During the Carolingian and Ottonian periods from 800-1050, art aimed to renew and emulate the grandeur of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne commissioned works like the Coronation Gospels and his Palatine Chapel at Aachen that referenced classical forms. Monastic plans like St. Gall also spread standardized architectural designs. Under Bishop Bernward, Ottonian art at the Church of St. Michael's in Hildesheim featured bronze doors and columns with relief sculptures that told biblical stories and emulated Roman precedents like Trajan's Column.