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This document provides an overview of marine ecology, including the relationships between abiotic and biotic factors in marine environments. It describes trophic levels from producers to decomposers and explains how energy and nutrients cycle through food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids. Various types of symbiotic relationships are also outlined, as well as population cycles and how biomass is measured in marine ecosystems.
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Producers, consumers, and decomposers all play important roles in ecosystems. [1] Producers like plants and algae produce their own food through photosynthesis. [2] Consumers such as animals are heterotrophic and obtain carbon compounds by eating other organisms. [3] Decomposers including fungi and bacteria break down dead organic matter and release nutrients back into the environment.
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Producers such as trees feed on sunlight and water and provide nutrients to other living things. Consumers include animals that are heterotrophic and eat other organisms to survive. There are three types of consumers: herbivores that eat producers, carnivores that eat other consumers as hunters or scavengers, and omnivores that eat producers, consumers, and sometimes decomposers. Decomposers such as fungi and bacteria decompose remains of other organisms and release nutrients into the soil. A food chain shows the relationships between producers, consumers, and decomposers.
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Primary producers use energy from the sun or chemicals to produce organic molecules. Consumers rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients. There are different types of consumers including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, scavengers, decomposers, and detritivores. Food chains show the transfer of energy between organisms through eating, while food webs show complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Trophic levels refer to the steps in a food chain, with primary producers at the base and increasing consumer levels above. Only about 10% of available energy is transferred between trophic levels.
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Ecology
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Ecosystems.ppt
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FOOD CHAIN & FOOD WEB LIMBING, ALEMAR.pptx
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Gibberellins are a class of plant hormones that affect several important plant processes such as seed germination, stem elongation, and flowering. They were first identified in 1926 from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. Over 100 gibberellins have now been identified in plants and fungi. Gibberellins regulate many growth processes through synthesis and signal transduction pathways. They are perceived by receptors which initiate signal transduction cascades involving changes in second messengers and transcription factors to regulate gene expression and physiological responses.
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- 1. Intro Marine Ecology • Ecology: relationship of living things/environment • Marine Ecology: interdependence of all organisms in the ocean.
- 2. Marine Environment • Abiotic Factors: nonliving elements/ Chemical, Geological, Physical Variables • Biotic Factors:organisms / interactions among organisms
- 3. What is abiotic/biotic? • Water • Light • Temperature • pH value • Salinity • Substratum • Plants • Dissolved Gases • Pressure • Tides • Currents • Animals • Waves • Exposure to Air
- 4. Biotic Levels of Organizations • Individual: one organism • Population: group of individuals of one species (organisms) Habitat • Communities: plants and animals inhabiting the same physical area. • Ecosystems: Many communities / large geographic area.
- 5. Population
- 6. Communities
- 8. Characteristics of an Ecosystem 1. Requires a source of energy. 2. Organisms capturing energy / produce organic molecules. 3. Organic material available to all. 4. Cycle nutrients between environments
- 9. Zonation of Marine Environment • See handout
- 10. Ecological Distribution • Pelagic Organisms: in the water Plankton- drifting organisms. Nekton- swimmers • Benthic Organisms: in or on substrate (sand/rock) burrow, crawl, walk, or affixed Epifauna:live on. Infauna:live within
- 11. Plankton/ Nekton
- 12. Epifauna/Infauna
- 13. Trophic (Feeding) Relationships • Autorophs: absorb sunlight energy & transform inorganic mineral nutrients into organic molecules. Producers • Heterotrophs: consumers / cannot synthesize their own food. Need producers. • Decomposers: live on dead plant and animal. Break down organic material / inorganic nutrients.
- 18. Energy Transfer • Pyramid of numbers: numerical relationship of trophic (feeding) levels. • Energy Pyramid: energy distribution at each trophic level.
- 22. Energy Pyramid
- 23. Energy Pyramid
- 24. Lost Energy/Energy Pyramid 1. Consumer do not consume (eat) entire organism. 2. Energy used in capture (food). 3. Energy used in metabolism. 4. Energy lost as heat. * 10% energy pass to next level.
- 27. Food Web
- 28. Types of Food Relationships • Predator-Prey: Predator Needs? Prey Needs? • Scavenger: Feed on dead plants and animals • Symbiotic/Symbiosis: nutritional association
- 30. Symbiosis in Marine Animals • Parasitism: (+;-) one benefits, one harmed or interfered with body function. • Commensalism: (+;0) one benefits, one neither gains or loses. • Mutualism: (+;+) both benefit.
- 31. Parasitism/ Isopod on Fish
- 35. Population Cycles • Changes season/season and year/year • Regulated by Natality (new organisms) and Mortality (rate of death) • What are factors that affect population cycles?
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