Earthquake tips 14 &15
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Horizontal bands are necessary in masonry buildings to tie the walls together and act as a single unit during earthquakes. Specifically, lintel bands connect walls loaded in the strong direction to support walls loaded in the weak direction. Proper design of lintel bands, including adequate connections at corners, is important. Vertical reinforcement is also required because openings in walls weaken the structure. During quakes, wall piers can disconnect and rock, but vertical bars force the piers to bend instead of rock, preventing collapse. Reinforcement around openings restricts cracking at distorted corners during seismic deformation.
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Improve Earthquake Resistivity of Stone masonry Buildings
Improve Earthquake Resistivity of Stone masonry Buildings
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Eq tips full
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Earthquake tip 12
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Earthquake tip 22
This document discusses the short column effect that can occur during earthquakes. Short columns experience more damage than taller columns because they are stiffer and attract larger earthquake forces to deform the same amount. Short columns are found in buildings on sloping ground, with mezzanine floors, or next to partial-height walls. The solutions involve avoiding short columns in design, strengthening them structurally as required by code, or removing the cause by extending partial walls to full height.
Earthquake tips 2
1) Seismic waves generated by earthquakes travel through the Earth's layers as body waves and surface waves. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves, while surface waves include Love waves and Rayleigh waves.
2) When seismic waves reach the Earth's surface, most of their energy is reflected back downwards. Some of this energy returns to the surface through reflections within soil and rock layers, causing stronger shaking at the surface.
3) Strong ground shaking during an earthquake is measured using instruments like seismographs, which have sensors to detect ground motions and recorders to log the measurements. Modern digital seismographs store shaking data internally.
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Vertical reinforcement is required in masonry buildings to prevent damage during earthquakes. Without reinforcement, the slender wall piers can rock back and forth or develop diagonal cracking when shaken by ground motions. Vertical bars embedded in wall piers force them to bend rather than rock, enhancing their ability to resist seismic forces. The bars also prevent sliding of walls and collapse. Reinforcement around openings in walls restricts cracking at the corners that occurs when openings distort during shaking.
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Steel reinforcement in concrete beams consists of longitudinal bars and stirrups. Longitudinal bars resist tension forces from bending while stirrups prevent the longitudinal bars from buckling outwards. There are two types of potential beam failures: flexure failure and shear failure. Flexure failure, where vertical cracks develop on the bottom face in tension, is preferred as it provides warning through crack development. Shear failure can occur suddenly without warning signs. Proper design of beams involves selecting rebar grades, sizes, and spacing to ensure flexure failure occurs before unpredictable shear failure.
5
Earthquakes cause buildings to experience horizontal and vertical shaking motions. This shaking generates inertia forces within buildings that must be safely transferred through floors, walls/columns, foundations, and into the soil. Horizontal shaking is a particular concern as it can cause buildings, which are designed only for vertical gravity loads, to fail. Traditional construction often neglects properly designing walls/columns to transfer horizontal inertia forces from floors through to foundations and soil. Failures of inadequately designed masonry walls and reinforced concrete columns have been observed during past earthquakes.
23
Reinforced concrete buildings in seismic regions often include vertical shear walls that run from the foundation to the roof. Shear walls help buildings withstand earthquakes by carrying lateral forces down to the foundation. They perform much better when properly designed to be ductile. Shear walls work best when located symmetrically along exterior walls and in both principal directions. Buildings with sufficient shear walls designed according to seismic standards have demonstrated good performance during past earthquakes.
22
Short columns experience more damage than tall columns during earthquakes due to the short column effect. Short columns are stiffer and attract larger earthquake forces to deform the same amount as taller columns. This occurs in buildings on sloping ground with columns of different heights, buildings with mezzanine floors, and buildings where partial height walls adjoin columns, restricting their movement. The short column effect must be addressed during design by providing special confining reinforcement throughout the short column and into adjoining columns. Retrofitting techniques can also strengthen existing short columns.
20
Beam-column joints in reinforced concrete buildings must resist significant forces during earthquakes to avoid damage. These joints are vulnerable because the materials have limited strength. Closely spaced steel ties around the column bars in the joint region help control cracking and crushing of concrete by holding the joint together under forces. Sufficient column size and anchoring of beam bars into the column also improve the joint's ability to resist forces by providing better grip of the concrete on the steel reinforcement. Damage to beam-column joints during past earthquakes highlights their importance in earthquake-resistant design.
16
1) Traditional stone masonry buildings in India, constructed using thick walls of rounded stones with mud mortar, are very vulnerable to earthquakes due to deficiencies in wall construction, connections between walls, and connections to roofs.
2) During past earthquakes, these buildings commonly failed through bulging or separation of walls, separation of walls at corners, and collapse of poorly attached roofs.
3) To improve earthquake resistance, stone walls should be constructed in lifts with shaped stones and stronger mortar, include through-stones or overlapping bonds, and have horizontal reinforcing bands at floors, roofs, and gables to connect walls.
14
Horizontal bands are the most important earthquake-resistant feature in masonry buildings. They tie all the walls together to act as a single unit during shaking. There are four main types of bands - lintel, roof, gable and plinth - named by their location. The lintel band is most critical as it connects walls across floors. During the 1993 Latur earthquake in India, a building with a lintel band sustained no damage while other similar buildings without collapsed or were damaged. Properly designed lintel bands made of reinforced concrete are best able to resist bending and pulling forces during quakes.
17
Earthquake shaking generates inertial forces in buildings that travel downward through floors and walls to the foundation. Concrete slabs are horizontal plate-like elements that facilitate functional use of building spaces. Slabs are typically cast-in-place and connected to vertical members like columns and walls. When earthquakes induce horizontal forces in a building, slabs help resist these forces and distribute them to vertical elements and the foundation. However, slabs can crack or distort during strong shaking, which engineers must consider in design.
9
This document discusses how to make buildings more ductile and earthquake resistant through proper construction materials and design. It explains that masonry and concrete are brittle materials that fail suddenly, while steel is ductile and can undergo large deformation before failure. Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement to make concrete more ductile. For seismic resistance, buildings should be designed like a ductile chain, making weaker members like beams fail through ductile yielding before stronger columns. This requires special seismic design codes to ensure adequate ductility in vulnerable members. Strict quality control is also needed during construction to guarantee ductile behavior.
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Earthquake tips 14 &15
- 1. EARTHQUAKE TIP 14 By- Gaurav Baviskar
- 2. WHY ARE HORIZONTAL BANDS ARE NECESSARY IN MASONRY BUILDING? Horizontal bands are the most important earthquake-resistant feature in masonry buildings. They hold a masonry building as a single unit by tying all the walls together There are four types of bands in a typical masonry building, gable band, roof band, lintel band and plinth band
- 4. THE LINTEL BAND TIES THE WALLS TOGETHER AND CREATES A SUPPORT FOR WALLS LOADED ALONG WEAK DIRECTION FROM WALLS LOADED IN STRONG DIRECTION.
- 5. DESIGN OF LINTEL BANDS During earthquake shaking, the lintel band undergoes bending and pulling actions The straight lengths of the band must be properly connected at the wall corners.
- 6. This will allow the band to support walls loaded in their weak direction by walls loaded in their strong direction. In wooden bands, proper nailing of straight lengths with spacers is important. Likewise, in RC bands, adequate anchoring of steel links with steel bars is necessary.
- 8. WHY IS VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED IN MASONRY BUILDING? Even if horizontal bands are provided, masonry buildings are weakened by the openings in their walls During earthquake shaking, the masonry walls get grouped into three sub-units, namely spandrel masonry, wall pier masonry and sill masonry. When the ground shakes, the inertia force causes the small-sized masonry wall piers to disconnect from the masonry above and below.
- 10. These masonry sub- units rock back and forth, developing contact only at the opposite diagonals The rocking of a masonry pier can crush the masonry at the corners. Rocking is possible when masonry piers are slender, and when weight of the structure above is small.
- 11. In un-reinforced masonry buildings (Figure 3), the cross- section area of the masonry wall reduces at the opening. During strong earthquake shaking, the building may slide just under the roof, below the lintel band or at the sill level.
- 12. HOW VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT HELPS Embedding vertical reinforcement bars in the edges of the wall piers and anchoring them in the foundation at the bottom and in the roof band at the top , forces the slender masonry piers to undergo bending instead of rocking Adequate cross-sectional area of these vertical bars prevents the bar from yielding in tension. Further, the vertical bars also help protect the wall from sliding as well as from collapsing in the weak direction.
- 13. PROTECTION OF OPENINGS IN WALLS the most common damage, observed after an earthquake, is diagonal X-cracking of wall piers, and also inclined cracks at the corners of door and window openings. When a wall with an opening deforms during earthquake shaking, the shape of the opening distorts and becomes more like a rhombus Under this type of deformation, the corners that come closer develop cracks
- 14. The cracks are bigger when the opening sizes are larger. Steel bars provided in the wall masonry all around the openings restrict these cracks at the corners