This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg/ha) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons/ha) on the growth of okra plants. A field trial was conducted in Nigeria using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and stem girth compared to the control treatment. Increasing levels of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer generally led to better plant growth. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers supported greater okra growth than either treatment alone. Both p
Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth Ama...ijtsrd
Four cowpea varieties Oloyin, Drum, Zobo and White Mallam , and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha were applied at 2 weeks after planting WAP to the vegetable Amaranth between October 2018 to April 2019. The cowpea green manure was incorporated into soil 6 WAP and left for a week to decompose before planting the vegetable Amaranth. Growth of cowpea varieties used as green manure in 2018 showed no significant difference. However, in 2019 the canopy height and fresh weight at 3 WAP were significantly p 0.05 different among cowpea varieties. The canopy height of Oloyin, Drum and White Mallam were similar but significantly p 0.05 higher than that of Zobo variety. Similarly, application of 60 and 80 kg N ha significantly produced more yield relative to 0 and 40 kg N ha of inorganic fertilizer rates. Generally, higher significant yield p 0.05 was recorded in the second cycle of planting. This study concluded that green manure from Oloyin produced yield of Amaranth us 11.0 47.3 t ha which was similar to the yield obtained from 80 kg N ha 12.13 37.7t ha . Adeniji Azeez Adewale | Kumoye Deborah Etooluwa "Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth (Amaranthus Caudatus. L) Vegetable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33676.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/33676/effects-of-incorporated-green-manure-and-inorganic-fertilizer-on-amaranth-amaranthus-caudatus-l-vegetable/adeniji-azeez-adewale
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Impact of nitrogen fertilizer from organic and conventional sources on seed y...Innspub Net
Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.), a minor oil seed crop cultivated on marginal and sub marginal lands under poor or neglected nutrient management practices in India has a good production potential even under low nutrient input conditions. However, not much study has been made on nutrient management practices for optimising plant growth and thereby seed yield. The study was undertaken to determine the growth and seed yield response of Niger to different nitrogen sources in rainfed acid lateritic uplands. Nitrogen was applied through chemical (Urea) and organic sources (Vermicompost, Mustardoilcake and Bonemeal) separately and in combination of these at two levels (30 and 60 kg ha-1) in consecutive two years (2013-’14 and 2014-’15). Maximum seed yield (580 kg ha-1) and dry matter yield (4530 kg ha-1) of Niger were obtained where oilcake was applied in combination with chemical nutrients. However, varying sources or level of nitrogenous nutrients had no impact on oil content in seeds of Niger. Among the various sources of Nitrogen, combination of oilcake and chemical provided sufficient amount of Nitrogen to the soil which was observed through highest uptake as well as leftover available Nitrogen in soil. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/2eoky3A
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth Ama...ijtsrd
Four cowpea varieties Oloyin, Drum, Zobo and White Mallam , and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha were applied at 2 weeks after planting WAP to the vegetable Amaranth between October 2018 to April 2019. The cowpea green manure was incorporated into soil 6 WAP and left for a week to decompose before planting the vegetable Amaranth. Growth of cowpea varieties used as green manure in 2018 showed no significant difference. However, in 2019 the canopy height and fresh weight at 3 WAP were significantly p 0.05 different among cowpea varieties. The canopy height of Oloyin, Drum and White Mallam were similar but significantly p 0.05 higher than that of Zobo variety. Similarly, application of 60 and 80 kg N ha significantly produced more yield relative to 0 and 40 kg N ha of inorganic fertilizer rates. Generally, higher significant yield p 0.05 was recorded in the second cycle of planting. This study concluded that green manure from Oloyin produced yield of Amaranth us 11.0 47.3 t ha which was similar to the yield obtained from 80 kg N ha 12.13 37.7t ha . Adeniji Azeez Adewale | Kumoye Deborah Etooluwa "Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth (Amaranthus Caudatus. L) Vegetable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33676.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/33676/effects-of-incorporated-green-manure-and-inorganic-fertilizer-on-amaranth-amaranthus-caudatus-l-vegetable/adeniji-azeez-adewale
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Impact of nitrogen fertilizer from organic and conventional sources on seed y...Innspub Net
Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.), a minor oil seed crop cultivated on marginal and sub marginal lands under poor or neglected nutrient management practices in India has a good production potential even under low nutrient input conditions. However, not much study has been made on nutrient management practices for optimising plant growth and thereby seed yield. The study was undertaken to determine the growth and seed yield response of Niger to different nitrogen sources in rainfed acid lateritic uplands. Nitrogen was applied through chemical (Urea) and organic sources (Vermicompost, Mustardoilcake and Bonemeal) separately and in combination of these at two levels (30 and 60 kg ha-1) in consecutive two years (2013-’14 and 2014-’15). Maximum seed yield (580 kg ha-1) and dry matter yield (4530 kg ha-1) of Niger were obtained where oilcake was applied in combination with chemical nutrients. However, varying sources or level of nitrogenous nutrients had no impact on oil content in seeds of Niger. Among the various sources of Nitrogen, combination of oilcake and chemical provided sufficient amount of Nitrogen to the soil which was observed through highest uptake as well as leftover available Nitrogen in soil. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/2eoky3A
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Indian agriculture is passing through difficult times due to erractic weather conditions, especially drought and excessive rainfall, there by resulting into wide spread distress among farmers.
The average income of an agricultural household during July 2012 to June 2013 was as low as Rs.6,426.
As many as 22.50% of the farmers live below poverty line, the country also witnessed a sharp increase in the number of farmers suicides due to losses from farming and low farm income.
Farming in India is becoming hard and unsuccessful due to several causes like unexpected rainfalls,droughts, increased cost of cultivation due to pests and diseases, decrease in productivity of land, unavailability of water etc..
Farmers get very low income for their produce due to prevailing market prices that are very unstable.
Decline in Agriculture productivity and Income has a serious effect on rural house holds, and other economic, social as well as sustainability indicators.
Effect of Algal Bio-fertilizer on the Vigna radiata: A Critical ReviewIJERA Editor
The continuous increasing demand of food crops and decrease in productivity due to continuous use of chemical
fertilizer has not only resulted in decline of crop yield, loss of fertility and degradation of soil but has also led us
one step back in achieving sustainable agriculture. The use of algal bio-fertilizer provides an effective, ecofriendly
and non-polluting approach in improving the productivity of crop by both nitrogen fixation and
photosynthesis. Algal bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and increase yield productivity even if applied in a
small area. The application of algal bio-fertilizers in plants has resulted in increase in root, shoot length with
number of leaves and hence overall growth of the plant has been increased. India being one of the largest
producer and consumer of pulses requires abundant amount of pulse production to fulfil the demands of ever
growing populations which can be achieved by using algal bio-fertilizers. This paper briefly underlines the usage
of algal bio-fertilizers as an important tool for sustainability and alternative usage against the chemical
fertilizers.
Impacts of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Inoculation Configurations on...AI Publications
The main objective of this study is determine the responses of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L). Verdc.] to application methods of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria inoculant and time of sowing after inoculation in Agbani area of Enugu, South East Nigeria. Field trials were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources management, Enugu State University of Science and Technology in 2015 and 2016 planting season. The experiment was a 2 × 3 factorial trial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of two different rhizobacteria inoculant application methods (seed applied method and soil applied method) and three different periods of sowing after inoculation (0 min, 15 mins and 30 mins) in all possible combinations (six treatment The obtained results revealed that Bambara groundnut cultivated on soils fertilized with ten grams of rhizobacteria inoculant per planting hole significantly (p < 0.05) had highest vegetative growth, number of nodules per plant and yield traits in both planting season. The main effect of time of sowing indicated that plants sown 30 minutes after inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) gave the tallest plants and leaf area index per plant in 2015 and 2016 planting season than the other time regime. The interaction effect of rhizobacteria inoculant application methods and time of sowing after inoculation were observed to be significant (p < 0.05) in 2015 and 2016 planting season. The results showed that the plants on soil with combined use of soil applied method of inoculation treatment and 30 minutes after inocualtion before planting significantly (p < 0.05) had the highest vegetative growth, number of nodules per plant and yield parameters than the other interaction effect. The combined use of soil applied method of inoculation treatment and 30 minutes after inocualtion before planting is recommended for the cultivation of Bambara groundnut in Agbani Area South East Nigeria.
Effect of Spacing and Poultry Manure Rates on Growth, Yield and Quality of Ca...IJEABJ
Field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agriculture, Ndele Campus, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, to study the effects of poultry manure rates and crop spacing on growth, yield and quality of Cayenne pepper. The 3 x 3 factorial experiment with three replicates was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The main plots were three poultry manure rates (0, 10, 20tons/ha-1) and sub plots, three spacing (50cm x 50cm, 100cm x 50cm and 100cm x 100cm). Data collected were plant height, number of leaf per plant, leaf area; number of fruits per plot, fruit weight per plot, fruit yield per hectare, fruit lycopene and vitamin C contents. Results showed plant height increased with reducing planting distance and increasing Poultry manure rate; 50cm by 50cm fertilized at 20tons/ha produced the tallest plants with most number of leaves but least leaf area LA. Number of fruits, fruit weight and yield per plot, per hectare increased with increasing planting density and increasing Poultry manure rates lycopene and vitamin c contents increased with Poultry manure levels within the different spacing. Spacing of 50cm by 50cm fertilized with poultry manure at 20 tons per hectare is recommended.
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the productivity of okra plant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. From the result of the experiment, it was shown that there was significant difference in days to 50% flowering by application 0-ton ha-1 of both NPK and poultry manure. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatments to fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield in kgha-1 and weight of fruit in kgha-1 at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield ha-1, and weight of fruit in kgha-1. Some of the parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants, longer fruits and fewer days to 50 % flowering. Both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were found to be sufficient to increase the yield of okra plant.
.
Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of h...Premier Publishers
The high cost of inorganic fertilizer and continuous decline in soil fertility results to low crop yield hence, the need to supplement mineral fertilizer with organic manure. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Gubi, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to investigate the effects of different levels of cattle manure, CM, (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK (0, 200 and 400kg/ha) on the growth, yield and yield components of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). These treatment combinations were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. CM levels had significant effect (P≤0.05) on number of leaves per plant and plant height. However, NPK levels also had significant effect on many characters in both 2013 and 2014 but lower mean values were recorded in 2013. In 2014, significant interactions were observed in mean number of leaves, plant height, husk weight and yield (t/ha). The highest seed yield (5.65t/ha) was obtained when 5t/ha CM was used, which was statistically similar (5.60t/ha) to 400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer used. The application of 5t/ha CM or 400kg/ha NPK is recommended for improved production of hybrid maize in the study area.
Indian agriculture is passing through difficult times due to erractic weather conditions, especially drought and excessive rainfall, there by resulting into wide spread distress among farmers.
The average income of an agricultural household during July 2012 to June 2013 was as low as Rs.6,426.
As many as 22.50% of the farmers live below poverty line, the country also witnessed a sharp increase in the number of farmers suicides due to losses from farming and low farm income.
Farming in India is becoming hard and unsuccessful due to several causes like unexpected rainfalls,droughts, increased cost of cultivation due to pests and diseases, decrease in productivity of land, unavailability of water etc..
Farmers get very low income for their produce due to prevailing market prices that are very unstable.
Decline in Agriculture productivity and Income has a serious effect on rural house holds, and other economic, social as well as sustainability indicators.
Effect of Algal Bio-fertilizer on the Vigna radiata: A Critical ReviewIJERA Editor
The continuous increasing demand of food crops and decrease in productivity due to continuous use of chemical
fertilizer has not only resulted in decline of crop yield, loss of fertility and degradation of soil but has also led us
one step back in achieving sustainable agriculture. The use of algal bio-fertilizer provides an effective, ecofriendly
and non-polluting approach in improving the productivity of crop by both nitrogen fixation and
photosynthesis. Algal bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and increase yield productivity even if applied in a
small area. The application of algal bio-fertilizers in plants has resulted in increase in root, shoot length with
number of leaves and hence overall growth of the plant has been increased. India being one of the largest
producer and consumer of pulses requires abundant amount of pulse production to fulfil the demands of ever
growing populations which can be achieved by using algal bio-fertilizers. This paper briefly underlines the usage
of algal bio-fertilizers as an important tool for sustainability and alternative usage against the chemical
fertilizers.
Impacts of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Inoculation Configurations on...AI Publications
The main objective of this study is determine the responses of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L). Verdc.] to application methods of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria inoculant and time of sowing after inoculation in Agbani area of Enugu, South East Nigeria. Field trials were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources management, Enugu State University of Science and Technology in 2015 and 2016 planting season. The experiment was a 2 × 3 factorial trial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of two different rhizobacteria inoculant application methods (seed applied method and soil applied method) and three different periods of sowing after inoculation (0 min, 15 mins and 30 mins) in all possible combinations (six treatment The obtained results revealed that Bambara groundnut cultivated on soils fertilized with ten grams of rhizobacteria inoculant per planting hole significantly (p < 0.05) had highest vegetative growth, number of nodules per plant and yield traits in both planting season. The main effect of time of sowing indicated that plants sown 30 minutes after inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) gave the tallest plants and leaf area index per plant in 2015 and 2016 planting season than the other time regime. The interaction effect of rhizobacteria inoculant application methods and time of sowing after inoculation were observed to be significant (p < 0.05) in 2015 and 2016 planting season. The results showed that the plants on soil with combined use of soil applied method of inoculation treatment and 30 minutes after inocualtion before planting significantly (p < 0.05) had the highest vegetative growth, number of nodules per plant and yield parameters than the other interaction effect. The combined use of soil applied method of inoculation treatment and 30 minutes after inocualtion before planting is recommended for the cultivation of Bambara groundnut in Agbani Area South East Nigeria.
Effect of Spacing and Poultry Manure Rates on Growth, Yield and Quality of Ca...IJEABJ
Field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agriculture, Ndele Campus, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, to study the effects of poultry manure rates and crop spacing on growth, yield and quality of Cayenne pepper. The 3 x 3 factorial experiment with three replicates was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The main plots were three poultry manure rates (0, 10, 20tons/ha-1) and sub plots, three spacing (50cm x 50cm, 100cm x 50cm and 100cm x 100cm). Data collected were plant height, number of leaf per plant, leaf area; number of fruits per plot, fruit weight per plot, fruit yield per hectare, fruit lycopene and vitamin C contents. Results showed plant height increased with reducing planting distance and increasing Poultry manure rate; 50cm by 50cm fertilized at 20tons/ha produced the tallest plants with most number of leaves but least leaf area LA. Number of fruits, fruit weight and yield per plot, per hectare increased with increasing planting density and increasing Poultry manure rates lycopene and vitamin c contents increased with Poultry manure levels within the different spacing. Spacing of 50cm by 50cm fertilized with poultry manure at 20 tons per hectare is recommended.
Application of np fertilizers for better production of teff
Similar to Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in Northern Sudan Savanna Region of Nigeria
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the productivity of okra plant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. From the result of the experiment, it was shown that there was significant difference in days to 50% flowering by application 0-ton ha-1 of both NPK and poultry manure. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatments to fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield in kgha-1 and weight of fruit in kgha-1 at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield ha-1, and weight of fruit in kgha-1. Some of the parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants, longer fruits and fewer days to 50 % flowering. Both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were found to be sufficient to increase the yield of okra plant.
.
Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of h...Premier Publishers
The high cost of inorganic fertilizer and continuous decline in soil fertility results to low crop yield hence, the need to supplement mineral fertilizer with organic manure. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Gubi, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to investigate the effects of different levels of cattle manure, CM, (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK (0, 200 and 400kg/ha) on the growth, yield and yield components of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). These treatment combinations were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. CM levels had significant effect (P≤0.05) on number of leaves per plant and plant height. However, NPK levels also had significant effect on many characters in both 2013 and 2014 but lower mean values were recorded in 2013. In 2014, significant interactions were observed in mean number of leaves, plant height, husk weight and yield (t/ha). The highest seed yield (5.65t/ha) was obtained when 5t/ha CM was used, which was statistically similar (5.60t/ha) to 400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer used. The application of 5t/ha CM or 400kg/ha NPK is recommended for improved production of hybrid maize in the study area.
Role of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on maize (Zea mays) growth and nu...Innspub Net
Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) have a potential to boost maize (Zea mays) growth and increase the P and Zn uptake through the symbiotic association they form with the plant, even in acidic soils conditions. Five AMF inoculums produced from the most abundant and ubiquitous morphotypes isolated from field soils in maize fields in South Kivu (DRC) were assessed. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the role of these AMF on nutrients uptake in a Nitisol and a Ferralsol. Eight treatments namely inoculums named AMF1 (Gigaspora gigantea), AMF2 (Gigaspora sp.), AMF3 (Gigaspora margarita), AMF4 (Rhizophagus intraradices) AMF5 (Acaulospora reducta), mineral phosphorus fertilizers (Pi), commercial biofertilizer Rhizatech and a Control were laid in a randomized complete block design. In the Ferralsol, Pi application, Rhizatech and AMF2 produced the highest height. Pi application resulted in the best shoot biomass. No difference was observed for the P content, but for the Zn content, AMF2 was the highest. Roots colonization did not vary among treatments. In the Nitisol, AMF4 produced the highest plant height and AMF1 the highiest chlorophyll content. AMF4 and Rhizatech colonized highly the roots. AMF3 gave the highest P however, Zinc content was equal in all treatments and the controls yielded the lowest results. Spores densities in both inoculums produced and experimental soils were low compared to the commercial inoculum but growth and roots colonisation was influenced by fertilization and soils types. The performance of efficient AMF inoculums of Gipaspora gigantea, Gigaspora sp., Rhizophagus intraradices and Acaulospora reducta applied with high densities spores and multispecies inoculums should be assessed.
Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on other hand NPB are 100%, 90% and 55% deficient in Pakistani soils as well as K deficiency appears rapidly. Therefore appropriate nutrient management is essentially required to obtain economic wheat yield. A field experiment was carried out at Student’s Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, during 2014-15. The trial was arranged on randomized complete block design, replicated thrice and treatments included: Control (untreated), NPK= 90:60:60 kg ha-1, NPK = 90-30-30 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 90:30:30 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering).The statistical analysis of data proved that various combinations of NPK and boron application displayed significant (P<0.05) effects on nearly all the growth and yield components of wheat. Thus, maximum plant height 86.7, more tillers 418.0 m2, increased spike length 11.6 cm, grains spike-1 51.0 and 49.0, grain weight plant-1 7.9 g, seed index (1000 grain weight) 41.7 g, biological yield 9131.7 kg ha-1, grain yield 3880.0 kg ha-1 and harvest index 42.5 were noted at NPK-120-60-60 kg ha-1 + B 2% at tillering phase, Whereas, all growth and yield parameters were measured poor under control (un-treated) plots. Hence, it was decided from the results that use of NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 and 2% foliar application of boron at tillering stage proved better as compared to other treatments.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Existing practices for soil fertility management through cereals-legume inter...Premier Publishers
Low crop production has been attributed to inherently low availability of plant nutrients, nutrient imbalances and inadequate soil moisture for plant growth. Past and current soil management practices have enhanced the degradation of the soils. These have been caused by increased withdrawal of plant nutrients from the soil and consequently to reduced plant growth. To meet future food requirements, it is inevitable that the use of inorganic fertilizers will continue to increase. However, such fertilizers are expensive to farmers and they are potential environmental pollutants. The intensification and diversification of the cropping systems and traditional practices in Africa have compounded the decline in soil fertility. To raise and sustain soil fertility and productivity in Africa, appropriate traditional soil fertility management practices have to be developed and adopted by farmers. Cereal-legumes cropping systems accompanying management technologies indicated the advantage of these technologies and their function of socio-economic and bio-physical conditions. This review explored the mechanisms and processes associated with soil fertility management, effect of intensive agriculture on soil degradation, role of traditional and scientific knowledge, benefits, challenges and additional cereal-legumes cropping systems. These contributed to understanding the effects soil fertility management decisions and human-use impacts on long-term ecological composition and function.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
Evaluating Plantmate organic manure and prime EC foliar on plant performance ...Innspub Net
Trials for the effectiveness of Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food for increased yields for selected crops were done in five different Agro-ecological zones and soil types, in Kenya. The approach was executed through controlled greenhouse experiment and in the field. The trials data obtained indicated Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food in combination with half the rate of recommended inorganic fertilizer performed significantly (p<0.05) better than all other treatments. Thus, plots treated with Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food gave higher yields in common beans, French beans, maize, onions, cabbages, capsicum with percentages exceeding 100 compared to the control in most cases. In many soils fertilizers are fixed and rendered insoluble under certain soil conditions such as soil pH. The Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food ameliorated the soil conditions as it interacted with inorganic fertilizer thus increasing its use efficiency by crops. Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food not only increased soil chemical fertility but also improves water use efficiency at low matric potential and generally improves plant vigor and soil health.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Effect of Algal Bio-fertilizer on the Vigna radiata: A Critical ReviewIJERA Editor
The continuous increasing demand of food crops and decrease in productivity due to continuous use of chemical
fertilizer has not only resulted in decline of crop yield, loss of fertility and degradation of soil but has also led us
one step back in achieving sustainable agriculture. The use of algal bio-fertilizer provides an effective, ecofriendly
and non-polluting approach in improving the productivity of crop by both nitrogen fixation and
photosynthesis. Algal bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and increase yield productivity even if applied in a
small area. The application of algal bio-fertilizers in plants has resulted in increase in root, shoot length with
number of leaves and hence overall growth of the plant has been increased. India being one of the largest
producer and consumer of pulses requires abundant amount of pulse production to fulfil the demands of ever
growing populations which can be achieved by using algal bio-fertilizers. This paper briefly underlines the usage
of algal bio-fertilizers as an important tool for sustainability and alternative usage against the chemical
fertilizers
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Wa...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop, Soil & Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The experimental layout was a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial combination with 3 replications given a total of 90 treatments. Seeds of five cowpea varieties namely: IT98K-205-8, Ife Brown, Oloyin Brown, IT98K-573-2-1 and IT96D-610 were sown in Plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity and were perforated at the bottom to allow for drainage and filled with top soil. Watering regimes of (500ml, 700ml and 900ml) were imposed and water was applied twice a week while cowpea plants were inoculated with 5g each of Rhizobia strain (Mesorhizobia loti) at seedling stage. Control set was maintained without inoculation. The effect of watering regimes on legume species was significant on nodulation, growth and yield characters of cowpea varieties evaluated. The results revealed marked varietal differences in plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components. IT98K-573-2-1 and Oloyin Brown generally expressed superior performance in most measured parameters. Mesorhizobia inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) increased plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components of cowpea. The interaction effect of variety, Mesorhizobia loti and watering regimes caused significant variations in the number of nodules, leaf area, number of seeds/pod and seed yield. The nitrogen and crude protein content in the leaf differed among the cowpea varieties evaluated. Application of mesorhizobium strain significantly increased seed yield of cowpea and caused substantial increase in nodulation and this subsequently affected the Nitrogen fixation potential of cowpea under varying soil moisture regimes.
Lec. 14 and 15) Integrated Nutrient Management system
SSAC-353 Manures, Fertilizers and soil fertility management.
Topic : Concept, Importance and Components.
Similar to Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in Northern Sudan Savanna Region of Nigeria (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
The Comparison of Ticket Performance of Existing and Proposed TPRCA SystemAI Publications
The study has been tentatively checked and contrasted and the current methodology, so as to be executed effectively and tried in the research works to close, its infrastructure management and services offered by it have gotten progressively intricate. Study of the comparison of ticket performance of existing and proposed TPRCA system the domain driven data mining can be reached out in wide decent variety of stages, working frameworks, and different its applications. The deliverable example mining for DDDM idea is additionally appropriate any place the it related services framework; for example, start to finish business measures across web workers, application workers, ERP applications, heritage applications
At Taste Of Middle East, we believe that food is not just about satisfying hunger, it's about experiencing different cultures and traditions. Our restaurant concept is based on selecting famous dishes from Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and other Arabic countries to give our customers an authentic taste of the Middle East
Key Features of The Italian Restaurants.pdfmenafilo317
Filomena, a renowned Italian restaurant, is renowned for its authentic cuisine, warm environment, and exceptional service. Recognized for its homemade pasta, traditional dishes, and extensive wine selection, we provide a true taste of Italy. Its commitment to quality ingredients and classic recipes has made it a adored dining destination for Italian food enthusiasts.
Piccola Cucina is regarded as the best restaurant in Brooklyn and as the best Italian restaurant in NYC. We offer authentic Italian cuisine with a Sicilian touch that elevates the entire fine dining experience. We’re the first result when someone searches for where to eat in Brooklyn or the best restaurant near me.
Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...Ang Chong Yi
In the heart of Singapore, where tradition meets modernity, He embarks on a culinary adventure that transcends borders. His mission? Ang Chong Yi Exploring the Cultural Heritage and Identity in Singaporean Cuisine. To explore the rich tapestry of flavours that define Singaporean cuisine while embracing innovative plant-based approaches. Join us as we follow his footsteps through bustling markets, hidden hawker stalls, and vibrant street corners.
Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
2. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF)
Vol-4, Issue-6, Nov-Dec, 2020
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.4.6.1
ISSN: 2456-8635
www.aipublications.com Page | 197
Open Access
to use this rate for the production of okra in the agro-
ecological area.
Ibrahim et al. (2002) reported that NPK fertilizer increases
soil fertility and yield of okra. However, NPK fertilizer is
very expensive and therefore increases cost of production. It
is also not environmentally friendly. Alternative sources of
fertilizer are therefore sought to increase yield of okra.
Olaniye et al. (2005) reported that manure applied in correct
proportion not just improves soil porosity but it also
contributes to good plants growth, development and yield.
According to Emeberi et al. (1992), Poultry manure contains
high amount of nutrients especially nitrogen that are easily
taken up by plants for fast growth however, Oshunsanya
(2011) reported that manure application should be limited to
amount needed to make a difference between crop needs and
the existing soil fertility levels, any manure application more
or less will result into defect in production, However, there is
lack of information on the recommended level of poultry
manure required for economical production of Okra in the
study area. It is based on this and lack of information on use
of appropriate level of poultry manure on okra production to
farmers in the area that this experiment was carried out to
study the effect of different levels of poultry manure on the
performance of Okra in Ikorodu Agro-ecological zone of
Lagos, Nigeria.
Use of inorganic fertilizers can improve crop yields and soil
pH, total nutrient content, and nutrient availability, but its
use is limited due to scarcity, high cost, nutrient imbalance
and soil acidity. Use of organic manures as a means of
maintaining and increasing soil fertility has been advocated
(Smil, 2000). Animal manures, when efficiently and
effectively used, ensure sustainable crop productivity by
immobilizing nutrients that are susceptible to leaching.
Nutrients contained in manures are released more slowly and
are stored for a longer time in the soil ensuring longer
residual effects, improved root development and higher crop
yields. Manures are usually applied at higher rates, relative
to inorganic fertilizers. When applied at high rates, they give
residual effects on the growth and yield of succeeding crops
(Makinde et al., 2001) Improvements of environmental
conditions as well as the need to reduce cost of fertilizing
crops are reasons for advocating use of organic materials
(Prabhu et al., 2003). Organic manures improve soil fertility
by activating soil microbial biomass (Ayuso et al., 1996).
Application of manures sustains cropping system through
better nutrient recycling (Emeberi et al., 1992). Manures
provide a source of all necessary macro- and micro-nutrients
in available forms, thereby improving the physical and
biological properties of the soil.
Mixing organic and inorganic fertilizers may be a sound soil
fertility management strategy in many countries. Apart from
enhancing crop yields, the practice has a greater beneficial
residual effect that can be derived from use of either organic
or inorganic fertilizers applied alone. Makinde et al. (2001)
reported that maize (Zea mays L.) yields obtained from
application of a combination of synthetic fertilizer and
manure improved yield over that from manure alone. Akande
et al. (2003) reported that combined use of ground rock
phosphate applied together with poultry manure significantly
improved growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus
esculentus) compared to application of each material
separately. Akanbi et al. (2005) reported that the combined
application of 4 Mt·ha
-1
of maize straw compost and N
mineral fertilizer at 30 kg·ha
-1
improved plant growth and
gave higher tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) yields
than other combinations. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Kunth is a
common tropical legume tree, usually planted as a wind
break and to trap atmospheric nitrogen to recycle into the
soil as well as to generate biomass for feeding livestock. It is
commonly used in alley farming systems in Africa. This
study was conducted to determine effects of poultry manure,
Gliricidia leaves and NPK 20-10-10 applied individually,
and in combination, on growth and yield of okra and on soil
nutrient dynamic
The combination of organic materials with reduced NPK
fertilizer rates produced plants that were similar to unmixed
NPK fertilizer. This indicated that the high dose of organic
manures can be reduced by half and mixed with a reduced
rate of NPK fertilizers as reported by Akande et al. (2003).
The nutrient use efficiency of crops is better with a mix of
manure and inorganic fertilizer. Nutrients seemed more
available to okra plants with the mixes than the organic
materials alone. The OBF-NPK mix supported okra growth
better than NPK alone. Fertilization gave significantly higher
fruit yields.
Application of a mix of organic materials and inorganic
fertilizers can be used to sustain okra in the tropics. A similar
trend of response had been earlier observed with other crops
such as: maize (Makinde et al., 2001); with sorghum-
Sorghum bicolor L (Prabhu et al., 2003) and with rice -
Oryza sativa L (Senjobi et al., 2010). It appears N from
Gliricidia leaves was more readily available to the plants
than N from poultry manure and OBF. Lowered K content as
a result of some treatments may be due to complexes formed
3. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF)
Vol-4, Issue-6, Nov-Dec, 2020
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.4.6.1
ISSN: 2456-8635
www.aipublications.com Page | 198
Open Access
with native soil K which causes the release of nitrogen in the
NPK fertilizer. Application of organic materials increased
soil Ph. This confirms findings of Akande et al. (2003) that
application of organic materials could ameliorate slightly
acidic tropical soil to improve crop production. Gliricidia
leaves will require combination with NPK to release nitrogen
to the soil. Application of organic materials increased soil
available P, showing the potentials of the organic materials
as source of P to the soil.
Application of organic based fertilizer, poultry manure,
Gliricidia leaves and inorganic fertilizer enhanced plant
growth and development when compared to untreated
controls. Organic manures can be used to provide nutrition to
okra and attain yields that generally are comparable to that
obtained with mixtures of organic and mineral fertilizer. A
comparable level of productivity can be achieved with a
lowered level of mineral fertilizer combined with manures.
The amount of manure required for optimum production can
reduce the inorganic fertilizer requirement for okra
Production constraints of okra in Nigeria have been
attributed to low input supply system, where green fruit
yields, in most instances, have been relatively low (Ibrahim
and Hamma, 2012). Even in cases where high yield cultivars
have been grown, the inherently low fertility status of the
soils, coupled with inadequate application of fertilizers,
remain the principal limiting factors to okra production,
especially in the savannah regions of Nigeria. As a result of
this constrains, yields of 2 to 3 tones ha-1 of green fruits
have been reported. The scarcity of inorganic manure
associated with high cost, has created a lot of problems in
arable crop production in Nigeria. In the past, farm yard
manure has been used to improve and supplement soil
nutrients (Adeleye et al., 2010), but the advent of inorganic
manure has reduced the use of organic manure by farmers as
a source of plant nutrients and soil improvement because of
its relative ease of application and quick results. A lot of
these organic manures lie as wastes in rural and urban
centers. They are occasionally dumped around farmstead and
sawmills. Periodically, they are burnt while others remain on
the ground surface, causing problem of environmental
pollution and health hazards. Many farmers in Nigeria rely
on these inorganic manure, hence, their productivity has not
been so much profitable especially when these inorganic
sources are neither readily available nor affordable
(Ogunwale, 2003).
Most soils in the tropics especially in Dutsin-Ma are low in
nutrients which are necessary for plant growth and
development. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement the
amount of nutrients present in the soil with inorganic or
organic fertilizers or both to meet up crop requirement and
increase yield of okra. Continuous application of mineral
fertilizer only in tropics without supplementing with organic
manure is associated with reduced crop yield, increased soil
acidity and nutrient imbalance in soil. Therefore, a
combination of organic materials and mineral fertilizers is
important for management of these soils for high yield and
quality harvest of okra (Akande et al., 2003). Donahue et al.
(1990) reported that NPK fertilizer increases soil fertility and
yield of okra. However, NPK fertilizer is very expensive and
therefore increases cost of production. It is also not
environmentally friendly. Alternative sources of fertilizer are
therefore sought to increase yield of okra. Therefore, this
research work was aimed to evaluate the influence of poultry
manure and NPK (15:15:15) fertilizer on the growth of okra
plant.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Site
The experiment was conducted at the Federal University
Teaching and Research Farm Badole, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina
State. Dutsin-Ma is located at longitude 070
27’41.7” E,
latitude 120
23’52.1” N and altitude of 499 m, in the Sudan
savanna ecological zone of Nigeria. The area lies within
savanna zone of Nigeria and experience rainfall basically
within the months of April and September. In the rare cases
the rainfall can extended to early or mid-October. This
experiment was started during rainy season in the month of
June and completed during rainy season in the month of
September.
Cropping History of the Site
The crops that are usually cultivated at the experimental sites
are; maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), millet as
cereals, cowpea, bambaranut (Cajanus cajan) groundnut,
okra, tomato, celosia, onion, pepper etc.
Source of Planting Material
The seed of okra used for this experiment was obtained from
premier seed company, Zaria road Funtua, Katsina State,
Nigeria, the variety used was Clemson spineless. It is an
early maturity variety that matures at a period between 45-55
days from sowing.
Treatment and Experimental Design
The experiment consisted of nine (6) treatments and control
in three replications. The treatments included 3 levels of
poultry manure (0, 4, and 8 tons/ha) and 3 levels of NPK
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fertilizer (0, 40, and 80 kg/ha) which were laid out in a
Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) and replicated
three times. The experimental plot consisted of four rows
75cm inter row spacing and 30cm intra row spacing, the
gross plot size is 4 m2
Cultural Practices
The seed of Clemson spineless green okra was directly sown
using dibbling method, two seeds were sown per hole at a
depth of 1-5cm-2.0cm. Thinning was done at two weeks
after sowing (WAS) to maintain plant population and density
in the experiment. One plant was left per stand. The tagging
of stand was done for easy collection of data, in which three
plant were tagged in each plot. Weeding was done using
hand picking and using of local hoe in controlled of weeds.
During the experiment, chemicals were used for the control
of pest in the site. The chemicals used are such Mixcrop and
Marshel with active ingredient of lambda-Cyhalothrin 2.5
applied at dosage of 0.7/ha at the time when the okra was
affected with pests at the economical level. Fertilizer
application was done on treatment basis. The harvesting was
done at interval (4-5 days) when the tender fruit of okra is
edible. The first harvest was done at 63 days after planting.
Data Collection
The growth parameters were measured periodically at 2, 4
and 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) while the yield and yield
parameters were measured at the harvest.
Fifty Percent Germination (50%)
The germination percentage was calculated at 4 days after
sowing, in which the number of plant germinated were
counted and the average was calculated for each and every
one of the plot.
Plant Height (cm)
Plant height was measured using a graduated meter rule,
measuring from the base to the growing tip of the plant.
Three randomly plants were selected in each net plot and
measured, their means height was recorded.
Number of Leaves per Plant
The number of leaves per plant was obtained by counting the
number of leaves from the three tagged plants, the average
number of leaves was calculated and recorded per plant.
Number of Branches per Plant
The number of branches per plant was obtained by counting
the number of branches from the three randomized tagged
plants for each net plot. The average number of branches was
recorded per plant.
Leaf Area per Plant (cm2
)
The leave area was measured using a graduated meter rule,
measuring from the base of the leaf tip point as leaf length
and the wider area of a leaf was measured as the leaf width.
Stem Girth
The stem girth was measured using digital venire caliper.
The three randomized tagged plant of the net plot were
measured for each and every plot and then average was
obtained and recorded.
Statistical Analysis
Data collected from the observation in the experimental site
were subjected to statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA)
and using of SAS package version 9.0 of the statistical
analysis (SAS institute 2002). The differences among
treatment means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test (Duncan, 1955). The effects were considered
statistically at 5% level of probability.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect and Interaction of Poultry Manure and NPK
Fertilizer on the Growth of Okra
Days to 50% Germination and Number of Plant per Plot
Table 1 showed the result of the days to 50% germination
and number of plant per plot at 2, 4 and 6WAS. Application
of poultry manure had significant effect on the days to 50%
germination. Application of poultry manure at 0-ton ha-1
attained 50% germination in significantly shorter days than
application of 8 tons’ ha-1
, but was at par with application of
4 tons’ ha-1
.
Application of poultry manure was also significant on
number of plant per plot at all the periods observed, except at
4WAS which was not significant. The application of poultry
manure at 8tons ha-1
produced significantly the highest
number of plant per plot but was however statistically
similar to application of 0 tons’ ha-1
and 4 tons’ ha-1
at 2 and
6WAS respectively.
However, application of NPK fertilizer was not significant
on the days to 50% germination of okra and number of plant
per plot at all the rates applied. The interaction of poultry
manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer was also not significant
on the days to 50% germination and on number of plant per
plot at 2, 4 and 6WAS.
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Table 1: Influence of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer on days to 50% germination and number of plant per plot of okra at 2, 4
and 6WAS
TREATMENT 50%germination Numbers of plant per plot
2WAS 4WAS 6WAS
PM tons ha-1
0 tons ha-1
5.22a
21.89ab
20. 56 20.56b
4 tons ha-1
4.67ab
20.89b
20. 89 21.22ab
8 tons ha-1
4.33b
22.44a
21.78 21.78a
SE± 0.22 0.39 0.43 0.35
NPK 15:15:15kg ha-
1
0 kg ha-1
4.33 21.67 20.78 21.22
40 kg ha-1
5.00 21.78 21.22 21.33
80 kg ha-1
4.89 21.78 21.22 21.00
SE± 0.22 0.39 0.43 0.35
INTERACTION
PM*NPK NS NS NS NS
NS: Not significant, S: Significant, WAS: Weeks after Sowing, SE±: Standard Error. The means followed by the unlike letter(s)
within the same column and treatment are significant at 5% level of probability using Duncan’s multiple rate test (DMRT)
Plant Height and Number of Leaves
Table 2 presents the effect of poultry manure and rates of
NPK fertilizer on plant height and number of leaves per plant
of okra. Application of poultry manure had significant effect
on plant height and number of leaves per plant at all the
sampling period except at 2WAS where number of leaves
per plant was not significant at the rates of application.
Application of 8tons ha-1
of poultry manure produced the
tallest plants and more number of leaves but was statistically
similar to application of 4tons ha-1
at 4 and 6WAS.
Application of NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer was not significant at
2WAS and at 2 and 4WAS on plant height and number of
leaves per plant respectively. However, application of 40 kg
ha-1
produced significantly taller plants than the control but
was also significantly equal to the application of 80 kg ha-1
plant height at 4 and 6WAS and number of leaves per plant
at 6WAS. The shortest plant height and lowest number of
leaves were obtained at the control treatment for all the
sampling periods on both application of poultry manure and
NPK fertilizer.
The interaction between poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15
fertilizer was not significant on plant height and number of
leaves per plant of okra.
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Table 2: Influence of poultry manure and NPK (15:15:15) fertilizer on plant height and number of leaves of okra plant at 2, 4,
and 6 WAS
TREATMENT Plant Height Number of Leaves
2WAS 4WAS 6WAS 2WAS 4WAS 6WAS
PM tons ha-1
0 tons ha-1
7.24c
9.79b
34.21b
5.22 7.44b
9.0b
4 tons ha-1
8.14b
21.78a
42.12a
5.44 8.00a
9. 89ab
8 tons ha-1
9.79a
23.06a
45.06a
5.67 7.89a
10.11a
SE± 0.22 0.49 1.14 0.17 0.13 0.34
NPK (15:15:15kg ha-1
)
0 kg ha-1
8.18 18.66b
35.11b
5.56 7.78 8.89b
40 kg ha-1
8.37 21.08a
41.58a
5.44 7.89 9.67ab
80 kg ha-1
8.63 22.42a
44.70a
5.33 7.67 10.44a
SE± 0.22 0.49 1.14 0.17 0.13 0.34
INTERACTION
PM*NPK NS NS NS NS NS NS
NS: Not significant, S: Significant, WAS: Weeks after Sowing, SE±: Standard Error. The means followed by the same letter (s)
within the same column and treatment are significant the at 5% level of probability using Duncan’s multiple rate test (DMRT)
Leaf Area and Stem Diameter (Stem Girth)
Application of poultry manure had significant effect on leaf
area and stem girth of okra (Table 3). Application of 8 tons’
ha-1
and 80 kg ha-1
produced significantly wider leaf area and
stem girth of okra plant than other rates of application, but
was however at par with application of 4tons ha-1
of leaf area
at 4WAS. Application of NPK fertilizer also showed
significant difference in all the treatments except at 2WAS in
both leaf area and stem girth were they were insignificant
(Table 3). Application of 40kg ha-1
produced significantly
the largest leaf area and stem girth of okra, but was however
statistically similar to the application of 80kg ha-1
. The
control treatments produced the least leaf area and stem girth
in the application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer.
There was no significant difference in the interaction
between poultry manure and NPK fertilizer on okra in this
experiment. The interaction of the application of 4ton ha-1
of
poultry manure and that of 80kg ha-1
NPK fertilizer produced
the thickest stem diameter (Table 4).
Table 3: Influence of poultry manure and NPK (15:15:15) fertilizer on leaf area and stem diameter of okra plant at 2, 4, and
6WAS
TREATMENT Leaf Area Stem Diameter
2WAS 4WAS 6WAS 2WAS 4WAS 6WAS
PM tons ha-1
0 tons ha-1
34.45c 143.74b
230.15c
4.07c
6.72c
20.65c
4 tons ha-1
38.38b
209.44a
308.53b
4.48b
8.49b
21.62b
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8 tons ha-1
44.42a
230.85a
407.88a
4.88a
9.56a
22.58a
SE± 0.64 9.55 14.09 0.09 0.30 0.19
NPK (15:15:15kg
ha-1
)
0 kg ha-1
39.87 133.20b
247.25b
4.43 7.36b
20.59b
40 kg ha-1
37.98 213.79a
335.11a
4.54 8.28a
21.94a
80 kg ha-1
39.39 237.04a
364.21a
4.46 9.13a
22.32a
SE± 0.64 9.55 14.09 0.09 0.30 0.19
INTERACTION
PM*NPK NS NS NS NS NS NS
NS: Not significant, S: Significant, WAS: Weeks after Sowing, SE±: Standard Error. The means followed by the same letter (s)
within the same column and treatment are significant the at 5% level of probability using Duncan’s multiple rate test (DMRT)
Table 4: Interaction between poultry manure and NPK fertilizer on Stem Diameter
NPK (kg-ha
)
TREATMENTS 0 40 80
PM (tons ha-1
)
0ton 20.95e
21.51e
22.84e
4tons 22.95e
28.01d
34.36a
8tons 27.60d
32.64b
31.39c
SE± 0.34
IV. DISCUSSION
Effect of Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra Plant
The significant increase in plant height and number of leaves
per plant as a result of the application of poultry manure may
be attributed to the beneficial role of manure in enhancing
soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other essential
nutrients which in turn improved growth and development of
the plants during the trials. The positive effect of poultry
manure on these growth attributes could also be due to the
contribution made by the manure to fertility status of the
soils, as the soils were low in organic carbon content. The
manure when decomposed increased both macro and micro-
nutrients as well as enhances physico-chemical properties of
the soil. This could have led to its high vegetative growth.
(Akanbi et al., 2005), poultry manure has been reported to
contain a relative high nitrogen content that supported more
of vegetative growth in crops. Dademel et al. (2004) reported
that the nitrogen content in both organic fertilizers has been
known to enhance leaf production, seed formation and root
formation, this will lead to higher metabolic activities and
consequently higher fresh fruit yield in okra. Okra growing
on poultry manure performed better in terms of plant height,
number of leaves, leaf area and stem diameter. This shows
that poultry manure was readily available and in the suitable
balance for easy absorption by the plant roots, thus, enhance
the morphological growth of the plant. And also this is
supported with the findings of Ibrahim et al. (2002) in okra
production in which they reported that, organic manure
especially poultry manure could increase plant height and
branches of crops. Increase in the poultry manure rate has a
significant effect on the vegetative growth of the plant.
Effect of NPK Fertilizer on the Growth of Okra Plant
Okra plants responded with significant increase with
increase in NPK application, this could be because most
vegetable crops require NPK fertilizer of about 40-60 N, 20-
40 P and 20-40 K (kg ha-1
) for optimum growth and yield
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development, however, where these nutrients are insufficient
or inadequate, application of the deficient elements through
fertilization are well encouraged and recommended under
different agromatic conditions which can be manipulated to
maximized production from a unit land area. Therefore, the
increase in growth with increase in NPK fertilizer. Babatola
and Olaniyi (1999) also support the fact that increase in NPK
leads to increase in vegetative growth of onion.
The significant response of growth components such as
number of leaves per plant, and leaf area of the trials could
be attributed to the role of applied NPK to the plants during
the trials, which were essential in plant growth and
development. This is supported by the findings of Musa et al.
(2017) and Smith et al. (2001) who reported that the use of
NPK under good environmental conditions significantly
influenced the growth of okra and cowpea. The crop requires
adequate supply of nutrients particularly nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium for optimum growth and yield.
Another study had shown that the application of N and or
NPK led to significant increase in the growth of okra
(Katung et al.1996). Growth characters such as plant height,
shoot fresh weight, number of leaves per plant, number of
primary branches per plants are maximized either at 60 or 90
kg N ha-1 at early stage of growth.
V. CONCLUSION
The application of 80 kg ha-1
NPK fertilizer significantly
influenced the growth of okra plant. Poultry manure
fertilization at the rates of 4 and 8 t ha-1
exerted significant
influences on the growth of okra. However, application of 8 t
ha-1
of poultry manure seems to be more appropriate for the
production of okra in Sudan savanna ecological zone of
Nigeria. Poultry manure must have made available its
embedded nutrients through mineralization, created
conducive environment for soil microbial activity and
exerted great influence on soil physical, chemical and
biological properties for enhanced okra growth. More so,
application of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer at
50% NPK + 50 % poultry manure proved to be the most
influential in producing good growth performance in okra.
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