This document discusses motivation and emotion. It defines motivation as the factor that directs and energizes human behavior. It outlines several approaches to motivation, including the instinct approach, drive-reduction approach, arousal approach, incentive approach, and cognitive approach. It also discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The document defines emotion as feelings that have psychological and cognitive elements and influence behavior. It discusses the functions and roots/theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schachter-Singer theory. It also lists the six basic emotions and discusses the relationship between culture and emotion.

1. Name: Abdul Mannan Class: BS-II Institute: Sir Adamjee Institute of Management Sciences
Assignment #: 05 Date of Submission: 17th Oct 2016 Subject: Human Behavior
Motivation and Emotion
Definition ofMotivation:
The factor that direct and energize the behavior of human.
APPROACHES TO MOTIVATION:
1. Instinct Approach:
Instinct is anything which is in bound or by birth ability to motivate to get those needs which are necessary to
survive. According to instinct approach:
“Peoples and Animals are born with pre-programmed sets of behavior which is essential to their survival”
OR
“Most of our behavior are guided by or directed by the nature which are un-learnt and which are natural”
2. Drive-Reduction:
The drive reduction theory or approaches is focused on when some basic biological requirements is lacking, so
drive is produced. The whole process of balancing the biological requirements such as the fulfillments of hunger and
thrust is called Hoemostatis or a balance state.
3. Arousal Approach:
According to arousal approach of motivation:
“Different people required and search for an optimal level of stimulation and if the level of stimulation is too high
so they act to reduce it and if it is too low, they act to increase it.”
4. Incentive:
Sometimes we are motivated to act because of internal desires and wishes, but at other times, our behaviors
are driven by a desire for external rewards. The incentive theory is one of the major theories of motivation and
suggests that behavior is motivated by a desire for reinforcement or incentive.
5. Cognitive Approach ofMotivation:
The cognitive approach based on thoughts, expectations & understanding of the world direct motivation.
6. Hierarchy of Need:
It is a step by step satisfaction progression process. There are 5 stages in which the first 2 are called lower
order needs and the remaining 3 are called Higher order need.
1. Psychological needs. 2. Safety Needs 3. Social Needs 4. Esteem 5. Self Actualization
TYPES OF MOTIVATION:
1. Primary Motives 2. Secondary Motives 3. General Motives
Definition ofEmotion:
Emotions are the feelings that generally have psychological & cognitive elements and influence the behavior.
Functions of Emotions:
1. Preparing for action 2. Shaping our future behavior 3. Helping us to interact more effectively with others
Roots or Theories of Emotion:
There are 3 theories of emotion:
1. James – Lange Theory:
There are 3 stages of emotion in James – Lange theory, the first on the presence of stimulus, the
second one is body language, and the third one is feedback.
The James – Lange theory of emotional believes that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily changes
or events occurring a result of an external situation or stimulus.
2. Canon – Bard Theory:
Canon – Bard theory of emotion believes that both psychological arousal (body changes) & emotional
experiences are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus.
3. Schechter – Singer Theory:
The Schechter – singer theory of emotion believes that emotions are determined jointly by a non-specific
kind of psychological arousal and its interpretation based on environment hints.
Basic Emotions: There are 6 basic emotions which are happiness, anger, sadness,surprise, fear and disgusts.
Emotion & Culture: There is a strong relationship between the culture and emotion because our emotions are the
product of our culture and become the cultural product represent the different types of emotions such as the white
colour in the West and in the Christianity is represented as the wedding dress colour as a sign of happiness, however
the same colour is represented in East and in Hindu culture as a colour of mourn when the husband of a wife is dead.