The document outlines several theories of human motivation, including:
- Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation theories, which differentiate between internal desires and external demands as motivators.
- Instinct theory, which proposes innate patterns of behavior activated by stimuli, though this view is now largely rejected due to human behavior's diversity and unpredictability.
- Drive-reduction theory popularized by Clark Hull, which suggests needs create unpleasant arousal impelling behavior to satisfy needs and reduce tension.
- Reinforcement theory of B.F. Skinner, which proposes behavior is determined by its consequences of reward or stress.
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which categorizes needs into deficiency and growth sets and proposes lower needs
Motivation is literally the desire to act and move toward a goal. It's the difference between waking up before dawn to pound the pavement and lazing around the house all day. It's the crucial element in setting and attaining one's objectives—and research shows you can influence your own levels of motivation and self-control. Motivation might be extrinsic, whereby a person is inspired by outside forces—other people or things that transpire. Motivation might be intrinsic, whereby the inspiration comes from within a person. High achievers, who have outsized stores of motivation, readily feed their needs of a meaningful life. The needs encompass physiological requirements, social connection, ego, and fulfillment. Physiological needs—sustenance, shelter, safety, physical health—are most important. Also crucial is the need for social connection and acceptance. Ego is another area that requires attention, an individual must have confidence, status, recognition, and respect. And the last is fulfillment, whereby the individual realizes his potential and deepest desires. Motivation plays a big part in every one of these areas.
Motivation is literally the desire to act and move toward a goal. It's the difference between waking up before dawn to pound the pavement and lazing around the house all day. It's the crucial element in setting and attaining one's objectives—and research shows you can influence your own levels of motivation and self-control. Motivation might be extrinsic, whereby a person is inspired by outside forces—other people or things that transpire. Motivation might be intrinsic, whereby the inspiration comes from within a person. High achievers, who have outsized stores of motivation, readily feed their needs of a meaningful life. The needs encompass physiological requirements, social connection, ego, and fulfillment. Physiological needs—sustenance, shelter, safety, physical health—are most important. Also crucial is the need for social connection and acceptance. Ego is another area that requires attention, an individual must have confidence, status, recognition, and respect. And the last is fulfillment, whereby the individual realizes his potential and deepest desires. Motivation plays a big part in every one of these areas.
The concept of motivation focuses on explaining what ‘moves’ behavior
It was derived from a Latin word ‘movere’ meaning movement
Motivation is one of the determinants of behavior
Instincts, derives, needs, goals and incentives come under the broad cluster of motivation.
Maintenance Electroconvulsive Therapy Augmentation on Clozapine-Resistant Psy...Zahiruddin Othman
Case Report: Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy augmentation on clozapine-resistant psychosis with neurosyphilis is effective and safe but has never been reported in the literature to the authors' knowledge. It is hoped that this case report would contribute to the scarce literature on this augmentation strategy
Case Report: Schizophrenia patient with prodromal OCS is probably at increased risk of developing TTM while on atypical
antipsychotics treatment. Atypical antipsychotics and SSRI combination therapy is a useful strategy in such patient
Isolated Cerebellar Stroke Masquerades as DepressionZahiruddin Othman
There are numerous reports on neurological conditions masquerading as psychiatric disorders. However, cerebellar
stroke is not established as one of it. The 2 case reports will highlight that this masquerade is possible and the physician's
high index of suspicion is the key to accurate diagnosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. 2
Lecture Outline
• General theories of human
motivation
– Intrinsic
– Extrinsic
• Specific theories on motivation
– Instinct
– Drive-reduction theory (Hull)
– Reinforcement theory (Skinner )
– Hierarchy of needs (Maslow)
3. 3
Theories of Personality & Motivation
Personality theories represent elaborate speculations or hypotheses about why people behave as they do
5. 5
Defining Motivation
• Internal state or condition that activatesactivates behavior
and gives it directiondirection;
• Desire or want that energizes and directs goal-
oriented behavior;
• Influence of needs and desires on the intensity and
direction of behavior
• The arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior
6. 6
• Intrinsic (primary) motivation
– The desire to perform an act
because it is satisfying or
pleasurable in and of itself
– Satisfies internal need or desire
• Biology
• Cognition
• Emotion
• Volition
• Spiritual
• Moral
Defining Motivation
7. 7
• Extrinsic (secondary) motivation
– The desire to perform an act to meet
external demands or requirements
• Classical conditioning—associated
stimuli
• Operant conditioning—consequences
• Social learning—models and imitation
• Social cognition—influence of others on
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Defining Motivation
10. 10
Instinct Theories of Motivation
• The notion that human behavior is motivated by certain
innate patterns of action that are activated in response
to stimuli
• Most psychologists today reject instinct theory
– human behavior is too richly diverse
– often too unpredictable
11. 11
the female three-spined sticklebackthe female three-spined stickleback
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to the nest that he has preparedto the nest that he has prepared
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guidesguides
her intoher into
the nestthe nest
and thenand then
prods theprods the
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After doing so, the maleAfter doing so, the male
drives her from the nest,drives her from the nest,
enters it himself, andenters it himself, and
fertilizes the eggs.fertilizes the eggs.
The researcher imitates a mother duck's quacking in
front of a group of ducklings just after they had hatched.
They learn very rapidly to identify their mother on the
basis of visual, olfactory and auditory cues
Thus, the ducklings perceived the researcher as
their mother and followed her accordingly.
12. 12
Drive-reduction Theory
• A theory of motivation suggesting that a need creates an
unpleasant state of arousal or tension called a drive,
which impels the organism to engage in behavior that will
satisfy the need and reduce the tension
• Popularized by Clark Hull
– Believed that all living organisms have certain biological needs
that must be met if they are to survive
13. 13
Drive-reduction Theory
• Drive-reduction theory is derived largely from the
biological concept of homeostasis
• Homeostasis
– The tendency of the body to maintain a balanced
internal state with regard to oxygen level, body
temperature, blood sugar, water balance, and so forth
– Everything required for physical existence must be
maintained in a state of equilibrium, or balance
• When this state is disturbed, a drive is created to
restore the balance
15. 15
Psychoanalysis
Life instincts
or libido
These instincts perpetuate
(a) the life of the individual, by motivating him or her to seek food and water, and
(b) the life of the species, by motivating him or her to have sex
16. 16
PSYCHIC DETERMINISMPSYCHIC DETERMINISM
Nothing happens by chance or in an accidental, arbitrary
way. Each psychological event is determined by events
which preceded it, and occurrences in our psychological
lives that appear to be random only appear so.
“There are no accidents”
(Brenner, 1999)
17. 17
Reinforcement Theory (Skinner )
ApplyApply WitholdWithold
RewardReward positive reinforcementreinforcement
(behavior freq raise above
baseline)
extinction
(behavior freq stay at baseline)
StressorStressor punishment
(bring down behavior freq below
baseline)
negative reinforcementreinforcement
(raise above baseline)
BehaviorBehavior
ConsequenceConsequence
(reward/stressor)time
frequency
Consequence
Behavior
A behavior is determine by its consequence
18. 18
Carrot and Stick policy
Application of reinforcement theory at social level
20. 20
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance is a psychological term which describes the uncomfortable tension that may result from
having two conflicting thoughts at the same time, or from engaging in behavior that conflicts with one's beliefs
23. 23
– Attempted to develop a theory of motivation that would
synthesize multiple theories
– Proposed two sets of needs
• Deficiency needs
• Growth needs
– Growth needs develop after deficiency needs are met
– Lowest unmet need will receive attention
– Believed that these motivational processes were
central to the human personality
Maslow's Hierarchy of Need
25. 25
Self-Actualization
The need for self-actualization is "the desire to become more and more what one is, to become
everything that one is capable of becoming." People who have everything can maximize their
potential. They can seek knowledge, peace, esthetic experiences, self-fulfillment, and oneness
with God, etc.
“Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift, that’s why it's called the present.” - Master Oogway
26. 26
Theory of Needs (David McClelland)
McClelland's concept is also referred to as the Learned Needs Theory, Acquired Needs Theory, and Three Needs Theory
Editor's Notes
Personality theories represent elaborate speculations or hypotheses about why people behave as they do
Freud saw all human behavior as motivated by the drives or instincts, which in turn are the neurological representations of physical needs. At first, he referred to them as the life instincts. These instincts perpetuate (a) the life of the individual, by motivating him or her to seek food and water, and (b) the life of the species, by motivating him or her to have sex. The motivational energy of these life instincts, the "oomph" that powers our psyches, he called libido, from the Latin word for "I desire.“
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html
THE PLEASURE CENTRES AFFECTED BY DRUGS
The nucleus accumbens definitely plays a central role in the reward circuit. Its operation is based chiefly on two essential neurotransmitters: dopamine, which promotes desire, and serotonin, whose effects include satiety and inhibition. Many animal studies have shown that all drugs increase the production of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, while reducing that of serotonin. But the nucleus accumbens does not work in isolation. It maintains close relations with other centres involved in the mechanisms of pleasure, and in particular, with the ventral tegmental area (VTA).
Located in the midbrain, at the top of the brainstem, the VTA is one of the most primitive parts of the brain. It is the neurons of the VTA that synthesize dopamine, which their axons then send to the nucleus accumbens. The VTA is also influenced by endorphins whose receptors are targeted by opiate drugs such as heroin and morphine.Another structure involved in pleasure mechanisms is the prefrontal cortex, whose role in planning and motivating action is well established. The prefrontal cortex is a significant relay in the reward circuit and also is modulated by dopamine.
The locus coeruleus, an alarm centre of the brain and packed with norepinephrine, is another brain structure that plays an important role in drug addiction. When stimulated by a lack of the drug in question, the locus coeruleus drives the addict to do anything necessary to obtain a fix. Two structures in the limbic system also play an active part in the pleasure circuit and, consequently, in drug dependency. The first is the amygdala, which imparts agreeable or disagreeable affective colorations to perceptions.The second is the hippocampus, the foundation of memory, which preserves the agreeable memories associated with taking the drug and, by association, all of the details of the environment in which it is taken. Sometime in the future, these details may reawaken the desire to take the drug and perhaps contribute to recidivism in the patient.
Cognitive dissonance is a psychological term which describes the uncomfortable tension that may result from having two conflicting thoughts at the same time, or from engaging in behavior that conflicts with one's beliefs
The theory of cognitive dissonance states that contradicting cognitions serve as a driving force that compels the mind to acquire or invent new thoughts or beliefs, or to modify existing beliefs, so as to reduce the amount of dissonance (conflict) between cognitions.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a theory in psychology that Abraham Maslow proposed in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation, which he subsequently extended to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theory contended that as humans meet 'basic needs', they seek to satisfy successively 'higher needs' that occupy a set hierarchy
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid consisting of five levels: the four lower levels are grouped together as deficiency needs associated with physiological needs, while the top level is termed growth needs associated with psychological needs. While deficiency needs must be met, growth needs are the need for personal growth. The basic concept is that the higher needs in this hierarchy only come into focus once all the needs that are lower down in the pyramid are mainly or entirely satisfied. Once an individual has moved past a level, those needs will no longer be prioritized. However, if a lower set of needs is continually unmet for an extended period of time, the individual will temporarily re-prioritize those needs - dropping down to that level until those lower needs are reasonably satisfied again. Innate growth forces constantly create upward movement in the hierarchy unless basic needs remain unmet indefinitely.