Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study was carried out to evaluate the improvement of soil fertility and crop yield using formulated organic fertilizers in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) from October 2008 to April 2015 and the test crop was tomato, eggplant, cabbage and cauliflower. The physicochemical properties, behavior and persistence of plant beneficial microorganisms including nitrogen fixing bacteria, (e.g. Rhizobium sp., Azotobacter sp.), phosphate solubilizing bacteria e.g. (Bacillus sp. Pseudomonas sp., Phosphobacteria), Aspergillus sp. and Trichoderma sp., in the amended/ non-amended block were evaluated each year. The soil beneficial microbial populations and health properties including pH, nitrogen content, organic matter, phosphorus, K, Ca, and S, increased significantly in the compost-amended soils compared to the conventional practices. The total nitrogen (N) content and the organic matter of compost amended soil were 215% and 200% higher respectively than that of conventional practices (CP). Furthermore, significant increase of available organic matter, N, P, & K was observed in the compost-amended soils compared to conventional and control block. Furthermore, microbial population showed significant linear correlations with the organic matter contents of the soils and yearly vegetables yield increased gradually and was reached to almost identical to conventional field within 5 years, implying that the soil amended with BIOFER compost increased the soil fertility, and vegetables yields. Thus, application of BAOFER compost at the rate of 15 t/ha/year was found adequate in improving the vegetable yields and soil health in open field cultivation under subtropical climatic conditions.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study was carried out to evaluate the improvement of soil fertility and crop yield using formulated organic fertilizers in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) from October 2008 to April 2015 and the test crop was tomato, eggplant, cabbage and cauliflower. The physicochemical properties, behavior and persistence of plant beneficial microorganisms including nitrogen fixing bacteria, (e.g. Rhizobium sp., Azotobacter sp.), phosphate solubilizing bacteria e.g. (Bacillus sp. Pseudomonas sp., Phosphobacteria), Aspergillus sp. and Trichoderma sp., in the amended/ non-amended block were evaluated each year. The soil beneficial microbial populations and health properties including pH, nitrogen content, organic matter, phosphorus, K, Ca, and S, increased significantly in the compost-amended soils compared to the conventional practices. The total nitrogen (N) content and the organic matter of compost amended soil were 215% and 200% higher respectively than that of conventional practices (CP). Furthermore, significant increase of available organic matter, N, P, & K was observed in the compost-amended soils compared to conventional and control block. Furthermore, microbial population showed significant linear correlations with the organic matter contents of the soils and yearly vegetables yield increased gradually and was reached to almost identical to conventional field within 5 years, implying that the soil amended with BIOFER compost increased the soil fertility, and vegetables yields. Thus, application of BAOFER compost at the rate of 15 t/ha/year was found adequate in improving the vegetable yields and soil health in open field cultivation under subtropical climatic conditions.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
Indian agriculture is passing through difficult times due to erractic weather conditions, especially drought and excessive rainfall, there by resulting into wide spread distress among farmers.
The average income of an agricultural household during July 2012 to June 2013 was as low as Rs.6,426.
As many as 22.50% of the farmers live below poverty line, the country also witnessed a sharp increase in the number of farmers suicides due to losses from farming and low farm income.
Farming in India is becoming hard and unsuccessful due to several causes like unexpected rainfalls,droughts, increased cost of cultivation due to pests and diseases, decrease in productivity of land, unavailability of water etc..
Farmers get very low income for their produce due to prevailing market prices that are very unstable.
Decline in Agriculture productivity and Income has a serious effect on rural house holds, and other economic, social as well as sustainability indicators.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
A field experiment on ‘Effect of nutrient management on grain yield of aerobic rice under irrigated condition during Pre-kharif season’ was conducted at Rice Research Station, Bankura, West Bengal, India during 2011 and 2012, respectively in upland situation of red and laterite areas of West Bengal. The experimental result revealed that grain yield of rice in aerobic situation was not significantly influenced by the irrigation schedules during pre-kharif season. Among the levels of nutrient management practices, highest grain yield (4.42 t ha-1) of aerobic rice [variety: Puspa (IET 17509)] was obtained from the treatment N2 [N1 (N, P2O5, K2O @ 80, 40, 40 kg ha-1) + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1]. It is the most promising approaches for saving water and labour. This is eco-friendly and environmentally safety. Rice production in aerobically is an important tool to mitigating the global warming i.e. climate change scenario.
Soil Nutrient Availability and Enzyme Activities under Wheat-Green gram Crop ...Pravash Chandra Moharana
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rock phosphate (RP) enriched rice straw compost, FYM
and inorganic fertilizers on changes in nutrient availability and enzyme activities in soil during different
physiological growth stages under a wheat-green gram crop rotation in an Inceptisol. The matured RP
enriched compost contained higher bioavailable P as well as total P content compared to farmyard manure.
Data revealed that application of inorganic fertilizers and RP enriched compost or FYM either alone or in
combination resulted in significant build-up in soil organic carbon, mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-K as
well as enzyme activities compared to unfertilized control plots during different physiological growth stages
of wheat and green gram. Plot receiving 50% NPK+RP enriched compost resulted in 100.8, 95.2 and 100.0
per cent greater build-up in Olsen-P over unfertilized control in crown root initiation (CRI), flowering and
maturity stage of wheat, respectively. Irrespective of treatments, build-up of mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-
K decreased in all the growth stages of green gram as compared to values obtained in wheat. The
dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities (alkaline and acid) were higher in flowering stage than maturity
and CRI stages of wheat. While, higher enzyme activities were obtained during pod formation in green
gram. The results demonstrated that enriched compost could be prepared using low-grade RP with rice straw
and used as an alternate nutrient source for improving crop yields, maintaining soil nutrient availability and
enzyme activities.
A field experiments were conducted for two year (2011and 2012) at Areka Agricultural Research Center, in the South Region of Ethiopia to evaluate the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to N and P fertilizers. Four levels of N (18, 27, 36 and 45 kg N/ ha) and three levels of P (46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5 /ha) with control were arranged in RCBD with three replications. Application of nitrogen increased significantly grain yield of common bean up to 116% than the control. And phosphorus application at a rate of 69 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain yield by 113% than control. The highest grain yield was obtained by the application of 45 kg N /ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha, though 45 kg N /ha rate had not cause statistically significant different grain yield than the preceding lower rates (36 and 27 kg N/ha). The economic analysis also supported that the highest net benefit of 23,110 Ethiopian Birr ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 1270% was obtained by the application of 27 kg N/ha. Net benefit of 21,070 ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 80% were obtained by the application of 69 kgP2O5/ha. As a result, a combined application of 27 kg N/ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha are optimum and economical for better common bean production at Areka and similar areas.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
A paper by the reputed FAO on Nutrient management and application guidelines, specifically concentrating on Micronutrient application for various crops, including Cereals, Rice and a lot more.
Nualgi contains all 10 mincronutrients and can be applied to ALL crops, available as a Foliar Spray.
Check ot www.nualgi.org for more information.
SERVICE Magazine 19.2: Retail
Thema: Retail
More Information:
www.service-studievereniging.nl
Or:
chiefeditor@service-studievereniging.nl
Inhoud:
Huisvesting voor kinderopvang in een veranderde context - door ir. B.J.J. Teuben
Nieuwe Brusselse richtlijnen: Solvency II en de impact op vastgoedmarkten - door drs. C.L. Worms RBA
COLUMN: Lokale detaillisten verdienen een kans - door ing. M.A. Snijders RT
THEMA: Retail - door Philip van Susante
Meten is weten in de Rotterdamse binnenstad - door ir. A. Knoester
Veranderend consumentengedrag; Kansen voor innovatieve nieuwe ideeën - door ir. ing. E.G.C. Zwetheul
INTERVIEW: Waar staat het winkelvastgoed nu? Interview met ir. E.W.J. Steinmaier - door Tim Op Heij
Heerlen, volop in ontwikkeling - door Gemeente Heerlen
Van stenen en vierkante meters naar mensen en hun verhalen - door ir. L.R.J. Verbunt
Belegging in winkelvastgoed: geen veilige haven meer? - door drs. R.M. Weisz RA
Vastgoed in het buitenland: Rio 2016 en het Brazilië van morgen - door Michel van Dinther
"Uit de kinderschoenen?" Een verkennend onderzoek naar de professionaliteit van de huisvesting in kinderopvang - door ing. H.J. Schoone & J.A. van Tatenhove
Nieuwe verdienmodellen in gebiedsontwikkeling: lonkend perspectief of bitter noodzaak...? - door ir. T. van Leengoed & ir. L. van Hilten
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
Indian agriculture is passing through difficult times due to erractic weather conditions, especially drought and excessive rainfall, there by resulting into wide spread distress among farmers.
The average income of an agricultural household during July 2012 to June 2013 was as low as Rs.6,426.
As many as 22.50% of the farmers live below poverty line, the country also witnessed a sharp increase in the number of farmers suicides due to losses from farming and low farm income.
Farming in India is becoming hard and unsuccessful due to several causes like unexpected rainfalls,droughts, increased cost of cultivation due to pests and diseases, decrease in productivity of land, unavailability of water etc..
Farmers get very low income for their produce due to prevailing market prices that are very unstable.
Decline in Agriculture productivity and Income has a serious effect on rural house holds, and other economic, social as well as sustainability indicators.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
A field experiment on ‘Effect of nutrient management on grain yield of aerobic rice under irrigated condition during Pre-kharif season’ was conducted at Rice Research Station, Bankura, West Bengal, India during 2011 and 2012, respectively in upland situation of red and laterite areas of West Bengal. The experimental result revealed that grain yield of rice in aerobic situation was not significantly influenced by the irrigation schedules during pre-kharif season. Among the levels of nutrient management practices, highest grain yield (4.42 t ha-1) of aerobic rice [variety: Puspa (IET 17509)] was obtained from the treatment N2 [N1 (N, P2O5, K2O @ 80, 40, 40 kg ha-1) + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1]. It is the most promising approaches for saving water and labour. This is eco-friendly and environmentally safety. Rice production in aerobically is an important tool to mitigating the global warming i.e. climate change scenario.
Soil Nutrient Availability and Enzyme Activities under Wheat-Green gram Crop ...Pravash Chandra Moharana
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rock phosphate (RP) enriched rice straw compost, FYM
and inorganic fertilizers on changes in nutrient availability and enzyme activities in soil during different
physiological growth stages under a wheat-green gram crop rotation in an Inceptisol. The matured RP
enriched compost contained higher bioavailable P as well as total P content compared to farmyard manure.
Data revealed that application of inorganic fertilizers and RP enriched compost or FYM either alone or in
combination resulted in significant build-up in soil organic carbon, mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-K as
well as enzyme activities compared to unfertilized control plots during different physiological growth stages
of wheat and green gram. Plot receiving 50% NPK+RP enriched compost resulted in 100.8, 95.2 and 100.0
per cent greater build-up in Olsen-P over unfertilized control in crown root initiation (CRI), flowering and
maturity stage of wheat, respectively. Irrespective of treatments, build-up of mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-
K decreased in all the growth stages of green gram as compared to values obtained in wheat. The
dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities (alkaline and acid) were higher in flowering stage than maturity
and CRI stages of wheat. While, higher enzyme activities were obtained during pod formation in green
gram. The results demonstrated that enriched compost could be prepared using low-grade RP with rice straw
and used as an alternate nutrient source for improving crop yields, maintaining soil nutrient availability and
enzyme activities.
A field experiments were conducted for two year (2011and 2012) at Areka Agricultural Research Center, in the South Region of Ethiopia to evaluate the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to N and P fertilizers. Four levels of N (18, 27, 36 and 45 kg N/ ha) and three levels of P (46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5 /ha) with control were arranged in RCBD with three replications. Application of nitrogen increased significantly grain yield of common bean up to 116% than the control. And phosphorus application at a rate of 69 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain yield by 113% than control. The highest grain yield was obtained by the application of 45 kg N /ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha, though 45 kg N /ha rate had not cause statistically significant different grain yield than the preceding lower rates (36 and 27 kg N/ha). The economic analysis also supported that the highest net benefit of 23,110 Ethiopian Birr ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 1270% was obtained by the application of 27 kg N/ha. Net benefit of 21,070 ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 80% were obtained by the application of 69 kgP2O5/ha. As a result, a combined application of 27 kg N/ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha are optimum and economical for better common bean production at Areka and similar areas.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
A paper by the reputed FAO on Nutrient management and application guidelines, specifically concentrating on Micronutrient application for various crops, including Cereals, Rice and a lot more.
Nualgi contains all 10 mincronutrients and can be applied to ALL crops, available as a Foliar Spray.
Check ot www.nualgi.org for more information.
SERVICE Magazine 19.2: Retail
Thema: Retail
More Information:
www.service-studievereniging.nl
Or:
chiefeditor@service-studievereniging.nl
Inhoud:
Huisvesting voor kinderopvang in een veranderde context - door ir. B.J.J. Teuben
Nieuwe Brusselse richtlijnen: Solvency II en de impact op vastgoedmarkten - door drs. C.L. Worms RBA
COLUMN: Lokale detaillisten verdienen een kans - door ing. M.A. Snijders RT
THEMA: Retail - door Philip van Susante
Meten is weten in de Rotterdamse binnenstad - door ir. A. Knoester
Veranderend consumentengedrag; Kansen voor innovatieve nieuwe ideeën - door ir. ing. E.G.C. Zwetheul
INTERVIEW: Waar staat het winkelvastgoed nu? Interview met ir. E.W.J. Steinmaier - door Tim Op Heij
Heerlen, volop in ontwikkeling - door Gemeente Heerlen
Van stenen en vierkante meters naar mensen en hun verhalen - door ir. L.R.J. Verbunt
Belegging in winkelvastgoed: geen veilige haven meer? - door drs. R.M. Weisz RA
Vastgoed in het buitenland: Rio 2016 en het Brazilië van morgen - door Michel van Dinther
"Uit de kinderschoenen?" Een verkennend onderzoek naar de professionaliteit van de huisvesting in kinderopvang - door ing. H.J. Schoone & J.A. van Tatenhove
Nieuwe verdienmodellen in gebiedsontwikkeling: lonkend perspectief of bitter noodzaak...? - door ir. T. van Leengoed & ir. L. van Hilten
Utilization of Marginal Soils with Application of Phosphorus and Ethephon for...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Abundance of marginal soils is among the major constraint to achieve high yield for crop production due to unsuitable physical and chemical properties of the soils. Commonly, farmers would manage the marginal soil by adding soil amendment, compost and fertilizer which increase the cost of production. Alternatively, application of fertilizer together with plant growth regulator (PGR) during crop management can be practiced to utilize the marginal soil effectively. The aim of this experiment was to determine effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and PGR namely ethephon on growth performance of sweet corn grown in three marginal soils namely Rasau, Kuah and Dampar. The treatments were arranged as factorial randomized complete block design with four rates of P fertilizer and standard rate of ethephon replicated four times. The results indicated that the physical properties of the marginal soils vary which Rasau dan Kuah series have low content of silt (10.30% and 36.10%), respectively and clay (9.40% and 11.86%) while Dampar series has low sand content (21%). Consequently, Dampar series depicted highest soil moisture content (18.80%) compared to Rasau and Kuah with high content of silt and clay at 42.43% and 36.43%, respectively. At tasseling stage, where application of P fertilizer with combination of ethephon at 0 and 15 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference between soil series on root length, total biomass wet and dry weight but exception for total biomass dry weight at 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1. Moreover, at 45 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference among soil series on leaf number and total biomass dry weight whereas at highest P rate of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 only root length and root volume were affected. Most of the results were observed highest on Rasau soil series which contain highest sand particle instead of silt and clay compared to Kuah and Dampar series. However, the addition of ethephon and several P rates did not affect plant height among soil series. The results suggest that, the marginal soil can be utilized for sweet corn production by addition of combined P fertilizer at low rate and PGR.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
Effect of biochar on maize yield and yield components in rainfed conditions |...Innspub Net
To investigate the maize yield and nutrient concentration in its leaves as affected by biochar from different organic materials (wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse), a field experiment was conducted on maize crop during 2013 at koont research farm chakwal. The treatments were control, wheat straw biochar at 5t ha-1, and 10t ha-1, sugarcane bagasse biochar at 5t ha-1and 10t ha-1. The experiment was conducted in RCBD. Maize was grown in 4m × 6m sized plots. Soil samples were taken before sowing of crop for determination of soil pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and texture. The plant parameters were grain yield, plant biomass, macro nutrients and micro nutrients. Wheat straw biochar 10 t/ha showed an increase of 16.1% N, 38.8% P, 33% K, 28.9% biomass and 20.8% grain yield. Sugarcane bagasse biochar at a rate of 10 t/ha showed significant increase of 14.9% N, 27.7% P, 30% K, 27.6% biomass and 22.1% grain yield. None of the biochar treatment showed any significant increase in micronutrient concentration in the plant.
Effect of biochar on maize yield and yield components in rainfed conditions|I...Innspub Net
To investigate the maize yield and nutrient concentration in its leaves as affected by biochar from different organic materials (wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse), a field experiment was conducted on maize crop during 2013 at koont research farm chakwal. The treatments were control, wheat straw biochar at 5t ha-1, and 10t ha-1, sugarcane bagasse biochar at 5t ha-1and 10t ha-1. The experiment was conducted in RCBD. Maize was grown in 4m × 6m sized plots. Soil samples were taken before sowing of crop for determination of soil pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and texture. The plant parameters were grain yield, plant biomass, macro nutrients and micro nutrients. Wheat straw biochar 10 t/ha showed an increase of 16.1% N, 38.8% P, 33% K, 28.9% biomass and 20.8% grain yield. Sugarcane bagasse biochar at a rate of 10 t/ha showed significant increase of 14.9% N, 27.7% P, 30% K, 27.6% biomass and 22.1% grain yield. None of the biochar treatment showed any significant increase in micronutrient concentration in plant.
Integrated Use of NPS Fertilizer and Compost on Yield and Yield Component of ...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of combined application of NPS fertilizer and compost on yield and yield components of maize at Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia during 2017/18 main cropping season. The experiment involved factorial combinations of five rates of NPS fertilizer (0/0/0, 23/17.25/3.2, 46/34.5/6.4, 69/51.75/9.6, 92/69/12.8 kg ha-1 N/P2O5/S) and five rates of compost based on N-equivalence of recommended fertilizer rate (0, 2.3, 4.6, 6.9 and 9.2 ton ha-1) laid out in 5×5 factorial arrangements in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Combined application of NPS fertilizer and compost significantly (P<0.05) affected number of grains per row, grain yield and above ground biomass. However, number of ears per plant, ear length, number of grains per ear, ear diameter, thousand grain weight and harvest index were not affected by combined application of NPS fertilizer and compost. The highest grain yield (8453.2 kg ha-1) was obtained from combined application of 92/69/12.8 kg ha-1 N/P2O5/Sand 9.2ton ha-1 compost. The yield was increased by 223.54% over control and 24.1% over recommended NPS fertilizer. In conclusion, combined application of 69/51.75/9.6 kg ha-1 N/P205/S (75%) and 4.6ton ha-1 (50%) compost can sustain the maize production in the study area and similar agro ecology.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Existing practices for soil fertility management through cereals-legume inter...Premier Publishers
Low crop production has been attributed to inherently low availability of plant nutrients, nutrient imbalances and inadequate soil moisture for plant growth. Past and current soil management practices have enhanced the degradation of the soils. These have been caused by increased withdrawal of plant nutrients from the soil and consequently to reduced plant growth. To meet future food requirements, it is inevitable that the use of inorganic fertilizers will continue to increase. However, such fertilizers are expensive to farmers and they are potential environmental pollutants. The intensification and diversification of the cropping systems and traditional practices in Africa have compounded the decline in soil fertility. To raise and sustain soil fertility and productivity in Africa, appropriate traditional soil fertility management practices have to be developed and adopted by farmers. Cereal-legumes cropping systems accompanying management technologies indicated the advantage of these technologies and their function of socio-economic and bio-physical conditions. This review explored the mechanisms and processes associated with soil fertility management, effect of intensive agriculture on soil degradation, role of traditional and scientific knowledge, benefits, challenges and additional cereal-legumes cropping systems. These contributed to understanding the effects soil fertility management decisions and human-use impacts on long-term ecological composition and function.
Urea-supergranules and phosphorus application increases irrigated rice yields...INNS PUBNET
Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are some of the main factors restricting irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Burkina Faso. Urea supergranules (USG) have been proven to increase rice yield but this increased productivity is likely to be constrained because P is becoming limiting in irrigated rice systems. Field experiments were carried out with rice variety Nerica 62N in Sourou valley in the wet season of 2012 and in the dry season of 2013. The effect of two sizes (1.8 and 2.7 g) of USG and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P ha-1) were studied in a split plot design on rice yields. The use of USG 2.7 g did not significantly increase rice yields compare with USG 1.8 g in both seasons. P application significantly increased rice yields. The 1.8 g USG significantly increased the agronomic efficiency (AE) by 48.9% over the USG 2.7 g in the 2012 wet season while the increase in AE was 24.4% in the 2013 dry season. The best AE 42 kg kg-1 in 2012 and 25 kg kg-1 in 2013 were obtained with 50P and 30P. This study suggests that USG can be used by farmers in small rate (USG 1.8 g) to improve nitrogen use efficiency and the application of 30 kg P kg-1 seems to be adequate to increase yield in irrigated rice cropping system.
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The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
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Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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UI automation Sample
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All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
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11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield of barley and improve soil properties at fereze
1. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol 3, No 1, 2012
Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers to
Increase Yield of Barley and Improve Soil Properties at Fereze,
In Southern Ethiopia
Abay Ayalew1*, Tesfaye Dejene2
1. Natural Resource Management, Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Hawassa, Ethiopia
2. Crop Research, Areka Agricultural Research Centre, Areka, Ethiopia
*Email of corresponding author: simretaba@yahoo.com
Abstract
Integrated nutrient management, where both natural and man-made sources of plant nutrients are used, is the best
approach to supply adequate and balanced nutrients and increase crop productivity in an efficient and
environmentally benign manner, without sacrificing soil productivity of future generations. The objective of this
study was thus, to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and yield of barley.
Three levels of FYM (0, 10 t/ha, and 20 t/ha) were combined in factorial experiment with different rates of
inorganic NP (46, 40; 23, 20) and NPK (0, 0,0; 46, 40, 50; 23, 20, 25) and laid down in RCBD design with three
replications. The experiment was conducted for three consecutive years without changing plots that received
FYM only in the first year but received inorganic fertilizers every year (every cropping season). DAP was used
as source of N and P, Urea was used as another source of N, and KCl was used as source of K. FYM was
incorporated in to the soil one month before planting the barley. All doses of P and K were applied during
planting but N was applied in two splits-half at planting and another half when the plant acquires 10 cm height
(at one month age). Crop data such as plant height, biomass yield and grain yield were collected and analyzed
using the SAS computer software program. Surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were collected before planting
(composite sample) and after harvesting from each treatment and analyzed for the required parameters using
standard laboratory procedures. Application of both types and all amounts of fertilizers significantly increased
barley production at Fereze. The highest barley production was obtained from application of 46 kg N + 40 kg P
+ 50 kg K and 20 t/ha FYM, whereas the lowest barley production was obtained from the control (the non-
fertilized) treatment. The highest grain yield obtained was 4895.8 kg/ha (around 49 qt/ha), whereas the lowest
was 1750 kg/ha (17.5 qt/ha). About 31 qt/ha yield advantage was obtained due to application of 46 kg N + 40 kg
P + 50 kg K and 20 t/ha FYM as compared to the control treatment. On the other hand, grain yield advantage of
7.5 to 9.2 qt/ha was obtained due to the application of only FYM over the control treatment. Again, 21.5 qt/ha of
grain yield advantage was obtained due to the application of only NPK over the control treatment. Grain yield
advantage of 13 qt/ha was obtained due to application of only half rate of NPK (23/20/25 kg/ha of N/P/K,
respectively). Both 10 t/ha and 20 t/ha FYM significantly increased barley production as compared to the control
treatment. Integrated application of inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) with FYM gave a better result than
application of inorganic fertilizers alone. Therefore, integrated application of inorganic fertilizers with organic
fertilizers (FYM) is a better approach to increase barley yield than application of either inorganic or organic
fertilizers alone.
Keywords: FYM, NPK, Integrated nutrient management, NP
Background and justification
Declining soil fertility and management of plant nutrients aggravate the challenge of agriculture to meet the
world’s increasing demand for food in a sustainable way. Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are widespread
in all Sub-Saharan Africa agro-ecosystems, with 80% of the soils deficient in P (CIAT, 2006). Harsh climatic
conditions, population pressure, land constraints, and the decline of traditional soil management practices have
often reduced soil fertility in developing countries (Gruhn et al., 2000). In mid and high altitude areas, where
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2. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol 3, No 1, 2012
rainfall is higher, soil acidification due to leaching of basic cations (Ca, mg, K and Na) also contributes a lot to
soil fertility declining (Whitney and Lamond, 1993). Continuous cropping and erosion reduce the level of soil
organic matter in densely populated mid and high-altitude areas. Unless soil management practices are improved,
yield reduction continues and long-term production is difficult. The low level of chemical fertilizer use, decline
in soil organic matter, and insufficient studies contribute the most to the loss of soil fertility in Sub-Saharan
Africa. Soil organic matter helps sustain soil fertility by improving retention of mineral nutrients, increasing of
the water-holding capacity of soils, increasing the amount of soil flora and fauna, improves air circulation and
drainage.
An adequate supply of plant nutrients is essential for efficient crop production on the highly weathered and
leached soils of the humid tropics. As most soils of the humid tropics are deficient in primary nutrients
particularly N and P, it is necessary to supply nutrients from external sources.
Soil organic matter content can be increased by applying organic fertilizers such as animal manure (farm yard
manure). Livestock manure is rich in plant nutrients containing 70-80 % of the nitrogen (N), 60-85 % of the
phosphate (P2O5), and 80 % of the potassium (K2O) fed to animals. In addition to supplying nutrients, organic
fertilizers are considered to be one of the best measures to reclaim soil acidity (Chen et al., 2001) and they
improve soil fertility by favourable chemical and physical attributes to the soil (Gaskel et al., 2007). The same
authors indicated that application of composted livestock manure on strongly acidic soils increased availability
of N and P and improved soil productivity. However, very large amounts of organic fertilizers must be applied, as
they are dilute source of nutrients compared to inorganic fertilizers. Besides, nutrients in organic fertilizers are
released much more slowly than synthetically produced ones and cannot increase crop yield within short time as
compared to inorganic fertilizers.
The use of chemical fertilizers is essential for obtaining high yields in the weathered soils of the humid tropics
and can overcome the shortcomings of organic fertilizers. However, many small holders and resource poor
farmers cannot afford costly fertilizers to apply the recommended amount. In addition to this, the inorganic
fertilizers available in Ethiopia do not replace trace mineral elements in the soil, which become gradually
depleted by crops removal and cannot maintain desirable soil physical properties such as water holding capacity
and congenial conditions for microbial activity (Kumar and Sreenivasulu, 2004).
To ensure soil productivity, plants must have an adequate and balanced supply of nutrients that can be realized
through integrated nutrient management where both natural and man-made sources of plant nutrients are used
(Gruhn et al., 2000). Chemical fertilizers stimulate the availability of nutrients in organic manures (Kumar and
Sreenivasulu, 2004). Chen et al. (2001) indicated that supplementing composted livestock manure and nutrient
rich trees/shrubs and legumes with added inorganic fertilizers makes the compost in to a more complete nutrient
source for strongly acidic soils.
Therefore, the use of integrated nutrient management is very important and best approach to maintain and
improve soil fertility (Lander et al., 1998) thereby to increase crop productivity in an efficient and
environmentally benign manner, without sacrificing soil productivity of future generations. This study was
conducted with the objective of investigating the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield of barley and
chemical properties of soil.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted in 2007, 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons at Fereze research sub-center in Gurage
zone. The organic fertilizer (farm yard manure) was applied only once and plots were maintained for residual
effect until the experiment was completed, but inorganic fertilizers were applied at each cropping season. The
treatments comprised 0, the recommended rate and half of the recommended rate of NP with the interaction of 0,
10 and 20 t/ha farm yard manure (FYM). The farmyard manure was composted in a pit for a month and applied
to the experimental field one month before planting. Forty surface (0-30 cm) soil samples were collected in a
zigzag way and composited before planting. At harvest, 10 surface soil samples per plot were collected and
composited for each plot. Urea, TSP and KCl were used as sources of N, P and K, respectively. Nitrogen was
applied in split half at planting and half at 10 cm height. All dose of P was applied at once at planting time.
Laboratory analysis was carried out following the standard procedure developed for each parameter.
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3. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol 3, No 1, 2012
Results and Discussion
Application of farm yard manure (FYM) significantly influenced plant height, biomass and grain yields (here
after referred as barley production) at Fereze (Tables 1, 2 and 3). Both 10 t/ha and 20 t/ha FYM significantly
increased barley production as compared to the control treatment (the treatment with no fertilizer). But there is
no significant difference in barley production between the application of 10 t/ha and 20 t/ha. Application of the
FYM significantly increased barley production in the first year. An experiment conducted on maize and wheat in
China indicated that application of organic manure alone supplied some nutrients and gave higher yields than the
non-fertilized ones although it was not sufficient to support a high yield. On the other hand, the treatments that
received complete nutrients (NPK) gave highest yield for both wheat and maize crops (Jiyun and Zhang, 1995).
Application of NPK fertilizers gave higher barley production than application of NP alone, although not
significant. Application of 46/40/50 kg N/P/K/ha (here after referred as full rate of NPK) gave better result
(barley production) than application of 46/40 kg N/P/ha (here after referred as full rate of NP). Application of
inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) with FYM gave a better result than application of inorganic fertilizers alone.
But the best result was obtained when NPK was applied with FYM rather than when NP was applied with FYM.
Barley production was increased with increasing application of FYM be it alone or integrated with inorganic
fertilizer. Application of NP integrated with FYM gave higher result than application of NPK alone. This
indicates that application of FYM is more important than application of K which might be attributed to the
beneficial effects of FYM (organic fertilizer) on the soil’s physical, chemical and microbiological properties of
soil (Chong, 2005). Application of only half amount of 46/40/50 kg/ha of N/P/K (here after referred as half rate
of NPK), respectively, gave significantly lower results in all parameters than the full rate of the inorganic
fertilizer. However, application of the full rate of NPK alone did not significantly increase barley production over
the half rate of NPK when applied with FYM (10 t/ha and 20 t/ha). Of course, the full rate of NPK alone gave a
better result than the half rate of NPK applied with FYM, although not significant. Nevertheless, application of
half rate of NPK with or without FYM gave significantly lower result than application of the full NPK integrated
with FYM.
Application of both types and all amounts of fertilizers significantly increased barley production at Fereze. The
highest barley production was obtained from application of full rate of NPK and 20 t/ha FYM, whereas the
lowest barley production was obtained from the control (the non-fertilized) treatment. The highest grain yield
obtained was 4895.8 kg/ha (around 49 qt/ha), whereas the lowest was 1750 kg/ha (17.5 qt/ha). About 31 qt/ha
yield advantage was obtained due to application of the full rate of NPK and 20 t/ha FYM as compared to the
control treatment. On the other hand, grain yield advantage of 7.5 to 9.2 qt/ha was obtained due to the application
of only FYM over the control treatment. Again, 21.5 qt/ha of grain yield advantage was obtained due to the
application of only NPK over the control treatment. Grain yield advantage of 13 qt/ha was obtained due to
application of only half rate of NPK (23/20/25 kg/ha of N/P/K, respectively).
The increased production of barley due to the integration of FYM with inorganic fertilizers was due to the
addition of nutrients from the FYM, which indicates the full rate of NPK is not enough for barley production at
Fereze and additional fertilizers are required (Tables 5 and 6).
There was no significant difference in barley production in the second year due to the first year FYM application
(Table 3) either applied alone or integrated with the full rate and the half rate of inorganic fertilizers. This
indicates that application of both 10 t/ha and 20 t/ha FYM did have residual effect for the next year production.
Therefore, to have residual effect for the next year production, FYM must be applied in larger quantity or
continuously for certain years.
Application of full rate of NPK either alone or integrated with FYM, significantly increased barley production
over the half rates and the non-fertilized treatments either with or without FYM. All the non- NPK treatments
even if they received FYM, gave the least barley production. The result was consistent in the third year too. The
first year FYM application did not cause significant difference in barley production in the third year. Significant
barley production was obtained among treatments of FYM, full NPK and half NPK whether applied alone or
integrated with FYM. The highest result was obtained from the full NPK treatments. Application of half NPK
either alone or integrated with FYM, gave the next barley production. The least result was obtained from the
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4. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol 3, No 1, 2012
non-NPK treatments whether they received FYM or not. All these show that the first year FYM application did
not have significant residual effect in the third year of production although a slight increase in barley production
was obtained in the third year due the first year application of FYM.
All treatments with fertilizer be it inorganic, organic or combinations of the two gave higher grain yield than the
treatment with no fertilizer, which is in agreement with Luu Hong Man et al (2001), who indicated that
application of both 100% organic fertilizer and combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly
increased yield over the control. When half NPK was applied integrated with FYM, yield increment was
obtained with increasing amount of FYM. However, there is no significant yield increment due to FYM
application with the half NPK. Application of full NP gave significantly higher barley yield than application of
half NP whether the half NP was applied alone or integrated with different rate of FYM.
First year application of FYM has residual effect in the second and third cropping seasons. Treatments which
received FYM in the first cropping season gave higher yield than the control without any fertilizer application in
the second and third cropping seasons. However, the yield difference obtained due to the residual effect of FYM
is not statistically significant indicating additional nutrient application is required for optimum yield. Therefore,
yearly application of farm yard manure is required until the soil builds up nutrients, which is in agreement with
Luu Hong Man et al (2001), who indicated that continuous application of organic fertilizer (50%) in combination
with 50% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer was found to be equal in yield of rice in Vietnam as
compared to treatment in which 100% of inorganic fertilizer was applied alone and inorganic fertilizer was
continuously applied alone. (Gaskell et al., 2007) also indicated that adding Farm yard manure to cultivated soils
over time builds soil organic matter and improves the ability of the soil to supply nutrients. According to Chong
(2005), application of cattle manure for 20 years resulted in a significant increase in soil P levels (from 9 mg/kg
to 1, 200 mg/kg) and nitrate N accumulation, reaching 80-100 mg/kg.
Economic Analysis
The economic analysis indicated that the highest net return (16200 Birr) with marginal rate of return (MRR) of
300 % was obtained by application of 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 20 t FYM/ha followed by a net return of
15000 Birr with MRR of 252 % by application of 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 t FYM/ha (Table 4). The lowest net
return (700 Birr) was obtained from the control treatment (non fertilized treatment). Application of 46 kg N + 40
kg P + 50 kg K/ha without FYM and with both rates of FYM (10 t and 20 t/ha) is economical. Application of 23
kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K/ha without FYM and with 10 t/ha FYM is economical, but not economical with 20 t/ha
FYM. The MRR indicated that application of 10 t/ha FYM alone is economical, whereas application of 20 t/ha
FYM alone is not economical although a significant yield difference was obtained with application of 20 t/ha
FYM as compared to the control.
Application of FYM and integrated nutrient management influenced the chemical properties of soil (Table 5).
Both FYM and integrated nutrient management increased available P, total N, soil organic matter (OM), cation
exchange capacity (CEC) and calcium (Ca) contents of the soil in all cropping seasons (Table 5, 6 and 7). This is
in agreement with Bierman and Carl (2005), who indicated that manure adds nutrients, organic matter and CEC
to the soil. Another experiment conducted in Sweden also showed that application of organic fertilizers improved
the chemical (pH, P, K, Mg, C and N) and biological properties (Granstedt and Lars, 1997). All the above soil
parameters were highest in the first cropping season and decreased in the second and third cropping seasons.
However, pH, exchangeable Al and exchangeable K were not that much influenced in all cropping seasons.
Conclusion and recommendation
As the result of both yield and soil analysis indicated the fertility of the soil at Fereze is very low and that is why
all treatments with fertilizer (inorganic, organic or combinations of the two) gave higher grain yield than the
treatment with no fertilizer, which gave very low yield. Application of FYM has residual effect for the next
cropping seasons. Combined application of inorganic and organic (FYM) gave a better result than application of
either of one, which indicates integrated nutrient management is the best approach for soil fertility management.
Therefore, the use of 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 20 t FYM/ha can be recommended for better barley
production at Fereze.
28
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References
Bierman, Peter M. and Carl J. Rosen. (2005),” Nutrient Cycling and Maintaining Soil Fertility”, Fruit and
Vegetable crop systems, University of Minnesota.
Chen, Jen-Hshuan, Jeng-Tzung Wu and Wei-Tin Huang (2001), “Effects of Compost on The Availability of
Nitrogen and Phosphorus in strongly Acidic Soils”,Taiwan Agricultural research Institute, Wufeng, Taiwan.
Chong, Ren-Shih (2005), “Using Organic Fertilizers”, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taiwan.CIAT
(2006), “Improving fertilizer efficiency and developing soil and water management Practices”, Integrated
Soil Fertility Management, TSBF-CIAT’s Achievements and Reflections, 2002-2005.
Gaskell, Mark, Richard Smith, Jeff Mitchell, Steven T. Koike, Calvin Fouche, Tim Hartz, William Horwath and
Louize Jackson (2007), “Soil Fertility Management For Organic Crops”, University of California,
Oakland, California.
Granstedt, Artur and Lars Kjellenberg (1997), “Long-term field experiment in Sweden: Effects of Organic and
Inorganic Fertlizers on Soil Fertility and Crop quality”, Proceedings of an international conference in
Boston, Tufts University, Agricultural production and Nutrition, Massachusetts. March 19-21, 1997.
Gruhn, Pter, Francesco Goleti and Mantague Yudelman (2000), “Integrated Nutrient Management, Soil Fertility,
and Sustainable Agriculture: Current Issues and Future Challenges”, International Food Policy Research
institute, Washington, D.C. U.S.A.
Kumar, B. Vijay and M. Sreenivasulu (2004), “The Hindu”, Online edition of India’s National News paper.
Thursday, Aug 12, 2004.
Lander, Charles H., David Moffitt, and Klaus Alt. (1998), “Nutrients available from Livestock Manure Relative
to crop Growth Requirements”, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Luu Hong Man, Nguyen Ngoc Ha, Pham Sy Tan, Takao Kon Hiroyuki Hiraoka (2001), “Integrated nutrient
management for a sustainable agriculture at Omon”, Vietnam
Whitney, David A. and Ray E. Lamond (1993), “Liming Acid Soils”, Kansas State University.
Table 1. Mean height of barley plant in meter as influenced by application of FYM + NPK
No. Treatment First year Second year Third year
(2007) (2008) (2009)
1 Control (without fertilizer and FYM) 0.90g 0.89f 0.72c
2 0 kg fertilizer + 10 t FYM/ha 1.06000f 0.94f 0.79c
3 0 kg fertilizer + 20 t FYM/ha 1.0533f 0.90f 0.78c
4 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 0 t FYM/ha 1.22abcd 1.06ab 1.06a
5 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 10 t FYM/ha 1.27ab 1.02abcd 1.06a
6 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 20 t FYM/ha 1.07a 1.06a
1.30a
7 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K + 0 t FYM/ha 1.07f 1.01abcde 0.95b
8 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K + 10 t FYM/ha 1.14def 1.00bcde 0.96b
9 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K + 20 t FYM/ha 1.183cde 0.98cde 0.91b
10 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 0 t FYM/ha 1.17de 1.05abc 1.05a
29
6. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
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Vol 3, No 1, 2012
11 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 10 t FYM/ha 1.26abc 1.04abc 1.04a
12 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 t FYM/ha 1.21bcde 1.07a 1.07a
13 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 0 t FYM/ha 1.08f 0.96def 0.95b
14 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 10 t FYM/ha 1.13ef 0.98cde 0.94b
15 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 20 t FYM/ha 1.13ef 0.99bcde 0.91b
lSD at 5 % 0.088 0.07 0.08
CV 4.6% 4.22% 5.04%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different
Table 2. Mean biomass yield of barley in kg/ha as influenced by application of FYM + NPK
No. Treatment First year Second year Third year
(2007) (2008) (2009)
1 Control (without fertilizer and FYM) 5500h 2979.2d 3500d
2 0 kg fertilizer + 10 t FYM/ha 8104.2g 3375d 3833.3d
3 0 kg fertilizer + 20 t FYM/ha 8645.8g 2979.2d 3625d
4 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 0 t FYM/ha 11958.3bc 6750ab 8500ab
5 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 10 t FYM/ha 13041.7ab 6958ab 8416.7ab
6 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 20 t FYM/ha 14041.7a 7750a 9291.7a
7 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K + 0 t FYM/ha 9104.2fg 5354.2b 6104.2c
8 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K + 10 t FYM/ha 10479.2def 5229.2c 6020.8c
9 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K + 20 t FYM/ha 11187.5cd 5270.8c 5958.3c
10 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 0 t FYM/ha 11458.3cd 6583.3b 8375ab
11 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 10 t FYM/ha 13208.3ab 7000ab 8270.8ab
12 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 t FYM/ha 13479.2a 6520.8b 7604.2b
13 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 0 t FYM/ha 9458.3def 4666.7c 5854.2c
14 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 10 t FYM/ha 10562.5cde 5291.7c 6270.8c
15 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 20 t FYM/ha 10666.7cde 5083.3c 5854.2c
lSD at 5 % 1427.2 1164.9 1115.4
CV 4.6% 12.77% 10.26%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different
Table 3. Mean grain yield of barley in kg/ha as influenced by application of FYM + NPK
No. Treatment First year Second year Third year
(2007) (2008) (2009)
1 Control (without fertilizer and FYM) 1750h 1020.8d 875e
2 0 kg fertilizer + 10 t FYM/ha 2500g 1083.3d 979.2e
3 0 kg fertilizer + 20 t FYM/ha 2666.7g 1041.7d 1145.8e
4 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 0 t FYM/ha 3895.8cd 2562.5ab 2708.3ab
5 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 10 t FYM/ha 4437.5ab 2604.2ab 2541.7ab
6 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 20 t FYM/ha 4895.8a 2895.8a 2833.3a
7 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K + 0 t FYM/ha 3083.3ef 1833.3c 1937.5d
8 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K + 10 t FYM/ha 3479.2de 1812.5c 1958.3d
9 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K + 20 t FYM/ha 3833.3cd 1895.8c 2000cd
10 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 0 t FYM/ha 3770.8d 2416.7b 2520.8ab
11 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 10 t FYM/ha 4062.5cd 2604.2ab 2666.7ab
12 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 t FYM/ha 4500ab 2437.5b 2354.2bc
13 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 0 t FYM/ha 3125ef 1666.7c 1979.2cd
14 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 10 t FYM/ha 3562.5de 1854.2c 2125cd
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Vol 3, No 1, 2012
15 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 20 t FYM/ha 3500e 1812.5c 1958.3d
lSD at 5 % 485.13 425.88 381.68
CV 4.6% 12.93% 11.19%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different
Table 4. Partial budget analysis for the mean grain yield of barley
No Treatments Grain Gross Total Net MRR
yield return Cost return (%)
(kg/ha) (Birr) (Birr) (Birr)
1 Control (without fertilizer and 1750 7000 0 700
FYM)
2 0 kg fertilizer + 10 t FYM/ha 2500 10000 500 9500 1760
3 0 kg fertilizer + 20 t FYM/ha 2666.7 10640 1000 9640 28
4 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 0 t 3895.8 15600 2400 13200 254
FYM/ha
5 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 10 t 4437.5 17600 2900 14700 300
FYM/ha
6 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg K + 20 t 4895.8 19600 3400 16200 300
FYM/ha
7 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K + 0 t 3083.3 12320 1200 11120 230
FYM/ha
8 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K + 10 t 3479.2 13880 1700 12180 212
FYM/ha
9 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg K + 20 t 3833.3 15200 2200 13000 164
FYM/ha
10 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 0 t FYM/ha 3770.8 15080 2000 13080 -0.4
11 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 10 t FYM/ha 4062.5 16240 2500 13740 132
12 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 t FYM/ha 4500 18000 3000 15000 252
13 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 0 t FYM/ha 3125 12400 1000 11400 680
14 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 10 t FYM/ha 3562.5 14240 1500 12740 268
15 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 20 t FYM/ha 3500 14000 2000 12000 -148
Price of DAP = 800 birr/qt, Price of Urea = 400 birr/qt, Price of KCl = 800 birr/qt (assumption),
Price of barley = 400 birr/qt, Cost of FYM =5 birr/100 kg , FYM =50 birr/t
Table 5. Chemical properties of soil as influenced by integrated nutrient management in the first
cropping season
No Treatments pH Availabl Total OM CEC Ca Ex.K Ex Al
e P N (%) (meq/10 (cmol/ (cmo (meq/100
olsen (%) 0 g soil) kg) l/kg) g soil)
(mg/kg)
1 Control (without 5.6 7.2 0.31 3.17 26.4 9 0.22 0.96
fertilizer and FYM)
2 0 kg fertilizer + 10 t 5.4 9 0.34 3.06 27.4 10 0.23 0.72
FYM/ha
3 0 kg fertilizer + 20 t 5.4 10.8 0.35 3.61 28.4 11 0.26 0.80
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8. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
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Vol 3, No 1, 2012
FYM/ha
4 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 5.7 8.6 0.29 3.06 25.8 10 0.24 0.64
kg K + 0 t FYM/ha
5 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 5.6 11.4 0.32 3.26 27.2 12 0.24 0.56
kg K + 10 t FYM/ha
6 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 5.4 13.2 0.39 3.72 28.6 14 0.23 0.56
kg K + 20 t FYM/ha
7 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 5.7 5.8 0.29 3.06 31.6 11 0.20 0.40
25kg K + 0 t FYM/ha
8 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 5.4 8 0.31 3.28 32.8 12 0.24 0.64
25kg K + 10 t FYM/ha
9 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 5.5 10.6 0.32 3.58 32.8 13 0.27 0.64
25kg K + 20 t FYM/ha
10 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 0 t 5.6 7.4 0.31 3.17 22.4 9 0.23 0.56
FYM/ha
11 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 10 t 5.5 8.8 0.32 3.50 27.2 10 0.20 0.80
FYM/ha
12 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 t 5.5 18 0.35 3.84 31.6 16 0.26 0.72
FYM/ha
13 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 0 t 5.4 6.4 0.31 3.17 25.4 9 0.20 0.88
FYM/ha
14 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 10 t 5.6 9.6 0.35 3.72 25.4 10 0.22 0.72
FYM/ha
15 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 20 t 5.4 10.80 0.37 3.84 25.4 11 0.23 0.72
FYM/ha
Composite sample 5.1 7.8 0.34 6.72 25.6 9 0.26 0.72
before fertilizer
application
Table 6. Chemical properties soils as influenced by integrated nutrient management in the second
cropping season
No Treatments pH P Total OM CEC Ca K Exchangeable
(mg/kg) N (%) (%) (meq/100 (cmol/kg) (cmol/kg) Al (meq/100
g soil) g soil)
1 Control (without 5.4 3.6 0.21 3.28 26.6 14 0.20 1.04
fertilizer and
FYM)
2 0 kg fertilizer + 5.3 5.2 0.22 3.62 28.6 13 0.23 1.04
10 t FYM/ha
3 0 kg fertilizer + 5.4 6.4 0.34 3.62 28.6 11 0.24 0.96
20 t FYM/ha
4 46 kg N + 40 kg 5.3 6.8 0.28 3.32 25.6 12 0.24 0.56
P + 50 kg K + 0 t
FYM/ha
5 46 kg N + 40 kg 5.5 9.2 0.30 3.61 28.4 14 0.24 0.32
P + 50 kg K + 10
t FYM/ha
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Vol 3, No 1, 2012
6 46 kg N + 40 kg 5.4 11.4 0.35 3.68 29.8 12 0.20 0.22
P + 50 kg K + 20
t FYM/ha
7 23 kg N + 20 kg 5.4 6 0.27 3.4 23.6 15 0.23 0.88
P + 25kg K + 0 t
FYM/ha
8 23 kg N + 20 kg 5.8 6 0.28 3.62 28.4 12 0.22 0.80
P + 25kg K + 10 t
FYM/ha
9 23 kg N + 20 kg 5.4 6.4 0.29 3.96 29.6 12 0.26 0.48
P + 25kg K + 20 t
FYM/ha
10 46 kg N + 40 kg 5.3 5.6 0.28 3.18 22.4 13 0.19 0.80
P + 0 t FYM/ha
11 46 kg N + 40 kg 5.3 8.4 0.29 3.73 25.4 10 0.20 0.48
P + 10 t FYM/ha
12 46 kg N + 40 kg 5.5 9 0.31 3.96 26.6 16 0.20 0.56
P + 20 t FYM/ha
13 23 kg N + 20 kg 5.7 4.6 0.28 3.18 24.4 14 0.22 0.96
P + 0 t FYM/ha
14 23 kg N + 20 kg 5.3 6.8 0.32 3.73 24.4 18 0.19 0.24
P + 10 t FYM/ha
15 23 kg N + 20 kg 5.4 9.4 0.34 3.96 25.4 11 0.23 0.88
P + 20 t FYM/ha
Table 7. Chemical properties of soil as influenced by integrated nutrient management in the
third cropping season
No Treatments Available Total N OM CEC Ca K
P (mg/kg) (%) (%) (meq/100 g (cmol/kg (cmol/kg
soil) ) )
1 Control (without fertilizer 3.2 0.17 3.59 21 11 0.19
and FYM)
2 0 kg fertilizer + 10 t 4.56 0.18 3.9 22 12.5 0.20
FYM/ha
3 0 kg fertilizer + 20 t 4.74 0.17 4.2 25 14 0.21
FYM/ha
4 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg 5.63 0.38 3.67 23 13 0.22
K + 0 t FYM/ha
5 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg 7.21 0.17 3.79 25 13 0.23
K + 10 t FYM/ha
6 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 50 kg 7.31 0.17 3.83 27 14 0.22
K + 20 t FYM/ha
7 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg 7.06 0.17 3.60 22 11.4 0.20
K + 0 t FYM/ha
8 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg 5.21 0.38 3.76 25 12 0.22
K + 10 t FYM/ha
33
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ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol 3, No 1, 2012
9 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 25kg 6.05 0.17 3.96 26 13 0.23
K + 20 t FYM/ha
10 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 0 t 5.86 0.17 3.62 22 12 0.19
FYM/ha
11 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 10 t 5.53 0.18 3.90 24 13 0.20
FYM/ha
12 46 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 t 4.79 0.18 3.99 25 14 0.21
FYM/ha
13 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 0 t 4.83 0.18 3.6 18 10 0.20
FYM/ha
14 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 10 t 4.93 0.18 3.93 21 11 0.22
FYM/ha
15 23 kg N + 20 kg P + 20 t 5.11 0.16 4 23 11.5 0.23
FYM/ha
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