The high cost of inorganic fertilizer and continuous decline in soil fertility results to low crop yield hence, the need to supplement mineral fertilizer with organic manure. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Gubi, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to investigate the effects of different levels of cattle manure, CM, (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK (0, 200 and 400kg/ha) on the growth, yield and yield components of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). These treatment combinations were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. CM levels had significant effect (P≤0.05) on number of leaves per plant and plant height. However, NPK levels also had significant effect on many characters in both 2013 and 2014 but lower mean values were recorded in 2013. In 2014, significant interactions were observed in mean number of leaves, plant height, husk weight and yield (t/ha). The highest seed yield (5.65t/ha) was obtained when 5t/ha CM was used, which was statistically similar (5.60t/ha) to 400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer used. The application of 5t/ha CM or 400kg/ha NPK is recommended for improved production of hybrid maize in the study area.
seed is scientifically the mature embryo.
these powerpoint slides include the basic concepts of seed,its importance, parts of seed, composition,seed structure, seed development and embryogenesis.
seed is scientifically the mature embryo.
these powerpoint slides include the basic concepts of seed,its importance, parts of seed, composition,seed structure, seed development and embryogenesis.
Nursery types, Structure, Components, Planning and Lay out of NurseryParmarManishkumarNar
A nursery is a place, where seedling, saplings, trees, shrubs, and other plant materials are grown and maintained until they are placed in a permanent place.
Presentation entitled "Centres of origin- biodiversity and its significance" explains all the basics and some recent aspects regarding center of origins of some crops.
A presentation I delivered at the 2017 IFTA Annual Conference in Wenatchee, WA. This covers the basics of floral initiation in apple and causes of variability in fruit quality.
Presentation on the production technology and cultivation practices of Periwinkle in India. Periwinkle is gaining more importance due to cancer treatment drugs extracted from its roots, stems and leaves.
A comparative study on the response of six maize hybrids: two
hybrids each from the 1980s (8321-21 and 8425-8), 1990s (9801-11 and 9803-2)
and 2000s (0103-11 and 0103-15) to sub-optimal and optimal nitrogen fertilization
was conducted in Oke-Oyi, Nigeria. The trials were set up in a split plot with three
nitrogen levels (0, 30 and 90 kg N ha-1) as a main plot and six hybrids as sub-plots.
Significant interactions were observed between hybrid and N level for all
characters, with increasing in variation as the level of N decreased. Mean grain
yield reductions across eras were 73.8% at no-N and 32.6% at low-N, and those of
optimal-N fertilization were 34.3% and 15.7% for 1980s and 1990s genotypes
respectively. Depending on N treatment, grain yield varied from 0.67 to 4.89 t ha-1.
Kernel number was most severely reduced by N stress, but had positive and highly
significant (p≤0.01) correlation with grain yield at all N levels. Genetic gains in
grain yield were 42% (between 1980 and 2000 eras) and 9% (between 1990 and
2000 eras) under optimal-N fertilization. The two modern hybrids of 2000 era
(0103-11 and 0103-15) were outstanding for all the agronomic traits and leaf
chlorophyll concentration at all N levels. Improving traits associated with fertilizer
N response could accelerate rate of genetic gains in maize yields.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
Field trials were conducted during the 2018 rainy season at the Federal University Dutsin-Ma Teaching and Research Farm, Badole. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the growth of okra. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The application of 4 and 8 tons’ ha-1 of poultry manure showed significant difference on the number of plant per plot at 4 and 6WAS. While the application of NKP 15:15:15 at all level were statistically at par on the number of plant per plot. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatment to plant height, number of leaves, leaves area, stem girth at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on number plant, number of leave per plant, leave area, plant height, stem girth. And some of parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants and increase in the plant organs. Both NPK fertilizer and poultry manure were found to play a significant role in increasing the growth of okra plant.
Nursery types, Structure, Components, Planning and Lay out of NurseryParmarManishkumarNar
A nursery is a place, where seedling, saplings, trees, shrubs, and other plant materials are grown and maintained until they are placed in a permanent place.
Presentation entitled "Centres of origin- biodiversity and its significance" explains all the basics and some recent aspects regarding center of origins of some crops.
A presentation I delivered at the 2017 IFTA Annual Conference in Wenatchee, WA. This covers the basics of floral initiation in apple and causes of variability in fruit quality.
Presentation on the production technology and cultivation practices of Periwinkle in India. Periwinkle is gaining more importance due to cancer treatment drugs extracted from its roots, stems and leaves.
A comparative study on the response of six maize hybrids: two
hybrids each from the 1980s (8321-21 and 8425-8), 1990s (9801-11 and 9803-2)
and 2000s (0103-11 and 0103-15) to sub-optimal and optimal nitrogen fertilization
was conducted in Oke-Oyi, Nigeria. The trials were set up in a split plot with three
nitrogen levels (0, 30 and 90 kg N ha-1) as a main plot and six hybrids as sub-plots.
Significant interactions were observed between hybrid and N level for all
characters, with increasing in variation as the level of N decreased. Mean grain
yield reductions across eras were 73.8% at no-N and 32.6% at low-N, and those of
optimal-N fertilization were 34.3% and 15.7% for 1980s and 1990s genotypes
respectively. Depending on N treatment, grain yield varied from 0.67 to 4.89 t ha-1.
Kernel number was most severely reduced by N stress, but had positive and highly
significant (p≤0.01) correlation with grain yield at all N levels. Genetic gains in
grain yield were 42% (between 1980 and 2000 eras) and 9% (between 1990 and
2000 eras) under optimal-N fertilization. The two modern hybrids of 2000 era
(0103-11 and 0103-15) were outstanding for all the agronomic traits and leaf
chlorophyll concentration at all N levels. Improving traits associated with fertilizer
N response could accelerate rate of genetic gains in maize yields.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
Field trials were conducted during the 2018 rainy season at the Federal University Dutsin-Ma Teaching and Research Farm, Badole. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the growth of okra. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The application of 4 and 8 tons’ ha-1 of poultry manure showed significant difference on the number of plant per plot at 4 and 6WAS. While the application of NKP 15:15:15 at all level were statistically at par on the number of plant per plot. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatment to plant height, number of leaves, leaves area, stem girth at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on number plant, number of leave per plant, leave area, plant height, stem girth. And some of parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants and increase in the plant organs. Both NPK fertilizer and poultry manure were found to play a significant role in increasing the growth of okra plant.
Role of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on maize (Zea mays) growth and nu...Innspub Net
Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) have a potential to boost maize (Zea mays) growth and increase the P and Zn uptake through the symbiotic association they form with the plant, even in acidic soils conditions. Five AMF inoculums produced from the most abundant and ubiquitous morphotypes isolated from field soils in maize fields in South Kivu (DRC) were assessed. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the role of these AMF on nutrients uptake in a Nitisol and a Ferralsol. Eight treatments namely inoculums named AMF1 (Gigaspora gigantea), AMF2 (Gigaspora sp.), AMF3 (Gigaspora margarita), AMF4 (Rhizophagus intraradices) AMF5 (Acaulospora reducta), mineral phosphorus fertilizers (Pi), commercial biofertilizer Rhizatech and a Control were laid in a randomized complete block design. In the Ferralsol, Pi application, Rhizatech and AMF2 produced the highest height. Pi application resulted in the best shoot biomass. No difference was observed for the P content, but for the Zn content, AMF2 was the highest. Roots colonization did not vary among treatments. In the Nitisol, AMF4 produced the highest plant height and AMF1 the highiest chlorophyll content. AMF4 and Rhizatech colonized highly the roots. AMF3 gave the highest P however, Zinc content was equal in all treatments and the controls yielded the lowest results. Spores densities in both inoculums produced and experimental soils were low compared to the commercial inoculum but growth and roots colonisation was influenced by fertilization and soils types. The performance of efficient AMF inoculums of Gipaspora gigantea, Gigaspora sp., Rhizophagus intraradices and Acaulospora reducta applied with high densities spores and multispecies inoculums should be assessed.
Existing practices for soil fertility management through cereals-legume inter...Premier Publishers
Low crop production has been attributed to inherently low availability of plant nutrients, nutrient imbalances and inadequate soil moisture for plant growth. Past and current soil management practices have enhanced the degradation of the soils. These have been caused by increased withdrawal of plant nutrients from the soil and consequently to reduced plant growth. To meet future food requirements, it is inevitable that the use of inorganic fertilizers will continue to increase. However, such fertilizers are expensive to farmers and they are potential environmental pollutants. The intensification and diversification of the cropping systems and traditional practices in Africa have compounded the decline in soil fertility. To raise and sustain soil fertility and productivity in Africa, appropriate traditional soil fertility management practices have to be developed and adopted by farmers. Cereal-legumes cropping systems accompanying management technologies indicated the advantage of these technologies and their function of socio-economic and bio-physical conditions. This review explored the mechanisms and processes associated with soil fertility management, effect of intensive agriculture on soil degradation, role of traditional and scientific knowledge, benefits, challenges and additional cereal-legumes cropping systems. These contributed to understanding the effects soil fertility management decisions and human-use impacts on long-term ecological composition and function.
Stem Height and Yield Response of Four Potato Varieties to Planting Density a...Premier Publishers
Field trials were conducted at Tambul in the High Altitude Research Centre in Papua New Guinea Highlands. The trials evaluated four varieties of potato, two of which are resistant to Potato Late Blight disease and bred by the International Potato Centre (E2, E24), Kumdi and PNG industry variety, Sequoia against three planting densities (PD) and three fertilizer rates (FR) in a 4x3x3 factorial design. Trials were replicated three times and repeated in three seasons at three different sites. Stem height of E24 was significantly (P<0.05) higher followed by E2, Kumdi then Sequoia respectively. Marketable and total tuber number plant-1 was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by varieties and treatments especially PD. All varieties performed high marketable and total tuber number plant-1 at moderate to low PD. Optimum marketable and total tuber yield (t ha-1) of E2, Kumdi, Sequoia and E24 were observed at high PD and moderate to high FR. High seed tubers were observed at high density and low to moderate FR. E2 and Kumdi had appropriate genetic traits resistant to PLB disease and natural aptitude to influence tall stem height cultivated using high PD and moderated to high FR resulted in healthy crop development and high yield performance.
The comparative efficiency of organic and synthetic fertilizers were studied on maize and cowpea, two staple
Nigerian crops. Chemical fertilizer did not support yield as much as poultry manure (PM) or arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi(AMF), individual or in a combined state. The combination of PM and AMF was the best application expressing
yield in form of shoot productivity. Glomus clarum was a good fertilizing candidate in this study
Genotype by Environment Interaction of Full-sib Families of Maize Endosperms ...Premier Publishers
The present study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farms, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi and Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Lafia to evaluate the presence of genotype by environment interactions in a population of 300 FS families of three maize endosperms to ascertain their agronomic performance, yield and stability across environments. The experiment was laid out in a 10 × 10 balanced lattice square design with three replications. Results from the GGE Biplot for mean grain yield performance showed the entry P93 (Popcorn) obtained the highest yield at Lafia while F5 (Field Corn) had the highest yield and thus the winning family for Makurdi. The entries S72, P98, P90, S20, P31, and P54 were the most stable with an above average performance and thus recommended. The significant Location by Entries interaction effects for grain yield explains that a promising genotype selected in one of these locations will not be suitable for production in the other locations in the same agro-ecological zone, however, P93 (Popcorn) and F5 (Field corn) recorded the highest yield for Lafia and Makurdi respectively. The identified stable or location specific families should be crossed in all possible combinations to complete Cycle 1 of the FS families in a recurrent selection programme.
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Phenotypic Correlation and Heritability Estimates of some Quantitative Charac...Premier Publishers
Heritability and phenotypic estimates of some quantitative traits and its influence on different nitrogen fertilizer levels give the room for recombinants which become a prerequisite for any breeding study. Genetic variation in quantitative traits for the development for new variety of crop plant with different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Base on this background, the study was conducted in order to evaluate the quantitative traits from advanced blast-resistant rice varieties in order to establish relationship between yield and yied components using genetic variances.To achieve this objective, two field studies were carried out in Malaysia during the cropping season 2017/2018. Sixteen advanced blast-resistant rice genotypes were studied in order to find out phenotypic correlation and heritability in some quantitative characters to determine the effect of various levels of Nitrogen fertilizer. The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design replicated three times in a plot of 35 × 28.5 m2. The planting distance was 25 × 25 cm and the plot size was 2 × 1.5 m2 unit for genotype in each replication. There was a highly significant variation among the genotypes in response to to nitrogen levels, high PCV, GCV, heritability, relative distance and genetic advance which indicated that different quantitative traits especially tonnes per hectare (Tha), grain weight per plot (GWTPP) and kilogram per plot (kgplot) significantly influence the yield trait. . Similarly, high heritability (>60%) was observed indicating the substantial effect of additive gene more than the environmental effect. Yield per plant showed strong to low positive correlations (푟 = 0.99 - 0.09) at phenotypic level for grain weight per plot (GWTPP), number of tillers per hill (NTH), number of panicle per hill (NPH) and kilogram per plot (kg/plot).
Participatory variety selection of Faba Bean for yield components and yield a...Premier Publishers
Faba bean is one the major highland grain food legumes contributing an enormous amount of protein to the human diet in Ethiopia. Though a lot of improved varieties were released by research centers farmers depend on low yield and local varieties. Participatory variety selection is one of the methods used to evaluate varieties through involvement of users. The participatory faba bean variety selection was conducted during 2014 cropping season at Chiro and Gemachis districts on two farmers training center and three farmers field. Eight released varieties with one local check were laid out in Randomized complete block design in three replications on Farmers training center and single plot on farmer’s field. Agronomic and farmer selection data were collected and analyzed. From all the tested varieties, variety Hachalu was superior in grain yield (1437 kg ha-1) and ( 808 kg ha-1) while Wayu variety was yielded (719 kg ha-1) and 796 (kg ha-1) at Chiro and Gamachis respectively. The lowest grain yield was obtained from Obse (215 kg ha-1) variety at Chiro and Local variety (581 kg ha-1) at Gemachis respectively. In case of farmer preference Hachalu score higher mean value (3.8) followed by Tumsa (3.6) and least mean value was recorded from variety local (2.2). Therefore, the varieties selected by researcher and farmer data Hachalu, Wayu and Tumsa were recommended for further production in these areas.
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Wa...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop, Soil & Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The experimental layout was a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial combination with 3 replications given a total of 90 treatments. Seeds of five cowpea varieties namely: IT98K-205-8, Ife Brown, Oloyin Brown, IT98K-573-2-1 and IT96D-610 were sown in Plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity and were perforated at the bottom to allow for drainage and filled with top soil. Watering regimes of (500ml, 700ml and 900ml) were imposed and water was applied twice a week while cowpea plants were inoculated with 5g each of Rhizobia strain (Mesorhizobia loti) at seedling stage. Control set was maintained without inoculation. The effect of watering regimes on legume species was significant on nodulation, growth and yield characters of cowpea varieties evaluated. The results revealed marked varietal differences in plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components. IT98K-573-2-1 and Oloyin Brown generally expressed superior performance in most measured parameters. Mesorhizobia inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) increased plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components of cowpea. The interaction effect of variety, Mesorhizobia loti and watering regimes caused significant variations in the number of nodules, leaf area, number of seeds/pod and seed yield. The nitrogen and crude protein content in the leaf differed among the cowpea varieties evaluated. Application of mesorhizobium strain significantly increased seed yield of cowpea and caused substantial increase in nodulation and this subsequently affected the Nitrogen fixation potential of cowpea under varying soil moisture regimes.
In the Guinea savannah zone of northern Ghana, the soils are reported to be declining for agricultural productivity. In these farming communities that depend on soybean production for their livelihoods, resource-poor farmers are not able to afford purchases of high cost inorganic phosphatic fertilizers to enhance the crop’s production. The need arises to identify efficient practices and strategies and research into alternative means of enhancing soybean production to improve food security. This Randomized Complete Block Design as an experimental tool was employed to carry out a research in the Guinea savanna zone of Ghana (Tolon District) to assess the agronomic and economic productivity of rhizobia inoculation use in soybean production. Treatments used for the experiment were sole soybean production, soybean + recommended phosphorus (P) fertilize rate, soybean + inoculums, and soybean + P + inoculum. A planting distance of 60*10cm was used during planting. Each treatment was replicated three times. Growth and yield data were collected on plant height, nodule number and dry weight, shoot dry weight, pods number and dry weight, grain yield, 100 seed weight and nodule effectiveness. The results revealed the existence of significant difference in grain yield between treatments (p = 0.011). Soybean + inoculation + P gave the highest yield of 3.6 t/ha followed by soybean + inoculation (3.17 t/ha), soybean + P (2.97 t/ha) and soybean only (2.6 t/ha) respectively. Significant difference was also observed for number of pods between treatments (p= 0.01), with soybean + inoculation + phosphorus recording the highest followed by soybean + inoculation, soybean + phosphorus and soybean-only treatment respectively. However, use of sole inoculation in soybean production was associated with the least production cost, high revenue generation and high benefit/cost ratio. As rhizobia inoculation of soybean produced higher yields and is comparatively cheaper than phosphorus application, inoculation is suggested for the resource poor farmer in Northern Ghana.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
The combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yi...Open Access Research Paper
A study was conducted at Bina Sub-station Nalitabari, Sherpur Farm from June to October 2022 to investigate the effect of combining organic and inorganic fertilizers on rice growth and yield. It followed a randomized block design with three replications and a unit plot size of 3m×4m.The experiment consisted of five treatments: T1 100% STB (N90P15K75S12Zn2), T2 (85% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), T3 (85% CF+ 4t/ha vermicompost), T4 (70% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), and T5 (70% CF+ 2t/ha vermicompost). The objective was to assess their impact on the growth, yield, and yield-contributing characteristics of the BINAdhan-17 rice variety. The study found that combining inorganic fertilizer with 2t/ha of vermicompost resulted in the highest yield. Chemical fertilizer (CF) with organic sources increased yield. The tallest plants were in T1 (104.9cm), while the shortest was in T4. The highest grain yield was in T3 (5.9t/ha), and lowest in T4 (4.7t/ha).When combining 4t/ha of vermicompost with 85% CF (77kg N, 13kg P, 64kg K, 12kg S, 2kg Zn), the parameters of tillers per plant, panicle length, filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield were maximized.Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Using high-quality rice varieties and incorporating compost, alone or with chemical fertilizers, increases yields compared to full inorganic fertilizer. The study emphasizes the importance of judicious organic and chemical fertilizer application for significantly enhancing rice yields.
Similar to Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)
Damiyal et al. 103
Similarly, Oluwafemi and Funsho (2015) conducted a
study on “Response of hybrid maize, (Zea mays L.) to
organic and inorganic fertilizers in soils of South-West
and North-Central Nigeria”. Poultry manure applied at
planting + foliar NPK at 6 weeks after sowing produced
the highest plant height, stem girth, leaf area, kernel yield
and weight per 100 kernels which suggest that maize can
be organically fertilized to produce high yield in these
locations without Chemical fertilizer which could be
harmful to our soils and humans.
A field trial was also carried out by Afe et al ( 2015) at the
Teaching and Research Farm of Kwara State University,
Malete, Nigeria to “Assess the response of early maturing
maize variety (TZEE-Y) using organic poultry manure
(pm) alone or in combination with inorganic (NPK) and
foliar fertilizer (boost xtra). The highest grain yield was
obtained when poultry manure was applied alone at 10
t/ha which was also similar to the combined application of
poultry manure at 2.5t/ha mixed with NPK 30 kg N/ha and
foliar fertilizer. This integrated application was found to be
a good soil management practice for tropical soils.
Therefore, combination of pm at 2.5 t/ha with NPK 30 kg
N/ha and foliar fertilizer was recommended for early
maturing maize production in the study area.
Amujoyegbe et al. (2007) carried out a study on
the “Effects of amending soil with organic (poultry
manure) and inorganic fertilizer on yield and chlorophyll
content of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum
bicolour (L.) Moench)” at the Teaching and Research
Farm of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife,
Nigeria. The highest leaf area and total chlorophyl
content of both maize and sorghum was obtained using
the 2.76t/ha + 25kg/ha combination of organic and
inorganic fertilizer respectively. Similar study on the effect
of organic manure, cow dung and NPK on the growth rate
of maize at the University of Abuja revealed that the NPK
treatment gave significantly high number of leaves, tallest
plants and thicker stems girth while the control had the
least values (Solomon et al., 2012).
In a comparative study of hybrid and open-pollinated
varieties in different ecological zones of Nigeria, the
results confirmed that hybrid has yield advantage over
open-pollinated varieties especially with respect to grain
yield. Hybrid seeds are also more vigorous and have
higher rate of survival, have reduced plant and ear height
and are more uniform for height, flowering and maturity
than open-pollinated varieties among other
characteristics (Kim et al., 1993). Abayomi and Badiru
(2007) reported that maize morphological growth
parameters such as number of leaves per plant, plant
height, leaf area per plant and leaf area index were
higher in hybrid than in the open pollinated variety,
consequently, grain yield in hybrid maize variety was also
higher than in the open pollinated variety.
The use of inorganic fertilizers alone under intensive
agriculture was found to aggravate soil degradation
(Sharma and Mittra, 1991). Consequently, this
degradation is as a result of loss of organic matter which
causes soil acidity, nutrient imbalance and low crop
yields (Ayoola and Makinde, 2007). Application of organic
manures has also been found to improve the soil physical
and microbial properties (Belay et al., 2001). Due to
continuous decline in soil fertility as a result of using
mineral fertilizers alone and the high cost of the inorganic
which has put the commodity out of reach of most poor
resource farmers resulted to low maize yield, there is the
need to supplement mineral fertilizer with cattle manure
to tackle this issue. Therefore this research was
conducted to determine the effect of cattle manure and
inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of hybrid maize
with a view to help boost commercial maize production in
the study area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Site and Materials
The experiments were carried out during the 2013 and
2014 cropping seasons at Gubi (latitude 10
o
28
1
north and
longitude 09
0
49
1
east at 600metre above sea level),
experimental site of the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
University Research and Teaching Farm Ganjuwa Local
Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Bauchi is
found in the northern guinea savanna zone of Nigeria.
Cattle manure (CM) and inorganic fertilizer (NPK
20:10:10) were used in this study. Both treatments had
three levels. CM had 0, 5 and 10 t/ha and NPK had 0,
200 and 400kg/ha of application. The cattle manure (CM)
was obtained from the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
University farm while NPK was bought from Bauchi
market. Seeds of hybrid maize known as “Oba Super 2”
obtained from Premier Seed Company of Nigeria, was
used as planting materials.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil at the
Experimental Site
Soil samples were collected from the experimental sites
at a depth of 0–15cm and 15–30 cm using a soil auger
after ploughing the land. The soil samples were analyzed
for Particle size distribution which was determined by
hydrometer method as described by Gee and Bauder,
(1996). Sand, silt and clay fractions were determined by
dispersing the soil sample in 5% sodium
hexametaphosphate (Calgon) solution. The dispersed
samples were shaken on a reciprocating shaker after
which particle size distribution was determined with the
aid of Bouyoucous hydrometer at progressive time
intervals. The soil pH was determined in both water and
0.01M CaCl2 at ratios 1:1 and 1:2 respectively of soil
water suspension, using pH meter model Cyber Scan
pH
20
. Organic carbon content was determined by the wet
3. Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)
World Res. J. Agric. Sci. 104
oxidation method of Walkley and Black as described by
Nelson and Sommers (1982), available phosphorus was
extracted using Bray –1 method (Bray and Kurtz, 1945)
while total nitrogen was determined using the micro–
Kjeldahl technique as described by Bremner (1982).
Meteorological data covering the experimental period
in 2013 and 2014.
Meteorological data covering the experimental period in
2013 and 2014 was obtained from the Nigerian
Meteorological Agency in order to determine variation in
weather and its effect on maize production.
Experimental design and agronomic practices
The experimental design used was randomized complete
block design (RCBD) with three replications. The land
was ploughed using a disc plough and harrowed
manually to give a fine tilth before the seeds were sown.
The spacing from row to row was 75cm while spacing
from plant to plant within a row was 25cm. Thus, each
plot had a size of 2.5m by 1.5m or 3.75m
2
. The seeds
were sown on a flat area and each plot had 20 maize
plants or 53,333 plants per hectare based on the
recommendation of Iken and Anusa (2004). Weeding was
done manually at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing (WAS).
0ther agronomic practices were carried out according to
standard practices for maize production. Harvesting was
carried out when the crops have reached physiological
maturity. This was noticed when the cobs and shoots
were fully dried.
Data Collection and Analysis
The numbers of leaves of each plant in a plot were
counted and at two weekly intervals. Plant height was
measured from the ground level up to the growing tip
using a meter rule at two weekly intervals (2, ,…10WAS).
Mean number of days to tasseling was recorded from the
time of sowing to the time when the first plant in each plot
tasseled and when 50% of the plants tasseled. The
number of first node on which the cobs emerged was
recorded by counting the nodes from the ground level
and recorded as first node with cobs. The number of cobs
produced on each plant was counted and recorded to
obtain the mean number of cobs/plant. The husk of each
cob was weighed (g). The numbers of seed on each cob
of a plant were counted. The shelled seeds on each cob
were weighed and the mean recorded as seed yield in
tons per hectare (t/ha). All seeds of a plot were first
mixed well and 100 seeds randomly picked and weighed
to obtain 100 grain weight (g).
Data Analysis: The data collected was subjected to
analysis of variance using Minitab software. Means that
were found to be statistically significant (P≤0.05) were
separated using the least significant difference (LSD) as
described by Steel and Torrie (1987).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil at the
Experimental Sites
Particle size distribution of the soil at the experimental
site at 0-15 and 15-30cm depth is presented in Table 1.
The percentage of sand appears to be higher at 0- 15
(64.2 to 64.4%) when compare with the depth of 15-30
(60.4 to 62.4%) in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons.
Percentage of silt was higher in 2013 at both depths
when compare with 2014. Seasonal differences in soil
characteristics and mineral constituents are likely due to
differences in climatic factors such as rainfall and
temperature as experience during the years (2013 and
2014) under study. The percentage of clay ranges from
28.3 to 31.3; therefore, the experimental sites for both
years appear to be sandy clay.
The chemical properties of the experimental site are also
presented in Table 1. The pH at 15-30cm depths appears
to be lower than the pH at 0-15cm depth. The same
pattern was also observed in pHc. Organic carbon, total
nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, potassium, cation
exchange capacity and copper had lower value at 15-
30cm depths than at 0-15cm depths irrespective of the
year. The mean value for available phosphorus (5.35-
7.20mgkg
-1
) obtained in this study is similar to the values
reported by Mamzing et al. (2014). The Authors reported
available phosphorus ranged from 5.43 to 7.64mgkg
-1
at
soil depths of 0-15 and 15.30cm at two fadama locations
in Bauchi state of Nigeria.
Meteorological data covering the experimental period
in 2013 and 2014.
Table 2 shows the average rainfall, temperature and
relative humidity of the two cropping seasons. The results
showed that there was high rainfall in 2013 than 2014
with similar mean temperature and relative humidity. The
total amount of rainfall in 2013 during the growing period
of the maize plants from July to October was 1516.7mm;
while during the period in 2014 was 936.4mm (Table 2).
Furthermore, the rainfall in 2013 was not well spread
because it rained from May to October but well spread in
2014 with rainfall from February to October. This
observed trend in weather change may affect the nutrient
statue of the soil and subsequently may affect the
development of crops. Hence, the heavy rainfall in 2013
may have caused leaching of nutrients which reduced
maize growth. Olatunji et tal. (2007) similarly reported
that the low level of total nitrogen in the Niger Delta area
of Nigeria could be due to high temperature and leaching
4. Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)
Damiyal et al. 105
Table 1. Physico-chemical properties of soil at the experimental sites in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons
Parameters 2013 2014
Particle size distribution
0 – 15 15 -30 0 - 15 15- 30
Sand % 62.40 60.40 64.40 62.40
Silt % 9.28 9.28 5.28 6.28
Clay % 28.32 30.32 30.32 31.33
Textural class sandy clay sandy Clay
Chemical properties
pHw (1:1) 6.45 5.92 6.23 5.66
pHc (1:2) 5.25 5.06 5.17 4.59
Organic carbon (gkg
-1
) 0.83 0.42 0.81 0.52
Total nitrogen (gkg
-1
) 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.07
Available phosphorus (mgkg
-1
) 6.25 5.35 4.54 7.20
Calcium [cmol (+) kg
-1
] 2.98 2.16 2.59 2.03
Magnesium [cmol (+) kg
-1
] 0.75 0.55 0.83 0.53
Potassium [cmol (+) kg
-1
] 0.21 0.18 0.26 0.17
Sodium [cmol (+) kg
-1
] 0.19 0.20 0.16 0.20
Cation exchange capacity [cmol (+) kg
-1
] 4.63 4.06 4.06 3.64
Zinc (mgkg
-1
) 0.21 0.23 0.18 0.09
Copper (mgkg
-1
) 0.17 0.16 0.13 0.06
Iron (mgkg
-1
) 9.26 7.88 7.68 9.68
Manganese (mgkg
-1
) 13.84 17.25 18.11 21.06
Table 2. Meteorological data covering the experimental period in 2013 and 2014
2013 2014
Mean Mean
Mean Monthly Mean Monthly
Total Monthly Relative Total Monthly Relative
Rainfall Temperature Humidity Rainfall Temperature Humidity
Month (mm) (
O
C
)
(%) (mm) (
O
C) (%)
January 0.0 25.1 21 0.0 25.6 33
February 0.0 28.0 18 16.8 26.6 18
March 0.0 33.7 20 1.6 31.4 26
April 41.7 32.4 42 17.4 32.6 41
May 61.9 30.3 53 170.5 29.7 57
June 171.0 27.8 62 253.0 28.5 61
July 569.0 25.9 71 347.0 26.9 69
August 707.0 24.7 77 376.6 26.0 72
September 126.0 26.8 69 197.6 26.6 71
October 114.7 28.5 49 15.2 28.8 54
November 0.0 30.1 23 0.0 28.6 33
December 0.0 26.3 33 0.0 24.4 20
Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency
of’ nitrate by torrential rainfall prevalent in the
environment.
Mean Number of Leaves per Plant: Mean number of
leaves for each level of CM and NPK at two week
intervals are presented in Table 3. There was no
significant difference (P≥0.05) in mean number of leaves
per plant among the CM treatments in 2013. In 2014
however, there was a significant differences (P≤0.05) in
mean number of leaves among CM levels at 4, 6 and
8WAS. Mean number of leaves increased as CM level
increased from 0 – 5t/ha. The non significant effect of
cattle manure on leaf number per plant in 2013 might be
attributed heavy rainfall experience in that year which
might have caused leaching of nutrients and hence
reduced maize growth while in 2014, the uniform
distribution of rainfall from February to October might
have increase maize growth. Olatunji et al. (2007)
reported that the low level of total nitrogen in the Niger
Delta area of Nigeria could be due to high temperature
and leaching of’ nitrate by torrential rainfall prevalent in
the environment. The mean number of leaves differed
significantly (P≤0.05) for the different levels of NPK,
except at 4 and 6WAS. Mean number of leaves
increased as inorganic fertilizer level increased in 2013,
while there was significant difference (P≤0.05) among the
means of NPK levels throughout the sampling period in
2014. Mean number of leaves increased as NPK levels
5. Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)
World Res. J. Agric. Sci. 106
Table 3. Number of leaves per plant at 2 weeks interval
Cattle manure (t/ha) Weeks after sowing (WAS)
2013 2 4 6 8 10
0 4.30 6.60 9.07 12.12 12.52
5 4.30 6.75 9.21 12.32 12.53
10 4.32 6.76 9.28 12.22 12.71
SE 0.034 0.099 0.148 0.203 0.157
2014
0 4.66 8.78 11.74 13.76 12.55
5 4.68 9.39 12.36 14.77 12.83
10 4.72 9.15 12.00 14.24 12.65
LSD (P≤ 0.05) - 0.320 0.452 0.481 -
SE 0.040 - - - 0.181
Inorganic fertilizer kg/ha)
2013
0 4.19 6.60 9.10 11.94 12.11
200 4.26 6.65 9.14 12.07 12.46
400 4.47 6.68 9.34 12.65 13.20
LSD (P≤ 0.05) 0.118 - - 0.501 0.363
SE - 0.099 0.148 - -
2014
0 4.57 8.37 10.91 13.16 12.10
200 4.74 9.55 12.53 14.74 12.55
400 4.75 9.41 12.67 14.86 13.38
LSD (P≤ 0.05) 0.152 0.320 0.452 0.481 0.345
Interactions: 2013 NS NS NS NS NS
Interactions: 2014 NS ** *** NS **
increased except at 4WAS (Table 3). This is in
agreement with the finding of Solomon et al. (2010) who
reported that number of leaves of maize plant treated
with NPK was highest followed by cowdung while the
lowest was observed in the control in Abuja, Nigeria.
Plant Height (cm): There was no significant differences
(P≥0.05) in mean plant height among CM levels in both
years except at 10WAS in 2014 (Table 4). This could be
probably due to slow release of nutrients in cattle
manure. However, significant differences (P≤0.05) among
the means of NPK levels were observed at 2 and 4WAS
in 2013. In 2014, there was significant difference
(P≤0.05) among the means of NPK levels except at 2
WAS (Table 4). Plant height increased as inorganic
fertilizer level increased. The significant effect of
Inorganic fertilizer was probably because its nutrients are
readily available for plant uptake. This agreed with the
findings reported by Achieng et al. (2010) who observed
significantly taller maize plants in plots treated with
inorganic fertilizer.
Days to First Tasseling, Days to 50% Tasseling and
First Cob with Node: Mean values for number of days to
first tasseling, days to 50% tasseling and first node
number with cob per plant for each of the CM and NPK
levels are presented in Table 5. There was no significant
difference among CM means for all the three characters
in both 2013 and 2014. There were significant differences
(P≤0.05) in mean days to first and 50% tasseling among
the NPK levels in 2013 but significant difference (P≤0.05)
among NPK levels means was observed throughout the
sampling period in 2014 for all the characters studied.
The early tasseling observed in NPK treatment could be
attributed to nutrients which are readily available to the
crop and thus, induce early tasseling while cattle manure
due the slow release of its nutrient for uptake by plants
probably delays the tasseling period. Afe et al. (2015)
similarly discovered that maize plots treated with
combined application of pm at 2.5 t/ha mixed with NPK
30 kg N/ha and foliar fertilizer commenced tasseling
earlier while late tasseling was recorded at the control
treatments. However, the delayed in tasseling period
observed in 2013 when the highest level of inorganic
fertilizer was used could be as a result of the heavy
rainfall experience in that year which might have caused
leaching of nutrients. Maize plants fertilized with cattle
manure and NPK treatment had their first node with cobs
on the 7
th
and 8
th
nodes in 2013 and 2014 respectively
Cobs and Seed Parameters: The mean values for
number of cobs, husk weight, number of seeds, seed
yield and 100 seed weight are presented in Table 6.
There were no significant differences (P≥0.05) among the
6. Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)
Table 4. Mean plant height (cm) at 2 weeks interval
Cattle manure (t/ha) Weeks after sowing (WAS)
2013 2 4 6 8 10
0 8.26 19.84 47.51 104.67 169.29
5 8.61 20.97 50.82 111.99 174.50
10 8.61 20.71 50.56 117.83 173.43
SE 0.187 0.694 1.615 3.847 5.469
2014
0 8.25 29.17 65.63 151.22 199.09
5 8.45 30.77 72.02 171.61 213.34
10 8.31 30.21 70.66 165.74 208.09
LSD (P≤ 0.05) - - - - 10.068
SE 0.152 1.101 2.573 5.392 -
Inorganic fertilizer kg/ha)
2013
0 7.95 20.15 48.65 108.41 166.85
200 8.54 20.18 48.84 110.25 173.08
400 9.52 20.20 51.41 115.84 177.28
LSD (P≤ 0.05) 0.595 1.824 - - -
SE - - 1.615 3.847 5.469
2014
0 7.95 24.90 58.47 146.61 190.16
200 8.54 32.36 72.83 165.89 211.09
400 8.52 32.90 77.01 176.05 219.27
LSD (P≤ 0.05) - 2.844 6.009 14.548 10.068
SE 0.152 - - - -
Interactions 2013 NS NS NS NS NS
Interactions 2014 NS NS NS NS ***
Table 5. Mean values for number of days to first tasseling, 50% tasseling and first
cob node as affected by different levels of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer in
2013 and 2014
Cattle manure (t/ha) DFT D50%T FCN
2013
0 58.89 66.41 6.62
5 58.33 65.52 6.85
10 57.74 65.00 6.87
SE 0.455 0.417 0.112
2014
0 53.59 59.33 7.68
5 51.93 57.93 7.92
10 51.74 57.82 7.97
SE 0.610 0.640 0.190
Inorganic fertilizer (kg/ha)
2013
0 58.11 65.04 6.53
200 58.56 65.48 6.80
400 58.30 66.41 7.00
LSD (P≤ 0.05) - - 0.225
SE 0.455 0.417 -
2014
0 54.15 60.30 7.07
200 51.78 57.41 8.17
400 51.34 57.33 8.33
LSD (P≤ 0.05) 1.889 1.468 0.461
Interactions: 2013 NS NS NS
Interactions: 2014 NS NS NS
DFT = number of days to first tasseling; D50%T = number of days to 50% tasseling and FCN
= first cob node
Damiyal et al. 107
7. Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)
World Res. J. Agric. Sci. 108
Table 6. Mean for number of cobs, husk weight, number of seeds, seed weight and 100 seed weight at different levels of
cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer in 2013 and 2014
Cattle manure (t/ha) NC/P HW/P (g) NS/P SY/P (t/ha) 100SW (g)
2013
0 1.02 19.47 360.32 3.46 18.00
5 1.03 21.08 383.73 4.05 19.70
10 11.04 23.02 381.54 3.81 20.67
SE 0.008 1.156 10.174 0.147 0.488
2014
0 1.10 33.70 448.74 5.12 21.33
5 1.11 30.74 625.07 5.65 21.44
10 1.14 21.98 476.64 5.12 21.52
LSD (P≤ 0.05) - 0.005 - - -
SE 0.019 - 45.588 0.193 0.578
Inorganic fertilizer kg/ha)
2013
0 1.03 19.29 360.39 3.68 19.11
200 1.03 20.07 369.64 3.81 19.26
400 1.03 24.21 395.55 3.83 19.37
LSD (P≤ 0.05) - 3.554 - - -
SE 0.008 - 10.174 0.147 0.488
2014
0 1.05 26.30 439.65 4.96 21.04
200 1.10 31.85 605.35 5.33 21.56
400 1.20 34.44 505.45 5.60 21.70
LSD (P≤ 0.05) 0.195 0.067 - - -
SE - - 45.588 0.193 0.578
Interactions: 2013 NS NS NS NS NS
Interactions: 2014 NS * NS * NS
NC/p = number of cobs per plant, HW/p = husk weight per plant, NS/p = number of seeds per plant, SY (t/ha) = seed yield (tons/
hectare), 100SW (g) = 100 seed weight
CM treatments for all of the five characters in both 2013
and 2014, except husks weight per plant in 2014.
Application of 5t/ha CM gave the highest number of
seeds per plant (625.07) and seed yield (5.65t/ha) in
2014, it was however statistically similar to other
treatments. This high number of seeds and seed yield
suggest that cattle manure at the rate of 5t/ha have the
potential to improve maize yields significantly over the
control. NPK treatment in 2014 at the rate of 400kg/ha
gave significantly (P≤0.05) highest number of cobs per
plant (1.20) and husk weight per plant (34.44g). This NPK
treatment (400kg/ha) also gave higher weight of 100
seeds in 2014, though it was statistically similar to other
treatments. The significant effect of plants that received
NPK fertilizer on number of cobs and husks weight could
be attributed to nutrients that are in readily available form
for plant uptake for better yield enhancement over other
nutrient sources. Previous study by Solomon et al. (2012)
also revealed that NPK fertilizer increased both growth
and yield parameters of maize than cow dung, though
statistically the same but significantly higher compared to
the control. Enujeke (2013) similarly reported that maize
plants treated with inorganic fertilizer NPK 20:10:10 at the
rate of 450kg/ha gave the highest number of grains/cob
(506.0) followed by plants that received poultry manure at
the rate of 30kg/ha (468.0) while plants that received
cattle dung had the lowest number of grains/cob among
the treatments applied.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
From the results of this study, both cattle manure and
inorganic fertilizers were found to significantly increase
the growth and yield attributes of hybrid maize. Variation
in weather during the period of study might be
responsible for differences in the growth and yield
between the two years. The results revealed that 5t/ha
cattle manure gave the highest number of leaves, plant
height and the yield and yield components of maize
which was statistically the same as the application of
400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer. Maize plants fertilized with
high level of both cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer
tasseled early. Therefore cattle manure where available
can serve as a good nutrient source to supplement
inorganic fertilizer.
8. Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)
Damiyal et al. 109
RECOMMENDATIONS
i. 5t/ha cattle manure is recommended for farmers who
want to practice organic farming
ii. In the interim, 400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer may be
used by farmers who prefer inorganic fertilizer
iii. More research work need to be conducted to
determine the effect applying higher level of inorganic
fertilizer in order to draw valid conclusion.
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