The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection. It describes how Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution after observing variations between species on his voyage on the HMS Beagle. Darwin proposed that organisms evolve over generations through natural selection of heritable traits that increase an individual's chance of survival and reproduction. The document then provides examples of evidence that support evolution, including fossils, comparative anatomy and biochemistry, and experiments simulating early Earth conditions.

1. Evidence of Change Evolution

2. “ Evolve” Means to Change Over Time The belief that life on Earth has changed over time is quite old To be considered science, this belief requires a great deal of evidence Evolution

3. The Development of Evolutionary Theory Naturalists have always wondered at the diversity of living things……… Great varieties in shape, size, and ecological role Estimated 3 million to 20 million different living species Much of the natural world’s biodiversity has vanished through extinction 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction What Killed the Dinosaurs? Evolution

7. Development of Evolutionary Theory What could cause such great diversity, and why have so many species died out? Charles Darwin offered an explanation based on careful observations Who was Charles Darwin? Evolution

10. Development of Evolutionary Theory Darwin Concluded: Physical traits and behaviors enable organisms to survive and reproduce (called Fitness ) Fitness results from adaptations Darwin reasoned that adaptations result from natural selection and result in evolution Evolution Evolution is the process by which living things change and diversify over time

11. Development of Evolutionary Theory These ideas were widely challenged until a tremendous amount of evidence was gathered to support evolution! Now…The Theory of Evolution is the Cornerstone of Biology Explore the Evolution Revolution Evolution

12. Natural Selection and Speciation

13. Charles Darwin Studied Medicine and Theology Excelled in Geology and Biology In 1831 Darwin joined the H.M.S. Beagle on a trip around the world to make maps He was the ship’s naturalist Darwin’s Diary

14. Darwin Pieces Together the Puzzle Collecting fossils and other specimens Making detailed observations of animal behavior Making detailed drawings of the organisms he encountered Darwin traveled South America & Galapagos Islands

15. The Voyage of the Beagle: Ports of Call Noted that populations of organisms were slightly different from place to place Each group was modified to their specific environment

16. The Galapagos Archipelago

17. Land Iguana Marine Iguana The Galapagos Iguanas

18. The Galapagos Tortoises

19. The Galapagos Tortoises

20. The Galapagos Finches

21. The Origin of Species Interactive Exploration The Galapagos Finches

22. Charles Lyell Darwin Pieces Together the Puzzle Author of “ Principles of Geology” This book helped Darwin realize that the earth is old and changes slowly over time.

23. Malthus wrote “Essay on the Principles of Population” Populations will always grow larger than the food supply, creating hunger, disease and struggle/competition. Some people live, others die. Darwin Pieces Together the Puzzle Thomas Malthus 18th Century Economist

24. Darwin coined the term Artificial Selection - the process of modification of a species through human actions which encourage the breeding of certain traits over others. Darwin Pieces Together the Puzzle http://www.esp.org/books/darwin/variation/facsimile/title3.html

25. What Darwin Learned from Artificial Selection When chosen organisms are mated, desired characteristics are formed (Darwin didn’t know about DNA) Individuals in the wild who possess characteristics that make it more likely for them to reproduce will pass along these characteristics to their offspring. “ Desirable" characteristics, in the wild , would be those which enhance survivability , NOT those which specifically satisfy human needs. Nature does the selecting . Darwin Pieces Together the Puzzle

26. Lamarck’s View of Evolution Stated that acquired characteristics can be passed on to offspring. Darwin Pieces Together the Puzzle

27. Darwin’s View of Evolution Darwin Pieces Together the Puzzle Those giraffes with longer necks got more food and were better able to survive to reproduce, passing on the long-neck genes to their offspring. Over time, giraffes evolved longer necks.

28. “ Of course, long before you mature, most of you will be eaten.” 4 Key Ideas of Natural Selection

29. Evolution Through Natural Selection Variation (genetic) is present in the population and this variation is inherited (genetically passed to offspring). (Praying Mantis Camouflage) Living things Overproduce Competition for Limited Resources Survival of the “Fittest” Reluctantly published On the Origin of Species in 1859 Video Natural Selection

30. 4 Main Points of Natural Selection Variation (genetic) is present in the population and this variation is inherited (genetically passed to offspring). Living things Overproduce Competition for Limited Resources Survival of the “Fittest” Video Natural Selection

32. Fitness Defined Organisms who better survive to produce larger numbers of offspring are considered more fit than others who do not. The Fittest Survive

33. Darwin Today… Natural Selection in action … causes a frequency of certain alleles in a population to increase or decrease over time!

36. Click the Link Below to Access the Cartoon http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/sneakermales_01 Read the cartoon carefully and answer the discussion questions on a separate sheet of paper.

37. Speciation Results in Biodiversity

38. Speciation Natural Selection modifies populations. Some evolutionary changes are so great that some organisms can no longer interbreed with the original population A new species results Species An interbreeding population of organisms that can produce healthy, fertile offspring

39. Reproductive Barriers and Speciation Prezygotic: gametes never meet and fuse Geographic isolation (allopatric speciation) Ecological isolation Behavioral isolation (lacewing songs) Mechanical isolation Seasonal isolation Postzygotic: genetic differences manifest Hybrid inviability Hybrid sterility (tigons and ligers)

40. Geographic Isolation 2 populations separated by geographic barriers (rivers, mountains, bodies of water) Abert Squirrel vs. Kaibab Squirrel

42. Temporal Isolation (Seasonal) Species reproduce at different times

43. Behavioral Isolation Differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior Songs of birds

44. Behavioral Isolation

45. Mechanical Isolation Mating/Pollination is often impossible between different animal/plant species because of the incompatible shape and size of the reproductive structures. Size Does Matter! Example – Black and White Sage Plants

47. Black sage and white sage plants invite different pollinators White sage flowers have large landing platforms for large pollinators causing the large pollinators to brush against the stamens, but the small ones usually don’t. Black sage flowers have small landing platform for small pollinators. Therefore, the small pollinators cannot spread pollen to the white sage flowers therefore cross pollination is no longer possible.

48. Two populations live in different habitats and mating occurs in those habitats, thus their own gene pool. Land Iguana Marine Iguana Ecological Isolation

49. After Mating Genetic Differences Occur Hybrid sterility (tigons and ligers) (Horse and a donkey = mule – sterile)

50. Patterns in Evolution Adaptive Radiation Development of numerous new species from a common ancestor in diverse environments Darwin’s Finches (Origin of Species Activity)

51. Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium

52. Evolution Produces Biodiversity

53. Evolution Produces Diversity All living things are classified by characteristics into 6 kingdoms of life

54. Archaebacteria Autotrophic and heterotrophic species Unicellular Prokaryotic Cell wall w/o Peptidoglycan Some mobile Ancient bacteria Live in extreme environments (extremeophiles) Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermoacidophiles

55. Eubacteria Autotrophic and heterotrophic Unicellular Prokaryotic Cell wall with Peptidoglycan Some mobile True bacteria E. coli, Streptococcus

56. Protist Autotrophic and heterotrophic Mostly multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall on most Some mobile “ Odds and ends” Kingdom Amoeba, Paramecium

57. Fungi Heterotrophic Mostly multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of chitin Immobile Mostly live on decaying organic matter Fungi, yeast, mold

58. Plant Autotrophic Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Immobile Produce oxygen through photosynthesis Trees, shrubs, grasses, flowers

59. Animal Heterotrophic Multicellular Eukaryotic No Cell Wall Mobile Mammals, insects, birds, reptiles, sponges, worms

60. Taxonomy Classification and naming of organisms 7 Taxonomic Groupings from most inclusive to most specific: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species “ Kings play chess on fine green silk”

61. Linnean Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Binomial nomenclature (2 name naming) Genus and species to make the scientific name Provides a common name that can be used by all biologists regardless of their native language.

62. Example: human vs. chimpanzee Kingdom animalia animalia Phylum chordata chordata Class mammalia mammalia Order primata primata Family hominidae hominidae Genus homo pan Species sapiens troglodytes Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes Classification activity Linnean Taxonomy

63. Evolution Evidence to Support Evolution

64. The Origin of Life Geology The Fossil Record Comparative Embryology Comparative Biochemistry Comparative Anatomy Isn’t Evolution Just a Theory? Scientists from many disciplines including biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and paleontology have contributed to the case for evolution! Evidence to Support Evolution

65. The Origin of Life Origin of the Universe Big Bang Evidence to Support Evolution

66. Early Earth Evolution Starts Up: Chemical Evolution Heterotroph Hypothesis: Molecules of life arose from inorganic building blocks

67. The Miller-Urey Experiment Studied Molecules Present at Time of Early Earth Methane, Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor Mixed Molecules in Reaction Chamber Sparked with Electricity to Simulate Lightning Exposed Mixture to UV Radiation to Simulate Cosmic Rays Produced Basic Amino Acids and Organic Molecules Evidence to Support Evolution

68. Miller-Urey Apparatus Evidence to Support Evolution

70. Biological Evolution RNA as a information molecule and catalyst Endosymbiotic Theory Mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally free living prokaryotic cells Both have own DNA and ribosomes Joined together to cooperate

71. Geology The Study of the Earth and Rocks Early Ideas About Earth: People believed Earth was only a few thousand years old People believed that rocks and geological features were shaped by catastrophic events and rarely changed Evidence to Support Evolution

72. Geology In the 18 th and 19 th Century Scientists Studied Geology in Great Detail Old Earth , Ancient Life: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon Evidence to Support Evolution

73. Charles Lyell: The Principles of Geology Earth is Changed by Weather and Natural Processes like Volcanoes and Erosion Takes a Very Long Time! Gradualism and Uniformitarrianism

76. Continental Drift Over millions of years 1 original continent Pangea drifted apart to make our modern continents Continental drift is gradual “gradualism”

77. Sea Floor Spreading

79. Plate Tectonics

80. Geology These ideas refute the idea that the Earth is only a few thousand years old Provides long time necessary for evolution Backed up by radiometric dating The Earth is approximately 4.6 Billion Years Old 4,600,000,000 years is a long time! Evidence to Support Evolution

82. Direct Evidence of Evolution

83. The Fossil Record Fossils are the preserved remains of ancient organisms Provide information about past organisms Shows that many diverse organisms lived at different times in Earth’s History Evidence to Support Evolution

84. Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms Examples: The Fossil Record

85. The Fossil Record Provide a record of past species Important source of information for determining ancestry and patterns of evolution Fossil Archaeopteryx

86. What does the fossil record tell us? http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/04/3/quicktime/l_043_01.html What past life looked like What past habitats were like and changes that have occurred That diverse organisms lived on earth at different times New species evolved Some species became extinct Earliest life forms were aquatic Earliest life forms were simple in structure

87. Missing Link?

88. The Fossil Record Taphonomy: The Formation of Fossils Fossils form in sedimentary rock Dead organisms covered by sand and silt Sediments are passed into bone by pressure from above (fossils form in sedimentary rock) Video Evidence to Support Evolution

89. Determining the Age of Fossils Relative Dating: Technique used by scientists to determine the age of fossils relative to fossils in other layers of rock Different layers represent different geologic periods Older fossils found in lower layers, newer fossils found in upper layers Cannot determine the actual age of the fossil! Evidence to Support Evolution

90. Relative Dating of Fossils

92. Determining the Age of Fossils Radioactive Dating: Process by which traces of radioactive elements are analyzed to calculate the actual age of a fossil Many radioactive elements can be used as geologic clocks. Each radioactive element decays at its own nearly constant rate. Once this rate is known, geologists can estimate the length of time over which decay has been occurring by measuring the amount of radioactive parent element and the amount of stable daughter elements Video Evidence to Support Evolution

93. Radioactive/Radiometric Dating How it Works: - radioactive elements (uranium, Carbon14) break down/decay a specific rates = half life - these rates are nearly constant - the amount of radioactive decay that has taken place in a rock/fossil determines its age

94. Scientist Measure the Age of the Earth Radiometric Dating : way of estimating the age of the Earth! http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/3/quicktime/l_033_01.html

95. Carbon-14 Dating - Determines the age of fossils of a biological origin up to approx. 50,000 years old. - used in dating things such as bone, cloth, wood, plant fibers, etc. 5,700 year is C 14 half-life

97. Half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years

98. Half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years 22,920 11,460 28,650 17,190

99. Radiometric Dating Evidence to Support Evolution Radioactive Parent Stable Daughter Half life Potassium 40 Argon 40 1.25 billion yrs Rubidium 87 Strontium 87 48.8 billion yrs Thorium 232 Lead 208 14 billion years Uranium 235 Lead 207 704 million years Uranium 238 Lead 206 4.47 billion years Carbon 14 Nitrogen 14 5730 years

100. The Geologic Time Scale Based on fossil and geologic evidence A record of the Earth’s past Divided into Era, Period, and Epoch Shows that life on Earth followed geologic change on Earth Deep Time Activity Interactive Time Scale Evidence to Support Evolution

101. Comparative Embryology Embryos are organisms at early stages of development Evidence to Support Evolution

102. Comparative Embryology All vertebrate embryos, including humans, share features Eye spot (Evolution of the Human Eye) Gill pouches Notochord Shows similar genetic ancestry Video Evidence to Support Evolution

103. Comparative Biochemistry All life is based on organic chemistry Carbon based compounds All life uses same molecule as blueprint DNA Similar chemical processes Bacteria, algae, and plants all do photosynthesis Similar organisms have similar genetic code Humans and chimpanzees share nearly identical genes (98.4% identical gene sequences) Video Evidence to Support Evolution

104. Anatomy and Comparative Anatomy Vestigial Organs Organs inherited but not used by modern organisms Present but greatly reduced in modern organisms Hip bone in python Appendix in human Tail bone (cocyx) in human Evidence to Support Evolution

105. Anatomy: Homologous Structures Similar parts of different organisms, often quite dissimilar in purpose, that developed from the same ancestral body parts (Video) Divergent evolution Evidence to Support Evolution

106. Anatomy: Analogous Structures Similar in purpose, but not inherited from a recent common ancestor Environment selected for trait Wings of birds and insects Convergent evolution Evidence to Support Evolution

107. Summary There is overwhelming evidence to support the Theory of Evolution Evidence comes from disciplines as varied as biology, geology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, and paleontology Evolution has produced the great beauty and diversity of life on Earth over the last 4 billion years Evidence to Support Evolution

108. Human Evolution

109. Explore Human Evolution View the Becoming Human broadband documentary As you view each segment, visit the related exhibits to further explore this topic Go to the Learning Center and select the “Calculating Cousins” activity Go to the Learning Center and select the “Chromosome Connection” activity Go to the Learning Center and select the “Building Bodies” activity

110. The Order Primate Characteristics of Primates Strong hands and opposable thumbs Free-moving shoulder joint Forward facing eyes and stereoscopic vision Intelligence/larger brain Social complexity

111. What Characteristics do Humans Have? All of those of primates, plus Upright posture and bipedal Use of tools and technology Advanced intelligence Complex communication and speech

112. The Steps to Human Evolution Terrestrialization Bipedal (Walking on all two’s) Increased Brain Size Civilization Take a look at the Human family tree

113. The Hominid Family Each year new fossils are found to add to the Hominid family tree Most fossils of early humans are found in Africa and lower Asia Most well understood members include genus Australopithecus (extinct) and genus Homo Solve the Riddle of the Bones

114. Genus Australopithecus First human ancestor to live on the ground and walk on two legs As evidenced by the Laetoli footprints Ape-like jaw Small brain Short stature Found only in South and East Africa

115. The Australopithecines A. anamesis 4 MYA A. afarensis 3.2 MYA (Finding “Lucy”) A. africanus 2.5 MYA A. robustus 2 MYA A. boisei 2 MYA

116. Genus Homo More modern hominids that exhibited major evolutionary steps Increased brain size Use of tools Use of fire Use of shelter Religion Language and civilization

117. Homo habilis “The Tool Man” Approx. 2.5 MYA Brain ½ size of modern human First to make and use stone tools and weapons

118. Homo erectus “The Upright Man” Direct ancestor of modern humans Widespread in Africa and Asia by 1 MYA Evidence of use of shelter and fire

119. Homo sapiens “The Wise Man” Most likely evolved from H. erectus as early as 400,000 years ago Greatly increased brain size Consisted of 2 groups Neanderthal Cro-Magnon/modern H. sapiens

120. Neanderthals Found in Neander Valley in Germany Fossils found throughout Europe, Middle East, and Asia from 150,000-30,000 years ago Large bodies and brains Evidenced painting, religion, complex social structure “ Cave man”

121. Cro Magnons and Fully Modern Humans First early modern H. sapiens appear about 130,000 years ago Thinner bones, smaller jaws, higher skull with little or no brow ridge, and larger brains Cave art shows complex religion and culture Lived alongside Neanderthal for several thousand years, but eventually out-competed them