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The document discusses the biological approach to explaining psychopathology. It states that according to this approach, abnormal behavior reflects an underlying disease process or illness. It lists three main biological causes of psychopathology: 1) an imbalance in neurotransmitters like serotonin or dopamine, 2) abnormal neuroanatomy such as structural abnormalities in the brain, and 3) genetics where mental illnesses can be inherited. The document instructs the reader to read about genetic inheritance and lists questions to answer regarding defining abnormality, linking internet addiction to a psychopathology, and whether internet causes depression.
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- The cognitive approach sees faulty thought processes as the root of abnormality.
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Possible biological causes mentioned include abnormal levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, as well as structural brain damage or developmental abnormalities. While brain imaging has provided insights into the neural basis of disorders, diagnosing based on scans alone is difficult due to variation between individuals and overlap across conditions.
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Clinical psychology involves the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. It aims to understand the causes of disorders and works with other mental health specialists like psychiatrists and psychoanalysts. Abnormal behavior can be defined statistically as rare behaviors or culturally as deviations from societal standards. Major psychological disorders studied in clinical psychology include dissociative disorders, schizophrenia, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. The causes of these disorders are explored using biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive models of abnormal psychology.
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The document discusses psychological disorders from multiple perspectives. It begins by outlining what topics will be covered, including defining and classifying disorders, specific disorders like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. It then discusses reasons for learning about psychological disorders and different perspectives on defining and understanding disorders. Key concepts covered include the medical model of disorders, biopsychosocial approaches, diagnosing and classifying disorders using the DSM, and critiques of diagnosis and labeling. Specific anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are explained. The nature of mood disorders like major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are also outlined.
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This document discusses major and mild neurocognitive disorders. It defines neurocognitive disorders as involving cognitive decline and impairment, with mild disorders having slight decline in one function and major disorders having severe decline in one or more functions. It lists several types of neurocognitive disorders including Alzheimer's disease, vascular disorders, frontotemporal disorders, and disorders due to traumatic brain injury, Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease, prion diseases, and substance abuse. Symptoms vary but include memory loss, confusion, impaired language and motor skills. Treatment involves testing, medication, and psychosocial support.
Social cognition
Social cognition refers to how people process and respond to social information. It involves interpreting social cues, analyzing social situations, and remembering social information using mental structures called schemas. Schemas help organize our knowledge about social roles, people, and events. When making judgments with limited time and information, people rely on mental shortcuts called heuristics. However, social cognition is not always rational and can involve errors like unrealistic optimism and counterfactual thinking.
Abnormal Psychology
This document defines and describes several types of psychological disorders, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, substance use disorder, dissociative disorders, and impulse control disorder. It discusses characteristics, causes, and symptoms of these conditions. Key topics covered include types of anxiety like generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder; bipolar disorder and depressive disorders; criteria for personality disorders; positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia; and characteristics of dissociative amnesia and depersonalization disorders.
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02 Perspectives in psychology
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Pavlov (1927) studied unconditioned reflexes in dogs like salivating in response to food. Later researchers like Watson, Raynor (1920) and Skinner (1957) studied conditioned learning through rewards and punishments in humans and animals. Observational learning theory proposes that behavior can be learned through observing and imitating others. Behavioral therapies for mental health issues are based on classical and operant conditioning principles like systematic desensitization to treat phobias. However, the behavioral approach is limited as it does not consider genetic or cognitive factors in learning and behavior.
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Similar to Biological approach as
Biological approach in psychology
The biological approach in psychology emphasizes how biology influences behavior. Biopsychologists study the brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics. They examine topics like the relationship between mind and body, the effects of the mind on the body, and the influence of heredity on behavior. Biopsychologists believe mental illnesses have physical causes and can be treated physically, for example through medication, electroconvulsive therapy, or psychosurgery. The biological approach uses research methods like genetics studies, brain scans, and case studies to understand these influences.
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Biological approach
Here are two criticisms of the biological approach to psychopathology:
1. It is reductionist - it reduces complex mental disorders down to simple biological components alone. This ignores other potential contributing factors like environment and life experiences.
2. It is deterministic - it suggests we have no free will and are solely determined by our biology. This ignores the role of psychological and environmental factors in developing mental illness.
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The biological approach views mental disorders as medical conditions with physical causes, such as infections, biochemical imbalances, genetic factors, and neurological damage. Strengths include modern brain scanning technologies identifying biological abnormalities and some effective drug treatments. However, it is also reductionist by ignoring environmental influences, and drug treatments do not work for all disorders. The diathesis-stress model provides a more balanced view that both biological and environmental factors interact to cause psychopathology.
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Genetic factors, neurotransmitters, hormones, and circadian rhythms contribute to the biological view of depression according to studies. Family, twin, and adoption studies show depression may be inherited. Low levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine are linked to depression. Cortisol and melatonin imbalances are also associated with depression. Seasonal affective disorder may be related to changes in melatonin levels and sunlight exposure. However, biological explanations of depression have limitations due to challenges directly measuring brain activity.
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Brain chemistry involves the complex chemical messaging within the brain that allows it to perform functions like movement, thinking, and regulating bodily systems. Bipolar disorder may be partly caused by imbalances in brain circuits and neurotransmitters like noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine. In the 1950s, neurochemistry emerged as a scientific discipline focused on studying these brain chemicals and their roles in mental illnesses and neurological conditions. Imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and GABA have been linked to depression, epilepsy, and other disorders.
Abnormal psychology models of abnormality
1) Defining abnormal behavior is difficult as there are many approaches, but it is generally defined as behavior that deviates from social norms and causes distress.
2) There are several models that psychologists use to define and explain abnormal behavior, including biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive approaches. The biological model views psychological disorders as caused by physical factors like genetics, brain chemistry, and medical conditions.
3) While the biological model is useful, it has limitations. Psychological disorders likely stem from complex interactions between biological and environmental factors, not just reduced to genes and neurotransmitters. Both nature and nurture influence abnormal behavior.
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Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that play a crucial role in transmitting signals between neurons. They can be classified based on their chemical structure and function into amino acids, monoamines, peptides, and others. Major neurotransmitters include glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, opioids, acetylcholine, and histamine. Imbalances in neurotransmitter systems have been linked to various neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Running head: PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER 1
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER 6
Psychiatric Disorder
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
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Date
Psychiatric disorder
Depression is one of the most common mental disorders found in the world. Current studies indicate that depression may result from genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. People of all ages are susceptible to depression but the elderly are at a high risk than the young. In the brain, depression starts with simple chemical imbalances. Communication within the brain and to and fro the rest of the body is via the chemical transmitter, known as neurotransmitters. The brain limbic system has been a key interest for many researchers as it comes to anxiety, stress and depression. There exists relationship between depression and the functioning of three primary neurotransmitters; serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is associated with the control of many crucial bodily operations such as aggression, sleeping, sexual behavior, mood, and eating. The production of serotonin is in the serotonergic neurons. Some people are likely to suffer depression with a drop in the production of serotonin in the neurons. The resultant mood is one that is more particularly associated with individuals feeling suicidal.
Early studies suggested that an existence of neurotransmitter norepinephrine deficiency in some certain areas of the brain resulted in depression. Recent follow up studies also shows that there is a group of individuals with a depression disorder who exhibit low levels of the chemical norepinephrine. In autopsy studies, it has been shown that in comparison, people who lives have been marred with a recurrence of depressive episodes possess lesser norepinephrinergic neurons unlike those who have not had depressive history. Norepinephrine assist our bodies detect and respond to stressful instances. People who are susceptible to depression have a norepinephrinergic system which does not take care of the effects of stress very efficiently.
Dopamine is another chemical transmitter in the brain associated with depression. The neurotransmitter plays a critical part in controlling our motivation to seek out reward, also the ability to get a sense of pleasure. Low levels of dopamine may partly explain as to why some individuals suffering from depression do not get the same pleasure sense from people are activities that they used to before falling into depression.
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Meditation can help treat mood disorders like depression and anxiety by impacting the brain in several ways:
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Running Head: SCHIZOPHRENIA
SCHIZOPHRENIA 2
Critical Review: Schizophrenia
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Introduction
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that affects almost all elements of a patient's life. The disease is characterized by hallucination, cognitive impairment, social withdrawal, delusions. All these characteristics are usually seen in Schizophrenia patients. In most cases, a patient is unable to think straight, distinguish fantasy from reality and also can be over-reactive when they interact with others. All the above symptoms can be explained based on the neurological mechanisms of a patient's mental illness. Over the recent past, there have been various researches linking psychology and neuroscience in search of information on the causes of schizophrenia in patients. “There has been evidence that the disorder is as a result of impaired activation on three brain networks between frontotemporal, front parietal and front striatal that serve in cognitive functioning and coordinating cognition and emotion” (Tritsch et al., 2016).
Theory
Neurotransmitters are basically chemical elements that are secreted by the neurons. The function of these neurotransmitters is actually found in the name of the elements, and that is to transmit messages from one neuron to the other. There are several types of these neurotransmitters and our main point of focus in this case will be those that are actually associated with schizophrenia and the very first and common one is Dopamine. As we have seen this condition affects the thinking of the patient and at some point are not in a position to distinguish between fantasy and the realities of life, now this is one element of an individual that is controlled by dopamine, dopamine is actually responsible for the movement of thoughts within an individual now these thoughts are actually what helps an individual to make some distinction between the facts and fantasy that is why you find an individual is not actually able to make distinction between fantasy and reality when they are affected as a result of schizophrenia.
The other neurotransmitter that is involved with this disorder is glutamate,.
Abnormal Affect
This document provides information on abnormal affect, specifically depression and mania. It discusses the types of depression and mania, characteristics and diagnostic criteria. Biological explanations for depression include genetic and neurochemical factors. Cognitive explanations include Beck's cognitive theory involving negative thoughts and schemas. Learned helplessness theory and attributional style are also covered. Treatments discussed include biological approaches like drugs that impact neurotransmitters and electroconvulsive therapy, as well as cognitive and behavioral therapies.
Depression
This document discusses depression and bipolar disorder. It defines depression as a medical illness causing persistent sadness and loss of interest, and notes it can lead to emotional and physical problems. It describes major depression, dysthymia disorder, and bipolar disorder, listing their key symptoms. The document then discusses theories of the biological causes of these conditions, such as deficiencies in neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine. It also addresses their diagnosis, treatment options including various medications, and notes the importance of ruling out other potential organic causes.
Psychopathology of Somatoform Disorders
This document provides an overview of somatoform disorders, including their history, conceptualization, theories, and specific disorders. It discusses somatization disorder, conversion disorder, pain disorder, hypochondriasis, and body dysmorphic disorder. It covers theories of abnormal illness behavior and deficits in cognitive processing of emotion. It also presents a signal filtering model of somatoform symptoms and explores the psychobiological theories involving the endocrine system, immune system, neurotransmitters, and brain mechanisms.
Etiology of Schizophrenia
The document discusses the biological causes of schizophrenia. It notes several lines of evidence including abnormal genes, brain structure differences, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and the effectiveness of medication. However, it also acknowledges that environmental factors like stress must play a role, as identical twins only have a 50% chance of both developing schizophrenia. The most widely accepted theory is the diathesis-stress model, where genetic vulnerabilities interact with stressors to trigger the onset of the disorder.
Change your personality
The document discusses how experiences shape the brain and emotions. It explains that thoughts and feelings produce chemical changes in the body, and neurons that fire together wire together, meaning consistent patterns of thought and emotion become ingrained. This leads to discussions on mindfulness, neuroplasticity, meditation, exercise, and how changing one's thinking can literally change the brain and produce different emotions. The overall message is that we have power to change our personality and personal reality by becoming self-aware of how our experiences and thinking patterns affect our brain chemistry and emotions.
Psych: Neurotransmitters
Psychologists study the brain and nervous system to understand how biological functions influence human behavior. Some psychologists called behavioral neuroscientists specialize in studying the effects of biological processes like neurotransmitters on behavior. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons in the brain and body. An imbalance of neurotransmitters can impact mood, movement, memory formation and other behaviors, and may be linked to conditions like depression, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. Brain imaging techniques like PET and SPECT scans can detect abnormal levels of neurotransmitter activity and production in the brain.
Biological model
This document summarizes the biological model of abnormality. It discusses how the biological model views psychological abnormality as an illness caused by malfunctions in the brain or other parts of the body. It describes the brain's anatomy and chemistry and how certain disorders have been linked to problems in specific brain areas or abnormal chemical activity. Genetics are also discussed as a factor. Biological treatments like drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery aim to address the physical sources of dysfunction. While the biological model has strengths in producing new information and treatments, it also has weaknesses in being too simplistic and having incomplete evidence.
AP Psych disorders.ppt
The document discusses psychopathology and psychological disorders. It defines psychopathology as patterns of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts that are inappropriate for a situation and cause distress or prevent important goals. Over 15% of Americans suffer from diagnosable mental health issues in a given year. Psychological disorders exist on a continuum from mild to severe, with more extreme cases exhibiting hallucinations, delusions, or abnormal emotions. While the medical model views disorders as diseases, psychologists see them as involving biological, psychological, social, and behavioral factors. The DSM-IV provides standardized criteria for diagnosing disorders. Mood disorders like major depression and bipolar disorder involve abnormal emotions or moods.
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Biological approach as
- 2. Warning of web addict danger Read the article and answer the following questions: 1. Identify the definition of abnormality used by the doctor in the article. 2. What psychopathology is linked to internet addiction? 3. From the findings of the research can we conclude that the internet causes depression?
- 3. By the end of the lesson you will be able to: 1. State how the biological approach explains what causes psychopathology. 2. List 3 biological causes of psychopathology. 3. Describe one biological cause of psychopathology.
- 5. According to the biological approach or medical model abnormal behaviour reflects an underlying ‘ disease ’ process and can be thought of as an illness. The Biological Approach
- 6. Mental health problems are regarded as illnesses. Mental health problems are caused by damaged or malfunctioning biology.
- 8. Different parts of the brain control specific psychological and physical processes: How we think. What we feel. Our behaviour.
- 10. Neurons
- 12. Abnormal biochemistry Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that brain cells use to communicate. Biological cause 1 An imbalance in neurotransmitters can lead to abnormal thinking , feeling and behaviour .
- 14. According to the biological approach depression is linked to an imbalance in a neurotransmitter called serotonin. People become depressed when the level of serotonin in in areas of the brain that regulate feelings is too low.
- 16. According to the biological approach schizophrenia is linked to an imbalance in a neurotransmitter called dopamine. People become schizophrenic when the level of dopamine in the brain is too high.
- 17. Biological cause 2 Abnormal neuroanatomy Depression may be caused by structural abnormalities in the brain. Schizophrenia may be caused by tissue loss in the brain, especially grey matter. Research has shown that schizophrenics have enlarged spaces in their brains due to the shrinkage of brain tissue.
- 21. Biological cause 3 Genetics According to the biological approach we inherit mental illnesses in the same way we may inherit physical characteristics.
- 22. Read p.184 of your textbook: ‘Genetic inheritance’
- 23. (a) List three biological causes of psychopathology (3 marks) (b) Outline one of the causes selected in (a) (3 marks)
- 24. Psychopathology results from disorders of biological systems. Mental disorders are ‘illnesses’ and treated like physical illness. Biological approach