The Carolingian Renaissance saw a revival of learning and culture in Western Europe following the fall of the Roman Empire. Under Charlemagne's rule of the Frankish Kingdom from 768-814 CE, he sought to revive elements of classical Roman civilization. Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800 CE in Rome, establishing himself as successor to the Roman Emperors. He standardized education, created a new style of writing, and promoted the arts, architecture, and illuminated manuscripts to revive Roman influence. Charlemagne's capital of Aachen featured the first major building constructed in Europe after Rome's fall, reflecting his goal of creating a "New Rome" and asserting his imperial authority.
A detailed presentation on ROMAN ART.
All about Roman Art and Architecture.
About the systems in Rome period.
About major and minor forms of arts in Roman Period.
Information about colours used in roman period and how they were extracted.
A detailed presentation on ROMAN ART.
All about Roman Art and Architecture.
About the systems in Rome period.
About major and minor forms of arts in Roman Period.
Information about colours used in roman period and how they were extracted.
The rise of the Renaissance in Italy and its major contributions to the rebirth of Europe. Includes key people, artwork techniques, and activities. SC State Standard 6-6.1 and 2
Art class given in History, Colegio Escolapios, Pamplona, Spain, february 2014.
This 60 minutes presentation gives an introduction on Neoclassicism. What does neoclassical art look like? When and where arose this art movement? Why did it appear?
Short comparisons are made between Neoclassicism and former art movements.
The rise of the Renaissance in Italy and its major contributions to the rebirth of Europe. Includes key people, artwork techniques, and activities. SC State Standard 6-6.1 and 2
Art class given in History, Colegio Escolapios, Pamplona, Spain, february 2014.
This 60 minutes presentation gives an introduction on Neoclassicism. What does neoclassical art look like? When and where arose this art movement? Why did it appear?
Short comparisons are made between Neoclassicism and former art movements.
Romanesque Architecture in Europe
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of Medieval Europe, characterized by semi-circular arches, and evolving into the Gothic style, characterized by pointed arches, beginning in the 12th century. Although there is no consensus for the beginning date of the style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th centuries, examples can be found across the continent, making Romanesque architecture the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is more traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
Hagia Sofia was built between 532 and 537, as a Christian church. It has influenced architects ever since. The circular dome covering a square base was developed at the same time as the Basilica plan of the Early Christian churches, in Italy. The Byzantine dome was later adopted into Islamic architecture. However, the Roman dome was constructed differently. Romans placed their dome over a solid circle of walling, best seen in the example of the Pantheon in Rome, instead of using the pendentives (an architectural feature).
However, one shared feature of the time between the two styles was the use of opaque glass mosaics in the interior decoration, covering the walls.
The Hagia Sofia plan is basically an inscribed Greek cross. The hall has four piers at the corners of the square rising in circular arches to support a central dome by means of four pendentives. The upper galleries were used by the women, and were reached by steps inside the building. Much of Hagia Sofia's appeal comes from its size. The inside is dominated by the central dome over 30.5 metres in diameter.
Today after about 1500 years of continue used, Hagia Sofia still dominates the skyline of the Bosphorus. It is truly a milestone, among the world’s greatest architectural achievements, a testament of the sophistication of the 6C Byzantine Empire.
Medieval art: the Expansion of Christian narrative in Carolingian and Ottonia...Ann Murray
A slide presentation on the development of Christian narrative in Carolingian and Ottonian Art. It is useful for educators who need a collection of slides that includes the key works of the period and which they can use in conjunction with their own notes. Notes are included in some of the slides.
GUIDE 8
UNIT 3
MEDIEVAL ART
o
Early Medieval Art
o
Romanesque Art
o
Gothic Art
Middle Ages
… When we hear these words, we think about the castles, knights, and magnificent cathedrals. Since the early 19
th
century the artists have been in love with this romantic time and would most often choose it to illustrate the fairy tales. Yet, historically speaking, the Middle Ages had started long before the knights’ époque and lasted all together for 1,000 years. Traditionally the historians divide this millennium into three major periods.
MEDIEVAL
ART
400 - 1400
EARLY MEDEIVAL art
ROMANESQUE art
GOTHIC art
5 - 11
th
centuries
11 – 12
th
centuries
12 – 13
th
centuries
Migrations
Carolingian
art
Ottonian
art
==========================================================================
We are entering yet another 1,000 year long period – the Middle Ages.
Art and culture of this period are called Medieval.
There will be a lot of information in this chapter – prepare yourself for a serious work. But when you finish this guide, you will know much more about architecture that you know at this moment. I can promise you that!
After you observe the Graph above, you may want to switch to the
Normal View
– click on the first button in the lower left corner
.
Why the
Middle Ages
are also called
Dark Ages
?
- *
EARLY MIDDLE AGES
I.
Barbarian art [
Period of Migrations
]
II.
Carolingian art
III. Ottonian art
Barbarian Period of Migrations
Early Middle Ages
Animal style
–
*
[Why such name?]
Scythian Plaque with Animal Interlace
Found in
- *
Material:
- *
Size
:
- *
[It is small plaque.
Can you envision it?]
Describe the object and its decorative pattern.
Do you believe it is an object of art?
What makes it such?
- *
Page from
*
Date:
*
How would you describe it? -
*
Carolingian Period
Early Middle Ages
www.traditioninaction.org
Charles the Great
- legendary Frankish king.
*…
. – King’s French name,
[Pronounced ; both L and N soft]
“Charlemagne is the first great man of action to emerge
from the darkness since the collapse of the Roman world.
He became a subject of myths and legend.
“A magnificent reliquary, made about five hundred years
after his death to hold a piece of his skull, expresses what
the High Middle Ages felt about him in terms that he
himself would have appreciated – gold and jewels.
“He was a commanding figure, over six feet tall,
with piercing blue eyes” … tireless warrior and administrator…
“…in year 800 the Pope in Rome crowned him as
the head of a new
Holy Roman Empire
…”
(Northern Europe)
“…it was through him that the Atlantic world re-established
contact with the ancient culture of the Mediterranean world.
~
Kenneth Clark
, Civilization, 1969, (p 18).
They say about Charlemagne that he has saved the
Western civilization by savingthe classical culture.
Reliquary in the form of the head of the Emperor Char ...
This is a lecture on Romanesque and Gothic Art to give to a college introductory survey course. It should take about an hour and a half to an hour and forty-five minutes to work through with students.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. After the fall of the Roman Empire, western Europe was overrun by hordes of migrating
“barbarian” tribes
3. But as the centuries progressed, the Barbarian warlords settled down and began to
establish larger kingdoms
4. One of the largest was the kingdom of the Franks, a Germanic tribe that inhabited what
had once been the Roman provinces of the Gauls
5. Charlemagne (or Carolus Magnus) was King of the Franks from 768-814, and his empire
(called the Carolingian Empire) was one of the largest and most powerful in all of Europe
6. Like all of the barbarian warlords that had settled in Europe, Charlemagne’s
predecessors had converted to Christianity
7. And his greatest ambition was to revive the grandeur of the Roman Empire
8. Coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo on Christmas Day, 800 CE
14th century manuscript
He came close to achieving this goal when he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by
Pope Leo III in Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome on Christmas day in 800 CE
9. This made Charlemagne the direct successor of Constantine the Great, the first “Holy
Roman Emperor”
10. Equestrian Statue of Charlemagne,
Bronze, 21 cm
Louvre
So Charlemagne was a Roman Emperor “wannabe,” as illustrated by this bronze statue
of a Carolingian king – possibly Charlemagne himself (currently in the Louvre)
11. Equestrian Statue of Charlemagne,
Bronze, 21 cm
Louvre
Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, c. 175 CE
We know that Roman Emperors used equestrian statues to assert their power and
authority, and Charlmagne was eager to imitate the formula
12. Equestrian Statue of Charlemagne,
Bronze, 21 cm
LouvreEquestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, c. 175 CE
Only Charlemagne’s statue is only 9 1/2
inches tall, while the statue of Marcus
Aurelius is 11 feet tall!
13. Bronze casting is an intricate and complex process, and it will take some time
before western European artisans recover the techniques that the Romans had
mastered centuries before
14. The creation of a "New Rome" was Charlemagne's guiding vision when he began the construction of the Palace Chapel in the former Roman spa
resort Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in ca. 786 - laying the foundation stone for one of Europe's oldest Northern stone buildings.
Image source: http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/churchhistory220/lecturetwo/palacechapelhistory.htm
Every Emperor needs a
capital, and Charlemagne
established his at Aachen, in
Germany (Aix-la-Chapelle in
French)
15. The creation of a "New Rome" was Charlemagne's guiding vision when he began the construction of the Palace Chapel in the former Roman spa
resort Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in ca. 786 - laying the foundation stone for one of Europe's oldest Northern stone buildings.
Image source: http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/churchhistory220/lecturetwo/palacechapelhistory.htm
His architect built the palace
and connecting chapel out of
stone, and it remains the
oldest stone building in
Europe to be built after the
fall of Rome.
16. The creation of a "New Rome" was Charlemagne's guiding vision when he began the construction of the Palace Chapel in the former Roman spa
resort Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in ca. 786 - laying the foundation stone for one of Europe's oldest Northern stone buildings.
Image source: http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/churchhistory220/lecturetwo/palacechapelhistory.htm
The chapel was designed by
Odo of Metz, and is the only
building that survives
17. The Palatine Chapel of
Charlemagne, Aachen,
Germany, 792-805
The Palatine chapel (named after the Palatine Hill in Rome) is significant because it
marks the reappearance of monumental architecture in western Europe
18. The building is in the shape of an octagon topped by a dome, and was based on
Justinian’s San Vitale, in Ravenna
19. The interior is massive, and distinctly “Roman” in its use of the arch, and Roman
methods of construction
20. Charlemagne’s achievement can only be appreciated if you take into consideration
that there has not been any kind of architecture in Europe in 400 years!
22. He himself learned to read and write, and he invited Alcuin of York to reform
education at monasteries
23. Eadwine the Scribe, from the
Eadwine Pslater, c. 1160-1170
He also charged his scholars with the task of standardizing the bible text, which had
become corrupted over the centuries through constant copying by hand
24. His scholars developed a new system of writing called “Carolingian miniscule,”
which is the basis of our system of writing today
25. Roman script is difficult to read because the letters are all capitals, and there is no
punctuation or spaces between words
26. The new system of writing, combined with the creation of a standard scholarly
language (known as Medieval Latin), significantly raised the standards of literacy
and learning in Charlemagne’s kingdom
27. Charlemagne also set out to reform the illustration of bibles, and established his
own scriptorium, called “The Palace School”
28. He provided his scribes with examples of Early Christian manuscripts that reflected
the more naturalistic style of Greek and Roman art
Learn to
draw like
this!
29. This page from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne reflects the new style of the
Palace School. It is an example of an author page that introduces the Gospels
30. St. Matthew, Coronation
Gospels (Gospel Book
of Charlemagne) 800-810 CE
The image reflects a new sense of naturalism and three dimensionality that had
virtually disappeared from Christian art during the middle age
31. St. Matthew, Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book
of Charlemagne) 800-810 CE
Saint Matthew, Lindisfarne Gospels, c. 698-721
Compare it, for example, to the image of St. Matthew, from the Lindisfarne Gospels,
produced about a century earlier
32. St. Matthew, Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book
of Charlemagne) 800-810 CE
Saint Matthew, Lindisfarne Gospels, c. 698-721
In the older image, the figure appears stylized and abstract, with strangely distorted
proportions, and flat forms surrounded by thick outlines
33. St. Matthew, Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book
of Charlemagne) 800-810 CE
Saint Matthew, Lindisfarne Gospels, c. 698-721
But in Charlemagne’s gospel book, all the skills of ancient classical art have been
re-learned: the proportions of the figure are more lifelike, and gradations of light
and shade are used to create a convincing illusion of three dimensional volume
34. Author page introducing the Gospel of John
Lindisfarne Gospels, c. 698-721
British Library
St. John, Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book
of Charlemagne) 800-810 CE
Wikimedia Commons
We can see the same transformation in these two images of Saint John; while the
Lindisfarne version is flat, cartoon-like, and stylized, the Carolingian version has all
of the illusionistic qualities of Roman art
35. St. Matthew, Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book
of Charlemagne) 800-810 CE
Folio 14 recto of the Vergilius Romanus contains an author portrait of Vergil
What likely happened is that Charlemagne provided his illuminators with examples
of Roman and Early Christian manuscripts to copy from
36. St. Matthew, Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book
of Charlemagne) 800-810 CE
So in architecture and art, Charlemagne was proclaiming his kingdom as the new
“Holy Roman Empire”
The Palatine Chapel of
Charlemagne, Aachen,
Germany, 792-805
38. The Art of Storytelling: Carolingian
Manuscript Illumination
39. As we saw, Charlemagne was a great supporter of literacy and learning
40. Reconstructed Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland, 820 CE
He poured money into existing monasteries, and founded many new ones, because
the monks were the ones who could read and write
41. Reconstructed Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland, 820 CE
These monasteries became centers for the production of illuminated books
42. Charlemagne had established his own Palace School, where he encouraged his
illuminators to imitate the naturalistic style of ancient Rome
Learn to
draw like
this!
43. Reconstructed Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland, 820 CE
But the illuminated manuscripts produced in monastic centers were made for an
entirely different purpose
44. They were much more interested in telling stories through pictures, than in revising
the artistic style of the Roman Empire
45. Church and State were not united in the European Middle Ages, so the church
remained independent from kings
I’ll do my
own thing
I want to
do things
this way
46. This gospel book was made for the Archbishop Ebbo of Rheims
St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Bishop Ebbo of Reims,c. 816-835
47. When we compare it to the author page of Saint Matthew from the Coronation
Gospels produced for Charlemagne, we can observe several similarities
St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Bishop Ebbo of Reims,c. 816-835
St. Matthew, Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book
of Charlemagne) 800-810 CE
48. The pose is quite similar, and the writing desk in both is virtually identical; both also
show evidence of the use of shading to create a three dimensional effect
St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Bishop Ebbo of Reims,c. 816-835
St. Matthew, Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book
of Charlemagne) 800-810 CE
49. This suggests that both illuminators were probably working from the same prototype
– i.e. they were both probably copying an image that was Roman or Early Christian
St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Bishop Ebbo of Reims,c. 816-835
St. Matthew, Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book
of Charlemagne) 800-810 CE
50. But the differences between the two pages are more interesting
St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Bishop Ebbo of Reims,c. 816-835
St. Matthew, Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book
of Charlemagne) 800-810 CE
51. St. Matthew, Coronation
Gospels (Gospel Book
of Charlemagne) 800-810
CE
While Charlemagne’s illuminator clearly tried to imitate the original faithfully,
resulting in an image that is convincingly illusionistic
52. St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Bishop Ebbo of Reims,c. 816-835
The illuminator of the Ebbo Gospels seems to have freely interpreted the original,
producing an image that is more expressive than naturalistic – let’s take a closer
look
53. Matthew is seated at his writing table, frantically writing the pages of his gospel with
a quill pen
St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Bishop Ebbo of Reims,c. 816-835
54. The linear patterns of his drapery create a sense of frenetic energy, and even the
landscape background seems to quake with movement
St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Bishop Ebbo of Reims,c. 816-835
55. The expression on his face communicates intense concentration, while his hair
seems to be standing on end
56. And then we notice there is an angel on the hill reading from a scroll, which helps us
understand why Matthew is so frantic
St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Bishop Ebbo of Reims,c. 816-835
57. The angel is dictating the “Word of God,” and poor Matthew is struggling to keep up!
St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Bishop Ebbo of Reims,c. 816-835
It’s God
speaking –
write this
down!
OK – slow
down!
58. This image of Matthew is not “realistic” or “naturalistic,” the way Greek and Roman
art was – but its not exactly “abstract” either
St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Bishop Ebbo of Reims,c. 816-835
59. Instead, art historians use the term “expressionistic” to describe the use of distortion
and exaggeration to communicate emotion
St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Bishop Ebbo of Reims,c. 816-835
60. In this image, the artist is using expressive line, and exaggerated facial expressions
and gestures, to communicate Matthew’s emotional state, as he is filled with the
frenzy of divine inspiration
61. Dr. Seuss is a perfect example of the use of “expressionism” to enliven his stories
62. His illustrations are so expressive, that we don’t have to read the words to
appreciate the story
63. Carolingian manuscript illuminators mastered the art of telling a story through
pictures, with animated figures that communicate drama and emotion through
exaggerated gestures and expression
64. Since most people couldn’t read, these pictures became a powerful way of
communicating the faith to a largely illiterate population
65. Moutier Grandval Bible, c. 840
This page is from the Moutier Grandval Bible, one of the masterpieces of
Carolingian art
66. Moutier Grandval Bible, c. 840
The illustrations are so expressive that you don’t even need the written text to
understand the story
67. Moutier Grandval Bible, c. 840
In the upper portion, we see Moses going up the mountain to receive the 10
Commandments from the Lord (depicted as a disembodied hand reaching down
from the heavens)
68. Moutier Grandval Bible, c. 840
Down below, we see Moses returning to the Israelites, holding the tablets of the law
69. Moutier Grandval Bible, c. 840
He raises his arm in a gesture of authority, while several of the men in the crowd
raise their hands to their mouths in a gesture of astonishment
70. Moutier Grandval Bible, c. 840
The proportions are unrealistic: the heads and hands are way too large – but this
enables the artist to amplify the expressions communicated through their facial
expressions and gestures
71. Genesis page, Moutier-Grandval Bible,
Tours, France, c. 830-840
This page illustrates the story of Creation from the Book of Genesis
73. And in the next scene, he introduces Adam to Eve
74. This scene illustrates the Fall in the garden (Eve appears twice to indicate the
sequence of events)
75. And in the final scene, Adam and Eve are expelled from Paradise
76. Notice how the exaggerated gestures, facial expressions, and body language
communicates the emotion of the story
77. While lacking “realism,” Carolingian artists mastered the art of storytelling through
an expressionistic visual language
78. The Utrecht Psalter is one of the masterpieces of Carolingian manuscript
illumination
79. A Psalter is a book the Psalms of David (hymns of praise to God)
80. The Psalms are written in three columns, interspersed with lively illustrations
81. Psalm 150 refers to praising the Lord with the trumpet, harp, lyres, cymbals, and
various other musical instruments included an organ, and the accompanying
illustration matches the text
82. The Lord can be seen in the center, ascending over a hilltop, wearing a halo and
enclosed in an oval shape known as a “mandorla” — a kind of “body halo.”
83. He is surrounded by angels that praise him – their exaggerated facial expressions
and gestures expressing wonder and surprise
84. Down below, we see the trumpeters and cymbal players mentioned in the text
85. And in the center, we see a delightful contraption: a pump organ, with several
figures laboring to keep it pumped with air
86. The figures are drawn with ink, in a loose sketchy style, with an emphasis on
expressive gesture and facial expression, rather than realistic detail
87. Sketches by illustrator Peter de Seve
If you love cartoons, illustrations, and animation, you might want to check out
Carolingian manuscript illuminators, since they were amongst the first masters of
this art form!
89. Lindau Gospels, c.
880
Morgan Library
Since books were made by hand, they were extremely precious objects, and richly
illustrated bibles and gospels were even more precious because of the intricacy of
their decorations, and their sacred content
90. Lindau Gospels, c.
880
Morgan Library
Not surprisingly, then, book covers, which protected the fragile pages, became an
important art form in and of itself
91. Lindau Gospels, c.
880
Morgan Library
This book cover is incrusted with jewels in elaborate metal settings that recall the
metalworking traditions of the migration arts; in this context, they symbolize the
splendor of heaven
92. In the center of the cover is an image of the crucified Christ, flanked by angels
above, and mourners below
93. Unlike later images of the Crucifixion that emphasize Christ’s suffering and pain, this
early representation of the theme emphasizes Christ’s triumph over death —
youthful, and unmarked by any wounds, he is a a symbol of hope and redemption.
94. The figural images — made with a technique called repoussé, where the relief
images are formed by hammering out the raised elements from the other side —
reveals distinctly classical elements, again reflecting Charlemagne’s deliberate
desire to revive the styles and techniques of classical art
95. This can be seen particularly well in the naturalistic treatment of Christ’s anatomy,
and in the exquisitely rendered drapery
109. Over 16 feet tall, they represent the first appearance of monumental sculpture since
the fall of the Roman Empire
110. Inspired by a monumental set of wooden doors he had seen in Rome
Doors to Santa Sabina, Rome, c. 432 CE
111. Genesis page, Moutier-Grandval Bible,
Tours, France, c. 830-840
But the source of the imagery was not sculpture – rather, the reliefs draw on the
expressive style of Medieval manuscript illumination
118. Bayeux Tapestry
The Bayeux Tapestry is
another work that
exemplifies the
development of narrative
storytelling
Funeral Procession to Westminster Abbey, and Battle of Hastings, Bayeaux Tapestry,
c. 1070-1080
119. Bayeux Tapestry
It is a 228’ long tapestry
illustrating the Norman
Invasion of England,
based on Roman
Triumphal columns
Funeral Procession to Westminster Abbey, and Battle of Hastings, Bayeaux Tapestry,
c. 1070-1080