This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica (neem) extracts against several pathogens. Phytochemical analysis of the neem extract found the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, and quinones. The agar diffusion test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test were used to assess the antimicrobial activity of the neem extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. The neem extract showed high antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhi but was less active against Bacillus subtilis based on the zone of inhibition values. Overall, the study suggests neem extracts have antimicrobial properties and could
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indi...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
Bioactivity of Locally Available Plants on Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci an...IJEAB
Aqueous, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, N-hexane and benzene extracts of locally available plant species were tested for phytochemical and insecticidal bioactivity against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under controlled conditions. This study is within bioprospection context, for utilizing local plant species as alternative in sustainable agriculture development. The leaf and stem extract was used. The whole plant extract of T.procumbens followed by N.oleander and V.rosea showed repellent and toxic effect against adult and second nymphal instars. Leaf extract of all three plants showed high inhibition activity against nymphal instars. In case of flower extract less inhibition activity was shown respectively. Fungi which grow on the cotton plant was screened, characterized and checked for antifungal activity against the extracts of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out by standard protocols.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indi...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
Bioactivity of Locally Available Plants on Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci an...IJEAB
Aqueous, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, N-hexane and benzene extracts of locally available plant species were tested for phytochemical and insecticidal bioactivity against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under controlled conditions. This study is within bioprospection context, for utilizing local plant species as alternative in sustainable agriculture development. The leaf and stem extract was used. The whole plant extract of T.procumbens followed by N.oleander and V.rosea showed repellent and toxic effect against adult and second nymphal instars. Leaf extract of all three plants showed high inhibition activity against nymphal instars. In case of flower extract less inhibition activity was shown respectively. Fungi which grow on the cotton plant was screened, characterized and checked for antifungal activity against the extracts of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out by standard protocols.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
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- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
1. SectionA-Researchpaper
Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds
Against Target Pathogens
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (S3), 5336 – 5348 5336
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BIOACTIVE
COMPOUNDS AGAINST TARGET PATHOGENS
Jaymin K. Bhatt1, Divyesh K. Goswami2, Nikunj B. Patel3*
ArticleHistory:Received:22.03.2023 Revised:07.05.2023 Accepted:04.07.2023
Abstract
Azadirachta indica has been used for millennia as a traditional remedy for a multitude of human
ailments. Currently, the extensive antimicrobial activities of A. indica are being explored through
research in the fields of dentistry, food safety, bacteriology, mycology, virology, and parasitology.
The agar diffusion test was used to check the antimicrobial activity of the A. indica extract along with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi pathogens. The
values of Zone of Inhibition were tabulated according to target pathogens. The Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) values were also recorded. A.
indica extract of high antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhi but was less active Bacillus
subtilis. Moreover, the various ongoing studies and the diverse properties of A. indica discussed
herein may serve as a guide for the discovery of new antimicrobials.
Keywords: Azadirachta indica, antimicrobial activity, MIC, MBC, pathogens.
1,2
Nootan Medical College & Research Centre, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar-384 315,
Gujarat, India
3*
Department of Microbiology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Sci. & Comm. College, Sankalchand Patel
University, Visnagar-384 315, Gujarat, India
Email:1
jayminbhatt67@gmail.com, 2
drdivyeshgoswami@gmail.com, 3
niks17micro@gmail.com
*
Corresponding Author:
Nikunj B. Patel3*
3*
Department of Microbiology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Sci. & Comm. College, Sankalchand Patel
University, Visnagar-384 315, Gujarat, India
Email:3
niks17micro@gmail.com
DOI: 10.31838/ecb/2023.12.s3.601
2. SectionA-Researchpaper
Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds
Against Target Pathogens
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (S3), 5336 – 5348 5337
1. INTRODUCTION
Azadirchta indica (Neem tree) is related to the
family Meliaceae. It is tropical evergreen tree
at altitudes between sea level and 700 m, the
best growth for Neem is in 9.5-37°C, it could
tolerate 50°c but it could not grow in less than
4°C, and the annual rainfall (450 - 1200mm).
It has been used in ayurvedic medicine for
more than 4000 years due to its medicinal
properties, Most of the plant such as fruits,
seed, leaves, bark and root contain compounds
which provided to be antiseptic, antiviral,
antipyretic, anti-Inflammatory, antiulcer and
antifungal. Azadirachta indica is used in India
and Africa to make all sort of consumer
products, such as pesticides and insect
repellents, soaps, cosmetics, toothpaste,
antiseptic, gargle, ointment, poultries,
lubricants, fertilizers, fuel for oil lamps, rope,
glue and tannin from bark fibre etc. It is
important to mention that because Neem
products are used for human consumption and
medication, exposure to Neem in the process
of treating plants with Neem oil poses no
threat to humans or other animals. Moreover,
Neem is not harmful to beneficial insects,
affecting only those insects feeding on plants
treated with Neem. Since most predator insect
does not also feed on plants, they are not
harmed by the presence of Neem. This
impliesthat there is product safety. Neem
(Azadirachta indica) is also environmental
friendly in the sense that it biodegrade in a
matter of weeks when exposed to sunlight or
in soil. Furthermore, apart from the above
mentioned uses of Neem (Azadirachta indica)
seed oil, numerous tests have shown Neem oil
to be effective as an insecticide, miticide,
fungicide, nematocides and as an insect
antifeedents and repellents. (Ukaoma et al.,
2019).
Azadirachtaindica L. (neem) shows
therapeutics role in health management due to
rich source of various types of ingredients.
The most important active constituent is
azadirachtin and the others are nimbolinin,
nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, sodium
nimbinate, gedunin, salannin, and quercetin.
Leaves contain ingredients such as nimbin,
nimbanene, 6-desacetylnimbinene,
nimbandiol, nimbolide, ascorbic acid, n-
hexacosanol and amino acid, 7-desacetyl-7-
benzoylazadiradione, 7-desacetyl-7-
benzoylgedunin, 17-hydroxyazadiradione, and
nimbiol (Ali, 1993; Hossain et al., 2011;
Kokate et al., 2010). Quercetin and ß-
sitosterol, polyphenolic flavonoids, were
purified from neem fresh leaves and were
known to have antibacterial and antifungal
properties (Govindachari et al., 1998) and
seeds hold valuable constituents including
gedunin and azadirachtin.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Preparation of extracts
Prepared plant extract were collected from
Reeva Herbal Pvt. Ltd, Ahmedabad.
Decoction method with PEG for plant
extraction. Prepared plant extract dilute with
distilled water in 5:1 ratios before testing it for
antibacterial activity (Daswani et al,. 2011).
2.2 Qualitative Phytochemical Screening
(Tyagi and Agarwal, 2017; Roghini and
Vijayalakshmi, 2018).
2.2.1 Test for Carbohydrates: The presence
of carbohydrates was confirmed when 2 ml of
extract was treated with 1 ml of Molisch’s
reagent and few drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid which resulted in the formation
of purple or reddish color.
2.2.2 Test for Tannins: To 1 ml of extract, 2
ml of 5% ferric chloride was added. Formation
of dark blue or greenish black indicates the
presence of tannins.
2.2.3 Test for Saponins: 2 ml of extract, 2 ml
of distilled water were added and shaken in a
graduated cylinder for 15 min lengthwise. It
resulted in the formation of 1 cm layer of foam
that indicated the presence of saponins.
2.2.4 Test for Alkaloids: To 2 ml of extract, 2
ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was
added. Then few drops of Mayer’s
reagentwere added. Presence of green color or
white precipitate indicates the presence of
alkaloids.
2.2.5 Test for Flavonoids: To 2 ml of extract,
1 ml of 2N sodium hydroxide was added.
Presence of yellow color indicates the
presence of flavonoids.
3. SectionA-Researchpaper
Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds
Against Target Pathogens
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (S3), 5336 – 5348 5338
2.2.6 Test for Glycosides: To 2 ml of extract,
3ml of chloroform and 10% ammonia solution
was added. Formation of pink color indicates
presence of glycosides.
2.2.7 Test for Glycosides: To 2 ml of extract,
3ml of chloroform and 10% ammonia solution
was added. Formation of pink color indicates
presence of glycosides.
2.2.8 Test for Quinones: To 1 ml of extract, 1
ml of concentrated sulphuric acid was added.
Formation of red color indicates presence of
quinones.
2.2.9 Test for Phenols: 2 ml of distilled water
followed by few drops of 10% ferric chloride
was added to 1ml of the extract. Formation of
blue or green color indicates presence of
phenols.
2.2.10 Test for Terpenoids: 0.5 ml of the
extract was treated with 2 ml of chloroform
and conc. sulphuric acid. Formation of red
brown colour at the interface indicates the
presence of terpenoids.
2.2.11 Test for Cardiac Glycosides: To 0.5
ml of the extract, 2 ml of glacial acetic acid
and few drops of ferric chloride were added.
This was under layered with 1 ml of conc.
sulphuric acid. Formation of brown ring at the
interface indicates the presence of cardiac
glycosides.
2.2.12 Ninhydrin Test: To 2 ml of the fruit
extract few drops of 0.2% ninhydrin reagent
was added and heated for 5 min. Formation of
blue colour indicates the presence of amino
acids.
2.2.13 Test for Coumarins: 1 ml of 10%
sodium hydroxide was added to 1ml of the
extract. Formation of yellow colour indicates
the presence of coumarins.
2.2.14 Test for Anthraquinones: To 1 ml of
fruit extract few drops of 10% ammonia
solution was added, appearance of pink color
precipitate indicates the presence of
anthraquinones.
2.2.15 Test for Steroids: To 1 ml of fruit
extract equal volume of chloroform is added
and a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid
added appearance of brown ring indicates the
presence of steroids and appearance of bluish
brown ring indicates the presence of
phytosteroids
2.2.16 Test for Phlobatannins: Few drops of
2% hydrochloric acid were added to 1ml of the
extract. Appearance of red colour precipitate
indicates the presence of phlobatannins.
2.2.17 Test for Anthracyanine: To 1 ml of
the extract was added 1 ml 2N sodium
hydroxide and heated for 5 min at 100 °C.
Formation of bluish green color indicates the
presence of anthocyanin.
2.3 Bacterial Cultures
Themicroorganisms used were as follows,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa(NCIM 2036),
Bacillus subtilis(NCIM 2250), Escherichia
coli (NCIM 2109) andSalmonella typhi. The
stock cultures were maintained at 4°C on
slopes of Nutrient agar and sub cultured for 24
hrs before use. (Sundaramet al., 2011).
2.4 Antibiotics
Hi-media antibiotics used in the study were
kanamycin (1000mcg), Rifampicin (15mcg),
vancomycin (5mcg), Gentamicin (10 mcg),
penicillin (10units), Penicillin-G (2units),
Streptomycin (25mcg), Tetracycline (30 mcg),
Erythromycin (60mcg), Colistin (methane
sulphonate) (10mcg).
2.5 Preparation of Inoculums
Direct colony suspension method of choice
organisms, e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and
Salmonella typhi colonies are taken directly
from plate into distilled water. The suspension
ought to match or even exceed the density
regarding the 0.5 McFarland standards
(Andrews, 2001). These types of suspensions
need to be employed inside of 30 minute of
preparation.
2.6 Preparation of the McFarland Standard
Add 0.05ml of BaCl2 (1% w/v BaCl2 .2H2O)
to 9.95 ml of H2SO4 (1% v/v) along with
continual mixing. Disperse the standard are
hand out with the help of the same dimensions
and volume screw cap tubes those utilized in
expanding the particular broth cultures. Then
close screw cap tube for the stop damage by
evaporation. Retailer protected against gentle
4. SectionA-Researchpaper
Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds
Against Target Pathogens
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (S3), 5336 – 5348 5339
at 37°C. Energetically agitate the turbidity
standard over a vortex mixing machine just
before use. Standards might be stored for up to
6 months after which period they must be
dumped. (Andrews, 2001)
2.6.1 Adjustment to the Density of
Organism Suspension of the 0.5 McFarland
Standards
Add sterile distilled water for adjust density of
bacterial suspension equal to the 0.5
McFarland standard compare with white
background with contrast black line.
(Andrews, 2001)
2.7 Antibacterial Sensitivity Testing
2.7.1 Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion Method
Antibacterial activities of the different
antibiotics were determined using the agar disc
diffusion by Kirby-Bauer method.Kirby-Bauer
method is recommended by the National
Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
(1993) and the World Health Organization
(WHO). Sterile Petri plates containing
Mueller-Hinton agar (Hi-media) used for the
assays and 100 μl standardized inoculum
(which has been adjusted to be able to 0.5
McFarland standard), has been spread using a
sterile glass spreader by spread plate method.
The standard Hi-media antibiotic discs were
aseptically placed above sterile Mueller-
Hinton agar plates seeded with respective test
organisms. The plate incubates for 5 min at
37˚C for the diffusion of compound. The
plates were incubated inverted position at
37˚C or 24 hrs. At the end of incubation
inhibition zone formed around the disc were
assessed in mm (millimeter) and the results
were recorded.
2.7.2 Agar-well Diffusion method
The antimicrobial activity of the different
extracts of the plant was assayed by agar well
diffusion method. 100 μl standardized
inoculum (which has been adjusted to be able
to 0.5 McFarland standard), has been inoculate
in Mueller-Hinton agar (Hi-media).The plant
extracts of 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45 and 50μl
concentrations were added in agar well. The
plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24 h.
The plates were incubated inverted position at
37˚C or 24 hrs and each extract was tested on
three repeat plates. At the end of incubation
inhibition zone formed around the well were
assessed in mm (millimeter) and the results
were recorded.
2.8 Minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) & Minimum Bactericidal
concentration (MBC)
Nutrient broth method test was carried out to
check the antimicrobial activity of test solution
against given microorganisms. 0.1 ml
standardized inoculum (which has been
adjusted to be able to 0.5 McFarland
standards) has been inoculate in nutrient broth.
The Nutrient-broth were incubated in
incubator at 37℃ for 24 hrs and then observed
the turbidity. The tubes that showed no
turbidity in the MIC test were taken and a100
μl from each tube was spread on Nutrient agar
plate. The nutrient agar plates were incubated
for 24 h at 37°C and the absence of growth
was observed. The concentration of the
extracts that showed no growth was recorded
as the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
(MBC).
3. RESULT
The present systematic examination shows the
phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity
of the extract of Neem.
3.1 Phytochemical analysis
The Phytochemical analysis with the extract of
Neem showed the presence of Flavonoids,
Terpenoids and Quinones (Table 1).
Table1: Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis of Neem Extract
Sr. No. Test Name Neem
1 Carbohydrates -
2 Tannin -
3 Saponins -
4 Alkloids -
5 Flavonoids +
5. SectionA-Researchpaper
Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds
Against Target Pathogens
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (S3), 5336 – 5348 5340
6 Glycosides -
7 Quinones +
8 Phenols -
9 Terpenoids +
10 CardiacGlycosides -
11 Ninhydrin -
12 Coumarins -
13 Anthraquinones -
14 Steroids -
15 Phlobatannins -
16 Anthraacyanine -
(+ = Positive, - = Negative)
3.2 Antibacterial Sensitivity Testing
3.2.1 Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion Method
The significant antibacterial activities of the
Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli
organisms were comparable to the standard
Hi-media antibiotic disc by Kirby-Bauer disc
diffusion method. The results show the
antibiotic sensitivity testing against the
Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia
coli microorganisms. The gram positive
bacterium Bacillus subtilis was a sensitive to
Tetracyclin and Streptomycin whereas showed
intermediate to Penicillin-G and Gentamicin
antibiotic. Whereas showed resistant to
Vancomycin, Erythromycin, and Colistin
(Methane Sulphonate). Gram negative
bacterium Salmonella typhi was a sensitive to
Streptomycin, Tetracyclin, Penicillin-G,
Kanamycin, Rifampicin, Vancomycin,
Erythromycin, Penicillin, and Gentamicin.
Whereas showed intermediate to Colistin
(Methane Sulphonate). Second gram negative
bacterium Escherichia coli was a sensitive to
Tetracyclin and Gentamicin whereas showed
intermediate to Colistin (Methane Sulphonate),
Streptomycin, Penicillin. Whereas showed
resistant to Penicillin-G, Vancomycin, and
Erythromycin. Third gram negative bacterium
Pseudomonas aeruginosa was a sensitive to
Gentamicin whereas showed intermediate to
Colistin (Methane Sulphonate) and Penicillin.
Whereas showed resistant to Kanamycin,
Penicillin-G, Vancomycin, Erythromycin,
Streptomycin and Tetracyclin. (Fig. 1)
Fig.1: Antibiogram results of Gram Positive and Gram Negative organisms with Standard
Hi-Media Antibiotics
3.2.2 Antimicrobial activity well Diffusion
Method
Generally, Plant extracts are rich in
antimicrobial compounds. The antimicrobial
activity against most of the target organisms.
Agar well diffusion method was used to check
the antimicrobial activity of extracted plant
samples. With the help of this test we
determined if the culture we were using had
antibacterial property or not. (Fig. 2 & 3)
6. SectionA-Researchpaper
Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds
Against Target Pathogens
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (S3), 5336 – 5348 5341
Fig.2: Antibacterial Activity of Neem Extract of Gram Positive Bacillus subtilis organism
(Diameter of inhibition zone in mm*)
Fig.3: Antibacterial Activity of Neem Extract of Gram Negative organism
(Diameter of inhibition zone in mm*)
Fig.3 (a) Salmonella typhi
Fig.3 (b) Escherichia coli
Fig.3(c) Pseudomonasaeruginosa
7. SectionA-Researchpaper
Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds
Against Target Pathogens
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (S3), 5336 – 5348 5342
The Neem extract showed no zone of
inhibition against gram positive organism
Bacillus and gram negative organism
Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (Table 2)
Table 2: Zone of Inhibition against Gram Positive organism and Gram Negative organism
Sr. No.
Neem Extract
Concentration
(µl)
Name of Organism
Salmonella
typhi
Bacillus
subtilis
E. coli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
1 5 - - - -
2 10 - - - -
3 15 - - - -
4 20 - - - -
5 30 - - - -
6 40 - - - -
7 50 - - - -
8 60 - - - -
(- =No Zone of Inhibition)
3.3 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
The Neem extract showed an antibacterial action against Bacillus subtilis organism with MIC value
6ml (Table 3).
Table3: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Extracts from
Neem against Bacillus subtilis
(+=growth, -=No growth)
The Neem extract showed an antibacterial action against Salmonella typhi organism with MIC value
5ml (Table 4).
Table 4: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Extracts from
Neema against Salmonella typhi
Name of organism
Bacillus subtilis
Extract (ml) Neem
1 +
2 +
3 +
4 +
5 +
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 -
10 -
Name of organism
Bacillus subtilis
Extract (ml) Neem
5.0 +
5.1 +
5.2 +
5.3 +
5.4 +
5.5 +
5.6 +
5.7 -
5.8 -
5.9 -
6.0 -
Name of organism
Salmonella typhi
Extract (ml) Neem
4 +
4.1 +
8. SectionA-Researchpaper
Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds
Against Target Pathogens
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (S3), 5336 – 5348 5343
(+= growth,-=No growth)
The Neem extract showed an antibacterial action against Escherichia coli with MIC value 6 ml (Table
5).
Table 5: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Extracts from
Neem against Escherichia Coli
(+=growth, -=No growth)
The Neem extract showed an antibacterial action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC value
5ml (Table 6).
Table 6: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Extracts from
Neem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
4.2 +
4.3 +
4.4 +
4.5 -
4.6 -
4.7 -
4.8 -
4.9 -
5 -
Name of organism Salmonella typhi
Extract (ml) Neem
1 +
2 +
3 +
4 +
5 -
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 -
10 -
Name of
Organism E. coli
Extract (ml) Neem
1 +
2 +
3 +
4 +
5 -
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 -
10 -
Name of organism E. coli
Extract (ml) Neem
4 +
4.1 +
4.2 +
4.3 +
4.4 +
4.5 +
4.6 +
4.7 -
4.8 -
4.9 -
5 -
Name of organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Extract (ml) Neem
1 +
9. SectionA-Researchpaper
Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds
Against Target Pathogens
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (S3), 5336 – 5348 5344
(+=growth, -=No growth)
The Neem extract showed an excellent
antibacterial action against Salmonella typhi,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli
organism with MIC value 5ml but where
moderate antibacterial action against Bacillus
subtilis with MIC value 6ml.
3.4 Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
(MBC)
The Neem extract showed an antibacterial
action against Bacillus subtilis with MBC
value 5.9ml (Table7).
Table 7: Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Extracts from
Neem against Bacillus subtilis
Name of organism Bacillus subtilis
Extract (ml) Neem
5.6 Lawn Growth & No Inhibition
5.7 Growth & No Inhibition
5.8 Growth & No Inhibition
5.9 No Growth & Inhibition
6 No Growth & Inhibition
The Neem extract showed an antibacterial action against Salmonella typhi with MBC value 4.8ml.
(Table 8)
2 +
3 +
4 +
5 -
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 -
10 -
Name of organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Extract (ml) Neem
4 +
4.1 +
4.2 +
4.3 +
4.4 +
4.5 +
4.6 +
4.7 +
4.8 -
4.9 -
5 -
10. SectionA-Researchpaper
Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds
Against Target Pathogens
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (S3), 5336 – 5348 5345
Table 8: Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Extracts from Neem against
Salmonella typhi
Name of organism Salmonella typhi
Extract (ml) Neem
4.5 Lawn Growth & No Inhibition
4.6 Growth & No Inhibition
4.7 Growth & No Inhibition
4.8 No Growth & Inhibition
4.9 No Growth & Inhibition
5 No Growth & Inhibition
The Neem extract showed an antibacterial action against Escherichia coli with MBC value 4.9ml.
(Table 9)
Table 9 : Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Extracts from Neem against
Escherichia coli
Name of organism Escherichia coli
Extract (ml) Neem
4.6 Lawn Growth & No Inhibition
4.7 Growth & No Inhibition
4.8 Growth &No Inhibition
4.9 No Growth & Inhibition
5 No Growth & Inhibition
The Neem extract showed an antibacterial action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MBC value
4.9ml. (Table 10)
Table10: Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Extracts from Neem against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Name of organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Extract (ml) Neem
4.7 Lawn Growth & No Inhibition
4.8 Growth & No Inhibition
4.9 No Growth & Inhibition
5 No Growth & Inhibition
The Neem extract showed an excellent
antibacterial action against Salmonella typhi
with MBC value 4.8ml and good antimicrobial
action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Escherichia coli organism with MBC value
4.9ml and but where a moderate antibacterial
action against Bacillus subtilis with MBC
value 5.9ml.
4. DISCUSSION
Ali reported, in this study, the ethanolic
extract of neem leaf exhibited antibacterial
11. SectionA-Researchpaper
Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds
Against Target Pathogens
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (S3), 5336 – 5348 5346
activity against the MDR bacteria of poultry.
Further in vivo study need to be carried out in
poultry to observe its antibacterial efficacy
(Ali et al., 2021).
Khan reported, neem is commonly considered
as medicinal tree inIndia. Its products are
extensively used in Ayurveda and Unani
medicinesbecauseofitsantimicrobialproperties.
Inoldentimesitwasusedashousehold remedy
against various diseases. Now trends and
awareness for using neem plant products as
medicine and disinfectants are increasing. In
this study alcoholic leaf extract of A. indica,
exhibits antimicrobial effects against the target
pathogens Enterococcus, Staphylococcus
aureus, Pseudomonas and E. coli. It is a
simple and inexpensive method for the better
sanitization with no toxic effects (Khan etal.,
2021).
Herrera-Calderon reported, Azadirachta
indica (Neem) plant acts as a medicinal plant
have been found effective in the treatment of
bacterial, fungal, viral and other diseases and
revealed the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral,
antimalarial, antiulcer and other biological
activities. Due to increasing antibiotic
resistance in microorganisms and side effects
of synthetic antibiotics neem plant are now
growing popularity in the treatment of many
infections. Neem plant is considered as
clinically effective and safer alternatives to the
synthetic antibiotics. Extensive research in the
area of isolation and characterization of the
active principles of neem plant is essential so
that better, safer and cost effective drugs for
curing various diseases and infections can be
developed (Herrera-Calderon et al .,2019).
Verma & Mehata reported, AgNPs have been
successfully synthesized using a well-known
medicinal plant Neem leaf extract. The
synthesized AgNPs are crystalline in nature,
poly dispersed and exhibit high energy SPR b
and at around 400 nm and a strong PL at
around 450 nm, depending on control able
parameters. The synthesis is found to be
efficient in terms of reaction time as well as
stability of the AgNPs. The rate of synthesize
is faster in case of Neem as compared to the
other biological methods microbes, DNA etc.
Thus, the rate of reaction of biological
synthesis is comparable to that of the chemical
methods. The synthesis process, i.e., formation
of AgNPs critically depends on the pH,
temperature, reactant concentration and
reaction time. By changing the environmental
parameters, the size and shape of the
synthesized nanoparticles can be altered.
Synthesis of AgNPs is enhanced with time at
higher temperature and alkaline pH. Green
synthesized AgNPs are found to have
enhanced antibacterial activity against
bacterial colony isolated from soil sample.
Due to the enhanced antimicrobial activity of
AgNPs, it is effectively used in the field of
medicine as well as in food and cosmetic
industries (Verma & Mehata, 2016).
Raut reported, Azadirachta indica extract is
an important source of compounds having
anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-
malarial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and
anti-viral properties. The results indicated that
using plant parts of neem had beneficial effect
in controlling the pathogenic microbial
organisms and thus can be used in therapeutic
formulations in near future. (Raut et al., 2014).
Sinaga reported, overall, the results support
partly the use of these medicinal plants as
traditional remedies for treatment of some
infections and also the potential of these plants
for the development of modern antimicrobial
agents. Most of the plant extract showed
various inhibitory effects against some the
microorganisms tested which was found to be
ineffective against the four standard bacteria.
The gradient extracts of seeds and bark of
Neem also show dose depend an activity
against the tested organisms. The antibacterial
activities of Neem extracts may be due to
polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids),
alkaloids and higher terpenoids which are
detected to be present in the plant (Sinaga et
al., 2016).
Sharma reported, based on the above research
it can be concluded that Azadirachta indica
seeds can be a good resource for herbal drugs
that can be used as a supplement for
neurological diseases and after the
comparative study it has been found the neem
leaf and neem seeds have equal antibacterial
activity against Gram +ve i.e. E. coli and
Gram–ve i.e. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
Their methanolic extracts are very much
effective and useful against bacteria because
they consists large amount of secondary
12. SectionA-Researchpaper
Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds
Against Target Pathogens
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (S3), 5336 – 5348 5347
metabolites. It is expected that using natural
products as therapeutics agents will probably
not elicit resistance in microorganism. The
presence of flavonoid of neem seeds has
shown the future aspects to become the
supplements for neurological disorder. Further
work also includes the further purification of
metabolites that are responsible for their nero
protective effects and also for antibacterial
activity. It is expected that neem seeds be used
as therapeutic agents for patients with
neurological disorders (Sharma et al., 2014).
Cesa reported, neem oil was characterized,
beyond the limonoid content, in terms of the
color characteristics and the phenolic
fingerprint, showing the presence of a high
content of benzoic acid. The great inhibitory
efficacy against important enzymes, such as
tyrosinase, correlated with the high content of
benzoic acid, and lipase makes it an interesting
matrix to be used in the prevention or care of
hyper pigmentation problems and obesity.
Moreover, antimalarial and anti-leishmanial
activity were reported in addition to its safety
profile against THP-1 cell line. On the other
hand, be it tested, weak or no activity was
evident against H. pylori, Candida spp. and
Malassezia furfur strains. Overall, these
findings on pure Neem oil open new scenarios
for the recognition of this natural product for
the treatment of different diseases and could
rationally justify the ethnobotanical uses in
traditional medicine (Cesaetal., 2019).
5. CONCLUSION
Neem is commonly considered as medicinal
tree in India. Its products are extensively used
in Ayurveda and Unani medicines because of
its antimicrobial properties. In olden times it
was used as house hold remedy against various
diseases. Now trends and awareness for using
neem plant products as medicine and
disinfectants are increasing. In this study
Neem extract of exhibits antimicrobial effects
against the target Pathogens Bacillus subtilis,
Salmonella typhi, E. coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. The Neem extract of high
antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhi
but was less active Bacillus subtilis.
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