I tried to integrate basic and important concepts of evolution from different ppt that can be downloaded here in slideshare to have a consolidated theme about evolution.
I tried to integrate basic and important concepts of evolution from different ppt that can be downloaded here in slideshare to have a consolidated theme about evolution.
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated biological populations evolve to become distinct species.There are few mechanisms through which this process can be well understood.
Organisms are classified into a hierarchical classification that groups closely related individuals.
The species is the basic biological unit around which classifications are based.
VCE Environmental Science: Unit 3: Biodiversity. Introduction that explains the definitions and reasons to conserve biodiversity on a genetic, species and ecosystem level.
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated biological populations evolve to become distinct species.There are few mechanisms through which this process can be well understood.
Organisms are classified into a hierarchical classification that groups closely related individuals.
The species is the basic biological unit around which classifications are based.
VCE Environmental Science: Unit 3: Biodiversity. Introduction that explains the definitions and reasons to conserve biodiversity on a genetic, species and ecosystem level.
Nuts & Bolts: Genetically Appropriate Choices for Plant Materials to Maintain...nycparksnmd
Dr. Arlee Montavalo, University of California, Riverside
Symposium:
What is Local? Genetics & Plant Selection in the Urban Context. (Tuesday, May 23, 2006, American Museum of Natural History)
Genetics 101: Genetic Differentiation in the Age of Ecological Restorationnycparksnmd
Dr Susan Mazer, University of California, Santa Barbara
Symposium:
What is Local? Genetics & Plant Selection in the Urban Context. (Tuesday, May 23, 2006, American Museum of Natural History)
Bio 106
Lecture 11 Genes in Populations
A. Population Genetics
B. Gene Frequencies and Equilibrium
1. Gene Frequencies
2. Gene Pool
3. Model System for Population Stability (Hardy – Weinberg Law)
2
cces2015
C. Changes in Gene Frequencies
1. Mutation
2. Selection
2.1 Relative Fitness
2.2 Selections and Variability
2.3 Selection and Mating
3. Systems
4. Migration
5. Genetic Drift
3
cces2015
D. Race and Species Formation
1. The Concept of Races
2. The Concept of Species
2.1 Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
2.2 Rapid Speciation
Kevin Folta speaks to the American Seed Trade Association, clarifying subjects in plant genetic improvement. What are the differences between traditional breeding, mutagenesis, transgenic crop technology and other mechanisms? What does the future hold? This talk compares and contrasts the current state of the art of plant genetic improvement.
Hear Duke evolutionary biologist Mohamed Noor discuss the work that made him one of only a dozen scientists honored with the Darwin-Wallace Medal in 2008. This prize is given only once every fifty years to those twelve scientists who have done the most to advance Darwin's thinking.
Although Darwin's book title suggested that he provided us with insights on the origin of species, in fact, he only focused on the process of divergence within species and assumed the same process "eventually" led to something that could be called a new species.
This event was taped live as part of the Periodic Tables: Durham's Science Cafe series at the Broad Street Cafe. Periodic Tables is a Museum of Life and Science program. For more info please visit us at http://www.ncmls.org/periodictables
Darwinism and natural selection 7th zol.pptximranrohi56
Darwin's three main principles of natural selection state that, in order for the process to occur, most characteristics in the population must be inherited, more offspring must be produced than can survive, and the fittest offspring must be more likely to survive and reproduce.In the mid-19th century, a man came up with a very powerful idea, the idea that species could change. Today, all the time, we hear about animals adapting, endangered species going extinct, viruses mutating. But in the 1800s, people conceptualized a much more static world. One man looked past all that. His name was Charles Darwin.
Darwin called his idea the theory of natural selection. Natural selection is defined as a natural process that results in the survival and reproduction of organisms with genetic traits best suited to their environment. A shorter (but no less accurate) definition might be "survival of the fittest." Within any population, the fittest individuals, or the ones who fit the environment best, usually survive and reproduce, passing on their genetic traits to future generations.
Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection - how basic evolutionary principal...Madison Elsaadi
This PPTP is made for high school teachers wishing to introduce evolutionary concepts and exercises in regular and advance (AP) high school science courses.
The Development of Evolutionary TheoryAnthropology 1 Fall.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Development of Evolutionary Theory
Anthropology 1: Fall 2016
Religion and science concern different aspects of
the human experience, and they are not
inherently mutually exclusive categories.
Belief in God does not exclude the possibility of
biological evolution; acknowledgement of
evolutionary processes doesn't preclude the
existence of God.
Evolutionary theories are not rejected by all
religions or by most forms of Christianity.
A substantial majority of Americans (about 7 in 10)
believe the scientific Theory of Evolution is
compatible with a belief in God – one does not
preclude the other.
◦ “Evolution and Creationism in Public Education” People For the American Way Foundation
Evolution is the most fundamental of all biological
processes, but one of the most misunderstood.
Humans evolved from a species that lived some 6-8
million years ago (mya), not monkeys or chimpanzees.
Humans do share a recent common ancestor with other
primates
Evolution takes time; hence, the appearance of a new
species is rarely witnessed
The theory has been tested and subjected to
verification through accumulated evidence (and has
not been disproved)
The theory of evolution has been supported by a
mounting body of genetic evidence.
The theory has stood the test of time.
The theory continues to grow.
Evolutionary principles were developed in
western Europe, made possible by scientific
thinking dating to the 16th century.
Western science, however, borrowed ideas from
Arab, Indian, and Chinese cultures where notions
of biological evolution had already developed.
By the 19th century, evolution wasn’t a new
concept, but Natural Selection was a new theory
The notion that species,
once created, can never
change
An idea diametrically
opposed to theories of
biological evolution.
To challenge the idea
was to challenge the
Argument from Design
(life engineered by a
purposeful God).
Came with the discovery of the New World,
introducing new ideas and challenging
fundamental views about the planet.
Exposure to new plants and animals
increased awareness of biological diversity.
Brave new thinkers began to challenge long held
church doctrine and belief
◦ Aristotle taught that the sun and planets existed in a
series of concentric spheres that revolved around the
sun.
◦ Copernicus challenged the idea that the earth was the
center of the universe.
◦ Galileo’s work supported the idea that the universe was
a place of motion.
John Ray, developed the concept of species.
Groups of plants and animals could be
differentiated from other groups by their ability
to mate with one another and produce offspring.
He placed such groups of reproductively isolated
organisms into a single category, which he called
the species.
Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist who
developed a method of classifying plants and
animals.
In Systema Naturae, first .
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
5. Mutation: inheritable changes in a gene or a chromosome
Gene mutation: (point mutation)
Chromosome mutation
deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
Genetic Recombination
Sexual reproduction
two individuals produce haploid gametes (egg or sperm) – that
combine to form a diploid cell or zygote.
Reassortment of genes provided by two parents in the offspring
Increases dramatically the variation within a population by
creating new combinations of existing genes.
Asexual reproduction: less variation (only mutation)
Sources of Genetic Variation
7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 5
6. Nature Selection as a Force of
Evolution
What is Darwin’s Natural Selection?
The differential success (survival and
reproduction) of individuals within the
population that results from their
interaction with their environment.
“Survival of fitness, elimination of
‘inferior’ individual”
7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 6
7. There is variation in populations. Variation is heritable.
In every generation some organisms are more successful
at surviving and reproducing than others. Survival and
reproduction are not random, but are related to variation
among individuals. Organisms with best characteristics
are ‘naturally selected.’
If 2 conditions are met then the population will change from
one generation to the next. Evolution will occur.
Two Conditions in
Natural Selection
7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 7
9. Evolution by Natural Selection
The major factors affecting the organisms’ survival in
the system is Fitness.
Darwinian fitness: ability of an organism to survive
and reproduce in its environment.
Adaptation is a characteristic or trait of an
organism that increases its fitness relative to
individuals that do not possess it. It is an inherited
characteristic that increases the ability of an organism
to survive and reproduce.7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 9
13. Before and After
Natural Selection
In 1978, there was a
severe drought, small
seeds declined more than
large seeds.
Small beak birds have
difficult to find seeds, and
suffered heavy mortality,
especially females.
Conclusion:
Beak size
evolve
through
Natural
Selection.7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 13
16. Directional Selection
Examples:
A long time ago…
Small horses died: very disadvantageous
Medium horses died: disadvantageous
Large horses prospered: advantageous
A long time ago…
Short neck giraffes died: could not reach
leaves on tree
Medium neck giraffes died: could not
reach leaves on tree
Long neck giraffes prospered: leaves
were reachable
7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 16
17. Very light-colored or
very dark-colored
oysters might be
more frequently
preyed upon by
shore birds, simply
because they are
more obvious on the
oyster bar; as a
result, the
intermediate hues
become more
common.
Stabilizing Selection
7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 17
18. Stabilizing Selection
Examples:
Short flowers die: No sunlight
Medium flowers live: Perfect conditions
Tall Flowers die: Wind damage
Lightweight babies have higher mortality rate: weaker
Average weight babies survive more often: healthy
Heavyweight babies have higher mortality rate: when being born7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 18
19. This might happen in
shallow water among rocks.
Light-colored oysters are
more cryptic (less easy for a
predator to see) because
they match the rock color.
Dark-colored oysters blend
into the shadows cast by the
rocks. In this case,
intermediate-colored oysters
would be most heavily
preyed upon by the crabs,
and very light and very dark
oysters would survive to
reproduce.
Disruptive Selection
7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 19
20. Disruptive Selection
Examples:
In an environment with black and white rocks…
White rabbit lives: Camouflaged
Grey rabbit dies: Seen by predator
Black rabbit lives: Camouflaged
In an environment with deep and shallow flowers…
Short beak hummingbird lives: can get pollen from flower
Medium beak hummingbird dies: cannot get pollen from flower
Long beak hummingbird lives: can get pollen from flower
7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 20
21. Five Causes of Evolution
• Mutations
• Gene flow - Emigration and immigration of
individuals (Flow of alleles)
• Genetic Drift – Changes in the gene pool of a
small population due to chance
• Nonrandom mating: (AA mates AA, Aa)
• Natural Selection
7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 21
22. Evolution is a change in
Gene Frequency
Evolution is a change of gene frequencies
within a population (or species) over time
Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve.
Focus on gene pool, collective.
But why do we see populations are still the
‘same’ over many generations?
7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 22
23. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle:
Gene frequencies will remain the same in successive
generations of a sexually reproducing population if the
following five conditions hold:
– Random mating
– There is no mutation
– The population is very large
– There is no selection
– There is no migrations (isolated from other populations)
7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 23
25. The variation in environmental conditions
often give rise to a corresponding variation
in morphological, physiological and
behavioral characteristics.
The process in which one species gives rise
to multiple species that exploit different
features of the environment, such as food or
habitats, is called Adaptive Radiation.
Genetic Differentiation &
Adaptive Radiation
7-20-2014 Prepared By: Jaycris C. Agnes 25