infested areas. While requiring more labor than chemicals, physical and mechanical control have merits like utilizing local labor and posing less ecological risk than pesticides when properly applied.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidumijtsrd
Mushroom has multi beneficial effects for human welfare. The Medicinal mushrooms are widely used as traditional medicinal components for the treatment of various diseases and related health problems. Most of the medicinal extracts from mushroom are different forms of polysaccharides which strengthens the human immune system with no side effect. Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma species investigation has focused on the biological response of microorganisms. The antimicrobial efficacy of various solvent extracts 20g ml of Ganoderma lucidum was treated against five different bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp and four different fungal pathogens like Aspergillus niger, Fussarium sp, Penicillum sp and Candida sp. Ethanol extract exhibited maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity, while the most susceptible bacterium observed was Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi was fusarium sp. respectively. N. Tamilselvan | K. Rajesh ""Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23522.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/23522/antimicrobial-efficacy-of-medicinal-mushroom-ganoderma-lucidum/n-tamilselvan
Effects of Phytochemicals in the Post Embryonic Development of the Lesser Mea...paperpublications3
This document reports on a study that investigated the effects of various phytochemicals (plant-derived chemicals) on the post-embryonic development of the lesser mealworm beetle (Alphitobius diaperinus). Treatments with neem oil, eucalyptus oil, sesame oil, and mustard oil resulted in substantial declines in survival rates and sizes of larval instars of A. diaperinus compared to the control group. The duration of the larval instars also increased following treatment, with the greatest increase seen after treatment with neem oil and the lowest increase with mustard oil. The study aims to explore natural pesticide alternatives to synthetic insecticides for control of this beetle,
This document summarizes several major insect pests that affect wheat crops, including the pink borer (Sesamia inferens). It describes the pink borer's life cycle, feeding behavior, and damage caused. The pest breeds actively from March to November, with moths laying eggs on wheat leaves. Hatched caterpillars bore into plant stems, causing 'dead hearts' that can kill young plants or reduce grain production in older plants. Management strategies include removing crop residue, flooding fields, clipping seedling tips, using parasitic wasps, and applying pesticides when dead heart infestations exceed 5%.
Integrated disease management in silkworm bombyx morilanantaparihar4
This document summarizes a study on integrated disease management in silkworm Bombyx mori L. It discusses the major predisposing factors for silkworm diseases like constitution, nutrition, crowding, pathogens, and environment. It outlines the different aspects of integrated disease management including disinfection, hygiene maintenance, silkworm rearing management, and disease control measures. The results of rearings conducted during an unfavorable season show that the integrated approach adopted in the treatment batches led to significantly lower mortality from diseases compared to the control batches.
This document provides an overview of a science investigatory project that examines the effectiveness of Blumea balsamifera (sambong) tea against Escherichia coli. It acknowledges those who supported the project and dedicates it to supportive parents, teachers, and God. The abstract summarizes that the study aims to prove sambong is effective at killing E. coli and provides an herbal tea using sambong as the main ingredient. The introduction provides background on diarrheal diseases and traditional herbal treatments. The study hypothesizes that sambong tea can kill E. coli.
Presentation Made By Ehtisham Ali Hussain
University college of agriculture , university of sargodha
4th Semester
Email Address
shamu.hassan.eh@gmail.com
This document discusses gas laws and provides examples of using gas laws to solve problems involving gas temperature, pressure, and volume. It introduces Boyle's law, Charles' law, Avogadro's law, and the combined and ideal gas laws. Sample problems demonstrate how to use these laws to calculate unknown temperature, pressure, or volume given initial conditions. Formulas for pressure, density, Boyle's law, and the combined and ideal gas laws are also presented.
This document provides information on various insect pests that attack sugarcane crops. It describes the scientific names, symptoms of damage, life cycles and IPM strategies for borers like Chilo infuscatellus, Scirpophaga nivella, Holotrichia serrata, and Odontotermes obesus. It also discusses other pests like Melanapis glomerata, Ripersia sacchari, Pyrilla perpusilla, Ceratobvacuna lanigera, Aleurolobus barodensis and their management. The document lists cultural, biological and chemical control methods for effective management of sugarcane insect pests.
This document provides information on two sugarcane pests: the sugarcane scale (Melanapsis glomerata) and the sugarcane leafhopper (Pyrilla perpusilla). It describes their taxonomic classification, life cycles, damage symptoms, and management strategies. The sugarcane scale is an armored scale insect that sucks plant sap and weakens the cane, while the leafhopper excretes honeydew allowing sooty mold to grow. Cultural practices like trash removal and tolerant varieties, along with biological and chemical controls, can help manage these pests.
This document discusses several pests that affect coconut plants, including the rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, black headed caterpillar, slug caterpillar, white grub, and coconut eriophyid mite. It provides information on the scientific name, symptoms caused, biology like egg laying and life stages, and management methods for each pest.
This document provides descriptions of various grain pests, including moths, beetles, and weevils. It discusses the life cycles, physical characteristics, and damage caused by angoumois moth, granary weevil, lesser grain borer, boll weevil, flour weevil, rice weevil, bean weevil, wheat weevil, rose weevil, confused flour beetle, flat grain beetle, Indian meal moth, flour beetles, saw-toothed grain beetle, warehouse beetle, and warehouse moth. The descriptions aim to help identify and understand these common pests of stored grains.
This document presents research on an organic insecticide made from ginger and vinegar. The researchers tested different mixtures of ginger, vinegar, and water in 4 trials to determine the most effective formulation. Their findings showed that the trial with the highest ginger concentration killed insects the fastest, in under 20 seconds. The researchers concluded that this organic insecticide provides an effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. They recommend its use to reduce populations of disease-carrying insects like mosquitoes.
Tuta absoluta is an invasive pest that damages tomato crops. It is native to South America but has spread globally. The document defines alien, invasive, and invasive alien species and provides the taxonomic classification of T. absoluta. It then discusses the pest's short generation time, lack of diapause, resistance to insecticides, ability to use multiple host plants, and other traits that allow it to spread rapidly and cause extensive damage to tomato crops. Yield losses of 80-100% are reported from the pest's direct feeding on leaves and fruits.
1. Rice is an important staple crop for over 60% of the world's population. Major insect pests of rice in Nepal include the brown plant hopper, yellow rice stem borer, and rice ear-head bug.
2. These pests cause around 25-30% yield losses annually. The brown planthopper sucks plant cell sap and transmits diseases. The yellow stem borer bores into rice stems, causing 'dead hearts' and 'white heads'. The rice ear-head bug feeds on developing rice grains, reducing yield.
3. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, applying recommended pesticides at economic thresholds, and cultural practices like removing rice residue and maintaining good field drainage.
The document summarizes information about codling moth, a serious pest of apples, pears, and walnuts. It describes the identification, life cycle, damage, and management of codling moth. Codling moth overwinters as larvae in cocoons under tree bark and emerges in spring as adult moths. Females lay eggs on fruit and trees, and larvae bore into and feed within the fruit. Integrated pest management strategies to control codling moth include sanitation, fruit bagging, traps, and carefully timed insecticide applications based on the moth's life cycle and degree day models.
Bhendi shoot and fruit borer, which is highly destructive to the bhendi crops, damaging most of the economic part of the crops,yield of crop will reduce and fruit become unsuitable for the consumption .
Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao Grado 10
Modyul 15 - Mga Isyung Moral tungkol sa Kawalan ng
Paggalang sa Katotohanan
Gloders College, Inc.
Sto. Nino Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro Philippines
Physical and mechanical control methods modify the environment or use physical force to manage pest populations. Temperature, moisture, light, and sound can all be manipulated to exceed insect tolerance thresholds. High temperatures from sun drying grains or hot water treatments can kill pests. Low temperatures in cold storage facilities also control certain insects. Mechanical methods directly kill pest life stages through actions like hand picking, crushing, or using machines that apply centrifugal force. Physical barriers like banding, netting, or traps can exclude pests from infested areas. While requiring more labor than chemicals, physical and mechanical control have merits like utilizing local labor and posing less ecological risk than pesticides when properly applied.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidumijtsrd
Mushroom has multi beneficial effects for human welfare. The Medicinal mushrooms are widely used as traditional medicinal components for the treatment of various diseases and related health problems. Most of the medicinal extracts from mushroom are different forms of polysaccharides which strengthens the human immune system with no side effect. Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma species investigation has focused on the biological response of microorganisms. The antimicrobial efficacy of various solvent extracts 20g ml of Ganoderma lucidum was treated against five different bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp and four different fungal pathogens like Aspergillus niger, Fussarium sp, Penicillum sp and Candida sp. Ethanol extract exhibited maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity, while the most susceptible bacterium observed was Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi was fusarium sp. respectively. N. Tamilselvan | K. Rajesh ""Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23522.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/23522/antimicrobial-efficacy-of-medicinal-mushroom-ganoderma-lucidum/n-tamilselvan
Effects of Phytochemicals in the Post Embryonic Development of the Lesser Mea...paperpublications3
This document reports on a study that investigated the effects of various phytochemicals (plant-derived chemicals) on the post-embryonic development of the lesser mealworm beetle (Alphitobius diaperinus). Treatments with neem oil, eucalyptus oil, sesame oil, and mustard oil resulted in substantial declines in survival rates and sizes of larval instars of A. diaperinus compared to the control group. The duration of the larval instars also increased following treatment, with the greatest increase seen after treatment with neem oil and the lowest increase with mustard oil. The study aims to explore natural pesticide alternatives to synthetic insecticides for control of this beetle,
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on ...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives:
This paper reports the toxicity of
Lantana camara
to
developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito,
Aedes aegypti
. Aqueous extracts
of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of
mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods:
Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared.
The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The
plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results:
Percent log LC
50
/ 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of
L. camara
to
IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs
was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants.
Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in
different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion:
The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of
Lantana camera
possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult
emergence against
Aedes aegypti.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes integrated pest management strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls using beneficial organisms, and biorational pesticides like insecticidal soaps, oils, and fungi. It provides tables with information on specific biological control agents like green lacewings and parasitic wasps, as well as biorational pesticide options and their suppliers. The strategies aim to control aphids in a sustainable way while minimizing risk to humans, other animals, and beneficial insects.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It describes the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It discusses the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Aphid Control Gardening
This document provides information on implementing integrated pest management (IPM) to control aphids in greenhouses in a sustainable manner. It discusses monitoring for aphid infestations, using biological controls like parasitic wasps and green lacewings, applying biorational pesticides like Beauveria bassiana fungus or insecticidal soaps, and using insect growth regulators that disrupt insect development. Lists of biological control suppliers and biorational pesticides are included in appendices to help growers implement least-toxic integrated aphid management.
S. Narendiran1*, Janani. D2, Keerthana. M2, Nivethitha K. S2, Nirmala Devi. S2, Padmavathy. S2, Supraja. T. S2,
Sayeedur Rahman. H2, Velvizhi. R2, Swathi. N3, Yasaswini. K. G3
1Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chembarambakkam, Chennai, India
2Department of Biotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
3Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama University, Chennai, India
*Address for Correspondence: S. Narendhiran, Research analyst, Food and Technology, Innovative Health Care India
Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India
Received: 17 September 2016/Revised: 04 October 2016/Accepted: 22 October 2016
ABSTRACT- Mosquitoes transmit human diseases, causing millions and millions of deaths every year Mosquito borne
diseases are one of the most serious public health problems in the developing countries. It can be controlled by using
repellent, causing larval mortality and the development of resistance to chemical insecticides resulting in rebounding
vectorial capacity. Plants may be alternative sources of mosquito control agents. Medicinal plants extracts of Vitex
negundo, Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus tereticornis were tested for their larvicidal activity against Culex
quinquefasciatus. There are four different solvents were used (Petroleum-ether, Ethanol, Acetone and Hexane extract) for
the preparation of crude extracts from the plant leaves. The larval mortality of second and third instar larvae C.
quinquefasciatus after 24 hour to 48 hour of treatment were observed separately in control,100, 200,300,400 and 500
ppm concentrations of the leaf extract. The seven different solvent extract of Vitex negundo showed good larvicidal
activity.
Key-words- Larvicidal, Medicinal plant extracts, Phytochemicals Analysis, Culex quinquefasciatus
Evaluation of the Activity of Insecticides Plants in the Far North Region of ...IJEAB
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the insecticidal activity of plants from the Far North region of Cameroon against adult mosquitoes. Leaf or bark powders from four local plants were used to formulate insecticidal sticks at different doses. Exposure of mosquitoes to the smoke from the sticks showed increasing mortality rates over time and with increasing dose. The leaves of Azadirachta indica proved most effective with the lowest lethal dose of 36.14% mortality after 6 hours of exposure. The plant powders were found to act as natural insecticides and could replace chemical insecticides.
The document discusses an experiment testing whether fungus can grow on soap, water, or hand sanitizer. The hypothesis was that if fungus grows on any of these substances, then no chemical can kill fungus. However, the experiment found that while fungus grew on the hand sanitizer (which is 70% alcohol), soap and alcohol-based hand sanitizers were actually able to kill fungus. Therefore, the hypothesis was partially correct and partially incorrect - you need some type of soap or alcohol to kill fungus, but it can still grow on hand sanitizer.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
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Bioactivity of Locally Available Plants on Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci an...IJEAB
Aqueous, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, N-hexane and benzene extracts of locally available plant species were tested for phytochemical and insecticidal bioactivity against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under controlled conditions. This study is within bioprospection context, for utilizing local plant species as alternative in sustainable agriculture development. The leaf and stem extract was used. The whole plant extract of T.procumbens followed by N.oleander and V.rosea showed repellent and toxic effect against adult and second nymphal instars. Leaf extract of all three plants showed high inhibition activity against nymphal instars. In case of flower extract less inhibition activity was shown respectively. Fungi which grow on the cotton plant was screened, characterized and checked for antifungal activity against the extracts of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out by standard protocols.
A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Posi...ijtsrd
Annona squamosa L is a multipurpose tree with edible fruits and is a source of the medicinal and industrial products. It is used as an antioxidant, antidiabetics, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, genetoxic, anti tumor, anti lice agent etc.Annona squamosa L belongs to the family Annonaceae commonly known as custard apple. Antimicrobial activity of combined methanolic leaf and seed extract of A.squamosa were evaluated against four bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Styphaloccocus aureus gram positive and E.coli, Pseudomonas aerogenosa by using cup and plate method. Maximum inhibition was found with 20mg ml concentration of combined extract as compare to separate leaf and seed extract against all the tested organism under investigation. The study suggest that maximum antibacterial activity was observed against gram negative organism i.e., E.coli and P.aerogenosa. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Ms. Nikita Pawar | Mrs. Pooja S. Bhandare "A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Positive & Gram Negative Microorganism" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26630.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/26630/a-comparative-in-vitro-antimicrobial-activity-of-annona-squamosa-on-gram-positive-and-gram-negative-microorganism/ms-chetana-d-patil
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the survival (mean time to failure) of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae when exposed to different concentrations of extracts from Annona muricata (soursop) seeds. Larvae were exposed to concentrations ranging from 10-1000 ppm of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions of the seed extract. Survival analysis found the n-hexane fraction at a concentration of 183,476 ppm produced the highest larval mortality rate and was therefore the most effective concentration for killing mosquito larvae. According to toxicity criteria, this concentration fell into the "moderately toxic" category.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
This document summarizes a new product called SuperNemos, which is a formulation of beneficial nematodes that can be used as a natural alternative to chemical insecticides. SuperNemos is shown to be effective against a wide range of soil-dwelling insect pests. Independent studies found that SuperNemos achieved similar or better control than other nematode products and some chemical insecticides, but at lower application rates. SuperNemos offers growers an effective biopesticide option that is safer for the environment and human health compared to traditional chemical insecticides.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
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The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
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Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
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Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 1397
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 5
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent
Gamit Shraddha, Shreya Desai, Jemisha Mistry,
Swetal Patel, Rajashekhar Ingalhalli
C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Maliba Campus,
Bardoli Mahuva Road, Tarsadi, Surat, Gujarat, India
ABSTRACT
There are so many diseases which are spread by
mosquitoes and for their control aspects there are
numbers of products which are available. To
overcome the harmful effects of commercially
available mosquito repellent formulations, herbal
formulations can help in developing eco friendly and
cheaper alternatives. With this view in mind Lantana
camera leaf powder was utilized to make incense
sticks and used to evaluate mosquito repellence by
smoke toxicity test and compared with commercial
product. The test revealed that the control could show
that the control (commercial product) 100% mortality
in just 2 minute and took 30 minutes for complete
burning. It created some side effects like headea,
watery eye and coughing in some member. The
experimental product took 40 minutes for complete
burning with 100% mortality with any side effect. The
cost of experimental product just 25% of commercial
product. The presence of different phytochemicals in
different solvent extract corroborates the insecticidal
activity. Antibacterial activity was also found against
three test organism Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp.
and B.megaterium. This result may be use for
conformation and development drugs.
INTRODUCTION
Mosquitoes are the major public health problem
throughout the world. Among the 3492 species of
mosquitoes recorded worldwide, more than a hundred
species are capable of transmitting various diseases in
human and other vertebrates [1]. Mosquitoes transmit
malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, filariasis, and
chikungunya to humans [2]. Mosquitoes are tiny
blood-sucking insects that depend on standing water
to reproduce. Female mosquitoes must feed on blood
to lay eggs. They feed by piercing their mouthparts
into the skin of an animal and sucks blood rapidly.
More often, they carry viruses that can be transmitted
to a person while they are feeding [3].
Environmental conditions like temperature and
moisture are where the length of mosquito life cycle
between species depends. Nonetheless, the life cycle
of all mosquitoes consists of the egg, larval, pupal and
adult stages. Male mosquitoes feed on the nectar of
the plants only, while females extract the blood of the
hosts in order to develop and nourish eggs. Nearly all
mosquitoes lay their eggs directly into water and
others lay their eggs just near but not in the water.
Within 24 to 48 hours, the eggs will hatch into larvae.
The larvae will soon grow approximately 5mm in
length. They breathe through siphon or air tubes. The
larger ones can be seen floating just above the surface
of waters that are infested. Within a span of seven to
10 days, the larvae will enter the stage of a pupa.
Pupae are also visible upon the surface of the
breeding site. When a mosquito is fully developed, it
will emerge from its pupal case and will become a
mosquito. The new adult, at this time, will stand upon
the water to dry its wings and prepare for its flight.
The female mosquitoes will then seek an animal to
suck on and feed. They are capable of flying for miles
and lay over 100 eggs at a time. Larvae and pupae
ordinarily cannot survive without water. If a water
source evaporates while they are still in these stages,
they will die [4].
Several approaches were extensively used to control
the threat posed by these mosquitoes. Over the years,
synthetic insecticides were introduced But, although
these are effective, the insects tend to develop
resistance to such products [5]. Aside from being
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 1398
costly, the use of these repellents also generates
problems such as environmental pollution and has
toxic side effect on humans [6]. This creates a need
for other alternative methods which are efficient,
economical and environmentally safe. Botanical
derivatives can materialize as a possible larvicides for
the Aedes aegypti or the common household
mosquitoes [7].
Plants, being a natural source of various compounds
are known to contain larvicidal agents, which may act
in combination or independently [8]. Phytochemicals
act as general toxicants both against the adult as well
as larval stages of mosquitoes, while others interfere
with the growth and development, reproduction,
produce olfactory stimuli action as a repellent. Natural
products are best option because they are less harmful
to environment and non-target organisms. Several
extracts and compounds from different plants families
have been evaluated for new and promising larvicides
[9].
Lantana camara Linn (Verbenaceae) is also known as
wide sage or lantana weed. It is a hefty extensive
evergreen shrub which can grow up to 3 m in height
and has a strong scent. It is a perpetual shrub found
growing up to 2000 m altitude in tropical, subtropical
and climate parts of the world. Different parts of this
plant have been used conventionally for numerous
illnesses through the world. The leaves of this plant
were used as an antibacterial and antihypertensive
agent, roots for the treatment of malaria, rheumatism,
and skin rashes [10]. Extract from the leaves of
Lantana camara possesse larvicidal activity while
extract from flowers of the plant showed repellent
activity against adult mosquitoes [11].
Scientific classification
Kingdom : Plantae
Order : Lamiales
Family : Verbenaceae
Genus : Lantana
Species : camara
OBJECTIVES
To produce an effective and natural mosquito
coil/incense stick using L. camera leaves.
To find out if the product is an alternative to
already available mosquito coil/stick in the
market.
To demonstrate the significant difference between
experimental product and the commercial product
in terms of effectiveness.
2. Materials and methods:
2.1 Collection of plant material
Collection of leaves
Lantana camara leaves were collected during month
of October (2017), from rural area near Uka Tarsadia
University, Bardoli. The Leaves were washed in
running tap water, air dried in shade and then
homogenized to make fine powder. This powder was
packed in air tight polythene bags until further use.
Fig: 1 Collection of leaves
2.2: Phytochemical Analysis:
2.2.1 Qualitative Analysis:
2.2.1.1: Alkaloids
Crude extract was mixed with 2ml of 1% HCl and
heated gently. A Mayer’s And Wagner’s reagent was
then added to the mixture. Turbidity of the resulting
precipitate was taken as evidence for the presence of
alkaloids [12].
2.2.1.2: Glycosides
Crude extract was mixed with each of 2ml of
chloroform and 2ml of acetic acid. The mixture was
cooled in ice. Carefully concentrated H2SO4 was
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 1399
added. A colour change from violet to blue to green
indicated the presence of steroidal nucleus, glycine
portion of glycoside [12].
2.2.1.3: Flavonoid
When dilute sodium hydroxide was added to 0.2 ml of
extract it created intense yellow colour, On addition
of HCl it turned colourless which suggests the
presence of flavonoids [13].
2.2.1.4: Carbohaydrate
1 ml of distilled water and 5-8 droup of fehling’s
solution was added to o.5 ml of plant extract and
allowed to 60˚C for 15 min. Formation brick red
precipitate indicated the presence of carbohaydrate.
2.2.1.5: Tannins
Crude extract was mixed with 2ml of 2% solution of
FeCl3. A blue-green or black coloration indicated the
presence of tannins [13].
2.3 Preparation of incense sticks
The incense sticks were prepared using the powder,
binding agent and burning agent at Mahavir Agarbatti
Works at Vyara.
2.4 Mosquito repellence test
2.4.1 Mosquito Larvae Collection
The mosquito larvae and pupae were collected from
Uka Tarsadia University campus. The mosquito
larvae were maintained at room temperature. The
larvae were fed with Bagasse.
2.4.2 Microscopic examination larva
Larva sample was taken with the help of a dropper
and placed on a slide. It was observed under 10x in
compound microscope.
2.4.3 Smoke toxicity test
Smoke toxicity test was conducted in a chamber
measuring 34.5x24x29.5 cm. Then adult mosquitoes
were released in to the chamber and they were
exposed to the smoke of burning incense stick for 45
min. The mortality data were recorded after every
15min. The smoke toxicity was compared with the
commercially available citronella incense stick as
tested above [14].
2.4.4 Evaluation of burning on users
For investigating mosquito repellent activity the
prepared incense sticks were checked for its burning
time with respect to flammability. Further its causal
effect such as irritation, coughing, tears were
observed and recorded. Mosquito repellence test was
done by simply selecting the mosquito prone areas in
the evening and night period. The public remarks
were noted down after the test [14].
2.5 Larvicidal activity
2.5.1 Preparation of plant extracts:
The prepared powder was put in each of water,
petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate
solvents (plant material to solvent ratio was 1:10, w/v)
and extracted for 24h at room temperature with
shaking at 150 rpm. The extracts were filtered and
dried at 40℃. The dried extracts were resuspended in
1 ml of acetone.
2.5.2 Biological assay:
Prepare different concentration of extract in distilled
water. Every experimental exposure was done in
petri-plate. Twenty-five (25) larvae were collected
with a pasture pipette, placed on a filter paper for
removal of excess of water and placed in 25 ml tap
water containing various concentration of crude
extracts. Control test was done in 25 ml distilled water
with 25 larvae. The petri-plates were covered with
muslin cloth to avoid entry of any foreign material.
Sufficient control was also kept for each extracts. The
observed mortality was recorded at 24 h of period
exposure to test solution. From this crude mortality, if
any, was recorded and percentage crude mortality was
obtained [15].
Percentage of mortality = 1 −
population in treated plot after treatment
population in control plot after treatment
× 100
Results
3.1 Phytochemical Analysis:
The phytochemicals and elemental analysis of leaf of
Lantana camara showed the presence of useful
classes of chemical compounds such as Alkaloids,
Glycosides, Carbohydrate, Flavonoid and Tannins
compounds. Table 1 shows the phytochemical results
of Lantana camara.
Table: 1 Phytochemical Analysis of leaf extract
No Test Methanol Aqueous
1 Alkaloids -ve +ve
2 Glycosides +ve +ve
3 Carbohydrate +ve -+ve
4 Flavonoids +ve +ve
5 Tannins +ve +ve
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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Fig : 2 Result of Qualitative Analysis
Methanol extract
Aqueous extract
3.3 Preparation of incense sticks
Incense sticks with leaf powder were prepared and
used to test the efficacy against mosquito by smoke
toxicity test.
Fig: 3 Incense Stick
Incense Stick (80% charcoal )
Incense Stick (75% charcoal )
Table: 2 Cost of stick
Incense Stick
(80% charcoal )
Incense Stick
(75% charcoal)
Weight of
crude power
300gm 50gm
Total
number of
incense
stick
3200 270
Total cost
of incense
stick
Rs 750 Rs 27
stick cost 20 paisa 10 paisa
Table: 3 Ingredient in sticks
Ingredient Composition
(%)
Composition
(%)
Leaf material 20% 25%
Charcoal and
binding agent
80% 75%
Total amount 100% 100%
3.4 Mosquito repellence test
3.4.1 Mosquito Larvae Collection
The mosquito larvae and pupae were collected from
Uka Tarsadia University campus.
Fig : 4 Mosquito Larvae Collection
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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Fig: 5 Microscopic examination larva By the help
of dropper took larva sample and than place it on slide
and observe under 10x in compound microscope.
(Fmel.ifas.ufl.edu)
3.4.2 Smoke toxicity test
Table: 4 Showed smoke toxicity of three types of
repellent products used in smoke toxicity test such as
commercial coil (Control I), incense stick with 75%
concentration of charcoal and binding agent and
incense stick with 80% concentration of charcoal and
binding agent. In this test 75% charcoal plus 25%
powder containing incense sticks is more effective
when compared with 80% charcoal plus 25% powder
containing incense stick.
Table: 4 Result of smoke toxicity test
Incense sticks (80% charcoal and 20% leaf sample)
Sr. no No. of
mosquitoes
No. of dead
mosquitoes
No. of live
mosquitoes
Time
(min)
Temperature
(ºC)
Burning time
(min)
Control 25 25 0 2 31 31
Test 1 25 30 5 40 31 40
Test 2 30 28 2 40 36 42
Test 3 35 33 2 44 38 39
Table: 5 Result of smoke toxicity test
Incense sticks (75% charcoal and 25% leaf sample)
Sr. no No. of
mosquitoes
No. of dead
mosquitoes
No. of live
mosquitoes
Time
(min)
Temperature
(ºC)
Burning time
(min)
Control 15 10 5 2 31 31
Test 1 15 10 5 30 37 46
Test 2 10 8 2 28 36 45
Test 3 10 8 2 20 37 42
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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Fig: 6 Smoke toxicity
3.4.2 Evaluation of burning on users
Test was done by simply selecting the mosquito prone
areas in the evening and night period. The public
remarks were noted down after allowing them. For
investigating mosquito repellent activity the prepared
incense sticks were checked for causal effect such as
irritation, coughing, and tears were observed and
recorded. Ash produced by the stick was weighed and
recorded.
Table: 6 Investigating mosquito repellent activity
in open
Sr.
No.
Areas Observation given
by people
Remarks
1 Hostel Mosquitoes escaped
, Less irritation, no
coughing, tears.
Mosquito
repelled
2 Canteen Mosquitoes escaped
,No irritation, no
coughing, no tears
Mosquito
repelled
3 Rural
area near
pond
Mosquitoes moved
outside the room,
No coughing, no tears
Mosquito
repelled
4 Hospital Mosquitoes moved
outside the room,
No coughing
Mosquito
repelled
5 Hotel Mosquitoes escaped
,No irritation, no
coughing, no tears
Mosquito
repelled
3.5 larvicidal activity
Table: 7 Result of biological assay
Extract Concentration
( μg/ml )
No. of larvae Time duration Percentage of mortality
Exposed Dead
Distilled water 50 µg/ml 20 10 24 hours 40%
100 µg/ml 20 12 24 hours 48%
Petroleum ether 50 µg/ml 20 0 24 hours 0%
100 µg/ml 20 8 24 hours 32%
Chloroform 50 µg/ml 20 14 24 hours 56%
100 µg/ml 20 18 24 hours 72%
Ethyl acetate 50 µg/ml 20 2 24 hours 8%
100 µg/ml 20 1 24 hours 4%
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 1403
Fig : 8 Result of larvecidial activity
4. Discussion
Mosquitoes have been posing a deadly threat to man
for a long time. Through some repellents in the
market help in the control of mosquitoes to some
element at the same time they induce certain side
effects due to the presence of synthetic chemicals.
Plant have been helpful in provide remedies in such
case. Such plant products are safe environment
friendly, cheaper and without any side effect.
Lantana camera is believed to be having insecticidal
properties and this plant grows evergreen in tropical
climate. This plant was selected to test the mosquito
repellent activity. Leaf powder was select to make
incense sticks which were burnt under different
condition to observe the repellent of mosquitoes using
smoke toxicity as a parameter.
Incense sticks were prepared at a factory in vyara with
20% & 25% leaf powder plus 80% and 75%
charcoal and binding agent. Commercially available
incense sticks (sleep well brand) were used.
The cost of product was calculated for both. The
burning time of the experimental sticks was about
forty five minutes & that of commercial product was
about 30 minutes. 100% mortality was observed in
just 2 minutes when commercial product was burn in
experimental chamber. But its smell & smoke created
side effects like uneasiness, itching in eyes and
coughing in some members. This may be due to the
presence of some synthetic chemical. The
experimental product took about 40 minutes for
complete burning and 100% mortality. The smoke did
not cause any side effect like coughing, uneasiness
and itching in eyes as in commercial products. The
cost of production is found to be just 25% of the
commercial product.
Phytochemical evaluation of leaf extract in distilled
water and methanol. it revealed that alkaloids,
glycoside, carbohydrate, flavonoids and tannins were
present in distilled water extract. In methanol extract
alkaloids were found to be absent while glycoside,
carbohydrate, flavonoids and tannins were presnt.
Antimicrobial against three bacterial species (
Escherichia coli, pseudomonas sp. and B.
megaterium) using leaf extract in aceton, ethanol and
distilled water in 20µl & 40µl. the antimicrobial
activity was found in all the extract with 40µl
concentration. The activity was absent against
B.megaterium only at 20µl concentration in ethanolic
extract but present against all three organisms in all
three extracts at both the concentrations.
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