The document discusses key concepts in ecology, including that ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It defines ecology, the biosphere, ecosystems, ecological succession, energy flow through ecosystems via food chains and webs, and population regulation factors. Key relationships between species like symbiosis, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism are also summarized.
I can't claim credit for this presentation's original format; which a colleague downloaded. I've just added and tweaked a little so that it fits within my class's syllabus.
A SIMPLE PRESENTATION MADE FOR THE PLUS TWO STUDENTS OF VELLANADU GOVT.HSS, TRIVANDRUM AND PRESENTED ON 19/09/2015 IN A PROGRAM ORGANISED BY FISH FARMERS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FFDA) OF FISHERIES DEPARTMENT OF KERALA
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) operate by filtering water from the fish (or shellfish) tanks so it can be reused within the tank. This dramatically reduces the amount of water and space required to intensively produce seafood products.
In ecology, energy flow, also called the calorific flow, refers to the flow of energy through a food chain. In an ecosystem, ecologists seek to quantify the relative importance of different component species and feeding relationships.
A general energy flow scenario follows:
Solar energy is fixed by the photoautotrophs, called primary producers, like green plants. Primary consumers absorb most of the stored energy in the plant through digestion, and transform it into the form of energy they need, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through respiration. A part of the energy received by primary consumers, herbivores, is converted to body heat (an effect of respiration), which is radiated away and lost from the system. The loss of energy through body heat is far greater in warm-blooded animals, which must eat much more frequently than those that are cold-blooded. Energy loss also occurs in the expulsion of undigested food (egesta) by excretion or regurgitation.
Secondary consumers, carnivores, then consume the primary consumers, although omnivores also consume primary producers. Energy that had been used by the primary consumers for growth and storage is thus absorbed into the secondary consumers through the process of digestion. As with primary consumers, secondary consumers convert this energy into a more suitable form (ATP) during respiration. Again, some energy is lost from the system, since energy which the primary consumers had used for respiration and regulation of body temperature cannot be utilised by the secondary consumers.
Tertiary consumers, which may or may not be apex predators, then consume the secondary consumers, with some energy passed on and some lost, as with the lower levels of the food chain.
A final link in the food chain are decomposers which break down the organic matter of the tertiary consumers (or whichever consumer is at the top of the chain) and release nutrients into the soil. They also break down plants, herbivores and carnivores that were not eaten by organisms higher on the food chain, as well as the undigested food that is excreted by herbivores and carnivores. Saprotrophic bacteria and fungi are decomposers, and play a pivotal role in the nitrogen and carbon cycles.
The energy is passed on from trophic level to trophic level and each time about 90% of the energy is lost, with some being lost as heat into the environment (an effect of respiration) and some being lost as incompletely digested food (egesta). Therefore, primary consumers get about 10% of the energy produced by autotrophs, while secondary consumers get 1% and tertiary consumers get 0.1%. This means the top consumer of a food chain receives the least energy, as a lot of the food chain's energy has been lost between trophic levels. This loss of energy at each level limits typical food chains to only four to six links.
I can't claim credit for this presentation's original format; which a colleague downloaded. I've just added and tweaked a little so that it fits within my class's syllabus.
A SIMPLE PRESENTATION MADE FOR THE PLUS TWO STUDENTS OF VELLANADU GOVT.HSS, TRIVANDRUM AND PRESENTED ON 19/09/2015 IN A PROGRAM ORGANISED BY FISH FARMERS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FFDA) OF FISHERIES DEPARTMENT OF KERALA
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) operate by filtering water from the fish (or shellfish) tanks so it can be reused within the tank. This dramatically reduces the amount of water and space required to intensively produce seafood products.
In ecology, energy flow, also called the calorific flow, refers to the flow of energy through a food chain. In an ecosystem, ecologists seek to quantify the relative importance of different component species and feeding relationships.
A general energy flow scenario follows:
Solar energy is fixed by the photoautotrophs, called primary producers, like green plants. Primary consumers absorb most of the stored energy in the plant through digestion, and transform it into the form of energy they need, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through respiration. A part of the energy received by primary consumers, herbivores, is converted to body heat (an effect of respiration), which is radiated away and lost from the system. The loss of energy through body heat is far greater in warm-blooded animals, which must eat much more frequently than those that are cold-blooded. Energy loss also occurs in the expulsion of undigested food (egesta) by excretion or regurgitation.
Secondary consumers, carnivores, then consume the primary consumers, although omnivores also consume primary producers. Energy that had been used by the primary consumers for growth and storage is thus absorbed into the secondary consumers through the process of digestion. As with primary consumers, secondary consumers convert this energy into a more suitable form (ATP) during respiration. Again, some energy is lost from the system, since energy which the primary consumers had used for respiration and regulation of body temperature cannot be utilised by the secondary consumers.
Tertiary consumers, which may or may not be apex predators, then consume the secondary consumers, with some energy passed on and some lost, as with the lower levels of the food chain.
A final link in the food chain are decomposers which break down the organic matter of the tertiary consumers (or whichever consumer is at the top of the chain) and release nutrients into the soil. They also break down plants, herbivores and carnivores that were not eaten by organisms higher on the food chain, as well as the undigested food that is excreted by herbivores and carnivores. Saprotrophic bacteria and fungi are decomposers, and play a pivotal role in the nitrogen and carbon cycles.
The energy is passed on from trophic level to trophic level and each time about 90% of the energy is lost, with some being lost as heat into the environment (an effect of respiration) and some being lost as incompletely digested food (egesta). Therefore, primary consumers get about 10% of the energy produced by autotrophs, while secondary consumers get 1% and tertiary consumers get 0.1%. This means the top consumer of a food chain receives the least energy, as a lot of the food chain's energy has been lost between trophic levels. This loss of energy at each level limits typical food chains to only four to six links.
In this persentation I give a short description about ecology and the history of it. I also show the ecological crisis as well as environmental situation for ethical and social awareness.
Dig Deeper: databases for Allied Health ProfessionsMolly Knapp
About 30 databases, websites, or online tools of use and interest to researchers or educators in the allied health professions. Many resources are subscription based and may not be available to users out LSUHSC-New Orleans.
Ecology is the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them. An ecologist studies the relationship between living things and their habitats.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Ecology
Ecology is the study of the interactions of
organisms with one another and with their
physical environment
3. Ecology comes from the Greek Word “oikos”, which
means “house”
The Earth is our house. The “house” includes the
environment in which organisms live, the interactions of
organisms with one another, and the interaction of
organisms with the nonliving environment
7. Biosphere
Includes all land, air, and water
Extends from about 8 km above the
Earth’s surface to as far as 8 km
below the surface of the ocean
Living organisms are not distributed
uniformly (few in polar regions and
many in tropical regions)
8. Ecosystems
Ecosystems are small ecological units
Consist of a given area’s physical features and
living organisms
Nonliving Physical Features are called abiotic factors
Water, sunlight, soil type, rocks, temperature, humidity, elevation,
and rainfall
Living organisms are called biotic factors
Bacteria, reptiles, fish, birds, animals, plants, and fungi
All of the biotic and abiotic factors in a given area make up an
ecosystem
9.
10. There are many different types of
ecosystems in nature…
Lake Stream
Prairie Forest Wetland
12. Ecologists who study ecosystems identify
the living organisms as part of a…..
Population: a collection of individuals of the same
species in a given area who can breed with one another
13. Ecologists who study ecosystems identify
the living organisms as part of a…..
Community: all the populations of organisms living in a
given area (all of the biotic factors)
19. Ecological Succession
The process by which an existing community is
gradually replaced by another community
Every organism affects environmental conditions
around it
21. Ecological Succession of a Pond Community
The pond begins to fill with organic matter like leaves,
and silt, a fine soil…..
22. Ecological Succession of a Pond Community
Over a period of time, the pond fills and
becomes a marsh…..
23. Ecological Succession of a Pond Community
Eventually the marsh becomes dry land
inhabited by a stable community called a
climax community
24. Succession often leads to a fairly stable collection
of organisms
The Biomes of the World are Large Climax Communities
with a Stable Collection of Characteristic Plant and
Animal Life!
25. There are 2 types of succession that occur in
nature…..
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession
26. Primary Succession
•Occurs in places where no living community existed before (on a
newly formed volcanic island)
•Pioneer species begin to grow
Hardy organisms that can tolerate harsh conditions
27.
28.
29. Secondary Succession
• Occurs in areas where natural disasters or human activities have
wiped out an existing living community
•Pioneer species colonize the area and gradually change
conditions so that they are favorable for other species
31. All living things are made up of….
Chemical Elements Chemical Compounds
Carbon (C) Water (H2O)
Hydrogen (H) Glucose (C6H12O6)
Oxygen (O) Proteins (CHON)
Nitrogen (N)
And use ENERGY!!!!!
34. Energy
Energy is passed from organism to organism by feeding
relationships in the ecosystem!!!
Trophic Levels
Each step in the transfer of
energy in a community
•Producers
•Consumers
•Decomposers
35. Producers
Organisms that can make their own food
Autotrophs (Self-Feeding)
• Use photosynthesis to convert sunlight chemical energy
• Produce carbohydrates for immediate use or storage for later
• Examples include plants, algae, and some bacteria
36. Consumers
Animals, fungi, protists, and most bacteria that
cannot make their own food
Consumers are Heterotrophs (obtain food by eating
other organisms)
Types of Consumers:
•Primary Consumers
•Secondary Consumers
•Tertiary Consumers
40. More About Consumers
Some consumers are scavengers
•Scavengers are animals that eat the flesh of dead organisms
•Biological “clean-up crew”
•Vultures, hyenas, crows
41. Decomposers
Decomposers are organisms that
obtain their energy from dead
organisms
•Break down complex organic matter (decompose or decay)
•Nutrients from break down of tissues are returned to the soil
•Nutrients are recycled (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus)
•Bacteria, earthworms
42. The Flow of Energy
Energy flows through an ecosystem. From the sun to producers
to consumers to decomposers, energy powers the interactions
of ecosystems.
43. Food Chains
•Shows the flow of energy
from one organism to another
through each trophic level
•Energy flow is represented by
an arrow
•Arrow goes in direction of
energy
44. Food Web
•A food web is a
representation of all of the
interconnected food chains
in an ecosystem
•Food webs show multiple
feeding relationships
46. Ecological Pyramids
Ecologists use ecological pyramids to represent
the relationships among trophic levels
There are 3 types of ecological pyramids:
• Pyramid of Energy
• Pyramid of Biomass
• Pyramid of Numbers
47. Pyramid of Energy
Shows total amount of incoming energy at each
trophic level
The 10% rule
predicts that only
10% of the energy
in one trophic level
is available to the
next level
53. In nature, population growth is limited to the
carrying capacity of the environment
Carrying capacity
is determined by
a variety of
limiting
factors.
54. Population Limiting Factors
• Factors that control population growth
• Maintains population levels between extinction and
overpopulation
• Two types:
• Density-dependent limiting factors
• Density-independent limiting factors
55. Density-Dependent Limiting Factors
• Operate only when a population is large
• Examples include:
• Competition
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Overcrowding
• Stress
57. Competitive Exclusion Principle
When two species are competing for the same resources, one must
– migrate to another area
– shift its feeding habits or behavior
– suffer a sharp decline in population or become extinct