This File comprises of a general information and guidelines for construction of Earthquake Resistant buildings, Its a basic study of the same and may help students and learners for overall information of this technology.

1. Earthquake Resistant Building
Construction
Name: Rohan. Santosh. Narvekar
Roll No: 38 IV.Year B.Arch

2. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS
• EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS:
• Ground Shaking: Shakes structures constructed on ground causing them to collapse.
• Liquefaction: Conversion of formally stable cohesion-less soils to a fluid mass, causing damage to the structures.
• Landslides: Triggered by the vibrations
• Retaining structure failure: Damage of anchored wall, sheet pile, other retaining walls and sea walls.
• Fire: Indirect result of earthquakes triggered by broken gas and power lines.
• Tsunamis: large waves created by the instantaneous displacement of the sea floor during submarine faulting.

3. Some Concepts on Earthquake Resistant Construction,
Earthquake Casualties:
Earthquake is a frequent phenomenon in areas called ‘earthquake zones.’ Earthquakes may create various kinds of casualties like loss of life and damage of
property depending upon its magnitude; causalities could range from small property damage to landslides and long range of liquefaction. Secondary effects
like fire; blockage on services such as water supply, electricity and transportation; and communication disruption are sometimes even more disastrous.
Manmade infrastructures are however the major contributor of casualties during earthquake devastations. These structures therefore should be carefully
designed and constructed.
Earthquake Resistant Building Construction:
For examples, the improper placement of partition wall, chimney, staircase, and how water supply, electrical systems are arranged, are responsible for killing
people and in facilitating structural damage to property. Reason for Buildings’ Failure during Earthquake Vertical and horizontal shaking from earthquakes and
inertia of buildings that causes frequent changes in building’s weight, and the use of poor quality materials and massive structures are some of the reasons for
building failures. Greater the mass of building, more lateral force is exerted on buildings, and this alone is the major component behind building damages. When
there are no strong joint-components like walls, beam, column, roofs, slabs, in buildings, the buildings move independently on their own direction, and velocity
of their movements are dictated by the buildings’ weight and orientation, and all these result in separation of a building.
Problems
Solutions

4. Moment Resisting Frame:
• The separation of building components and failure to support designed force is actually a building failure. Earthquake-Resistant Buildings
with rigid layout (box like structure) with strong joints between different components are generally earthquake proof because rigid
buildings react as a single unit to earthquake forces.
How its usually done…
How it should be
done……

5. BASIC GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION IN INDIA:
• Guideline laid down for five category of structures
• Part 1 General provisions and buildings
• Part 2 Liquid retaining tanks - Elevated and ground supported
• Part 3 Bridges and retaining walls
• Part 4 Industrial structures including stack like structures
• Part 5 Dams and embankments
• Seismic zone identified and construction parameters amended accordingly
• Foundation laying in various soil type is also specified.
• Specification about material to be used including RCC, Steel, masonry work etc.
• SOME IMPORTANT IS CODES
• IS 1893 (Part I), 2002, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (5th Revision)
• IS 4326, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings (2nd Revision)
• IS 13827, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings
• IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings
• IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
• Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces

6. Impacts of Earthquakes on Buildings:
• Life and Society.
• Property (Buildings, Stuctures and their contents)
• Civic Amenities.
• Lifeline Facilities.
• Heritage.
• Economy and Development.
• ……. literally everything.
MUMBAI COMES IN ZONE 3.
• India is divided into 4 (1&2 combined)zones for earthquake proximity.
• One should identify his location on the zone map .
• Then refer to “INDIAN STANDARD SEISMIC CODES” and follow for a earthquake resistant
structure.

7. FACTORS GOVERNING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON STRUCURE:
• Intensity of earthquake
• Type of earthquake waves
• Type of structure
• Type of design
• Shape of structure both in plan & elevation
• Type of soil
• Type of foundation
• Type of material used for construction
• Load of structure
HOW MAY A BUILDING REACT UNDER
AN EARTHQUAKE?
To understand this we will consider a
masonry wall hit by an earthquake.
Diagonal cracking of wall. Horizontal sliding of the masonry wall..
Horizontal sliding of the whole building. Overturning of the building if the building is too
narrow.

8. METHODS OF CREATING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURE:
• Increase natural period of structures by Base Isolation like :
• Lead Rubber Bearing
• Laminated Rubber Bearing
• High Damping Rubber Bearing
• Spherical Sliding Bearing
• Friction Pendulum System
• Increase damping of system by Energy Dissipation Devices like :
• Viscous dampers
• Friction dampers
• Yielding dampers
• Visco elastic dampers
• By using Active Control Devices like :
• Sensors
• H/w & S/w
• Actuators
Deformation of Building:

9. SEISMIC DESIGNING:
• Planning stage
• Plan building in symmetrical way (both axis)
• Avoid weak storey and provide strong diaphragm
• Don’t add appendages which will create difference in Centre of mass and centre of rigidity
• Conduct soil test to avoid soil liquefaction
• Steel to be used of having elongation of 14% and yield strength of 415 N/mm2
• Design stage
• Avoid weak column and strong beam design.
• Provide thick slab which will help as a rigid diaphragm. Avoid thin slab and flat slab construction.
• Provide cross walls which will stiffen the structures in a symmetric manner.
• Provide shear walls in a symmetrical fashion. It should be in outer boundary to have large lever arm to resist the EQ
forces.
• Construction stage
• Compact the concrete by means of needle vibrator.
• Cure the concrete for at least a minimum period.
• Experienced supervisor should be employed to have
• good quality control at site

10. FRAME ACTION:
SHEAR FAILURE:
FLEXURE FAILURE

11. COLUMN ORIENTATION
STRONG COLUMNS WEAK BEAMS:
INCREASE DUCTILITY :

12. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNING:
• 1. Stiffen any pair of orthogonal horizontal
directions to resist loads.
• 2. Choose one structural system for each
orthogonal direction.
Symmetry:

13. BOUNDARY LIMITS: CROSS BRACED FRAMES
DAMPERS:

14. TRANSFER DIAPHRAGMS
• A Transfer Diaphragm is a simple diaphragm, that must
transfer additional loads due to vertical systems being
offset.
• Penetrations are to be avoided in Transfer Diaphragms.
SUSPENDED DAMPERS:

15. THANK YOU!......