1. Demographic transition model - Countries progress through stages from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as development increases, leading to population growth or decline. 2. Birth rates - Higher birth rates lead to population growth, while lower birth rates below replacement level cause population decline. Birth rates are influenced by development, women's education, contraception access. 3. Death rates - Improved healthcare and sanitation lower death rates, allowing populations to grow. Higher death rates from disease or war can slow or reduce growth. 4. Migration - Immigration increases population while emigration decreases it. Countries with

1. Population

2. Net Migration Rate
Immigration rate (people arriving in Canada)
Emigration rate (people leaving Canada)
NET MIGRATION RATE

3. Population Growth Rate
Birth Rate Death Rate Net Migration Rate
POPULATION GROWTH RATE

4. Doubling Time
Doubling time= time it takes for a population to
double
70
=number of years
for population to
% rate of population growth double

5. Demographic Transition Model
• Outlines natural stages of growth and
development
• Demographer tool to analyze and understand
population numbers and change

6. Demographic Transition Graph

7. Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 1- high birth, high death=small growth
– High infant mortality
– Low life expectancy
– Common a few hundred years ago, and in
developing countries today

8. Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 2- High birth, low death= population
explosion
– Medical & scientific advances
• Vaccines, drinking water, sewage systems
• 1800s

9. Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 3- low death, declining birth
– Social programs, industrialization, urbanization=
smaller families

10. Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 4- low birth, low death=slow population
growth
– Changing role of women Lower birth
rates
– Family planning programs
– Some African countries, birth rates still high
– Sub-Saharan Africa- HIV= high death

11. Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 5- birth rate lower than death rate
• Future, however some European nations and Japan
starting to enter this stage

12. Population Pyramids
• Analyze individual region population growth
development trends
• Data organized in cohort groups
• Another demographer tool
• Created by graphing a series of horizontal bar
graph lives at intervals of 5 years
• Shape- demographer classifies pyramid into
four major categores

13. P. Pyramids- Early Expanding
1) EARLY EXPANDING
- Wide base= high birth rate
- Narrow top= short life expectancy
*few countries today fall in this category

14. P. Pyramids- Expanding
2) EXPANDING
- Wide base= high birth rates
- Middle expands= improved medical care,
modern hygiene, improved diet

15. P. Pyramids- Stable
3) STABLE
- Birth rate falls= changing attitude towards
family (Education programs, changing societal
attitudes, economic factors)
- Death rate lowered= improved medical care

16. P. Pyramids- Contracting
4) Contracting
- Very low birth rate= women in work
force, child-rearing is
expensive, contraception, state encourages
small families
- Death rate continues to decrease
- Life expectancy increases

17. P. Pyramids- Early Expanding
Nigeria, 2005

18. Early Expanding
Scotland, 1861

19. P. Pyramids- Early Expanding

20. P. Pyramids- Expanding

21. P. Pyramids- Expanding

22. P. Pyramids- Stable

23. P. Pyramids- Stable

24. P. Pyramids- Contracting

25. BC- 1996

26. Developing/Developed Regions
Developing regions: historically uneven
economic and population growth levels
 Early expanding and expanding p.pyramids
Developed regions: relatively wealthy and stable
in economic growth
 Stable & contracting p.pyramids

27. Dependency
Dependency: measure of the population of
people who are too old or too young to work
- require governmental support
Dependency ratio:
% of young dependents + % of old dependents
divided by the percentage of people aged 15-
64

28. Canada’s Stats
2011- Estimations
Population Growth Rate: approximately .8%
Age structure: 0-14 years: 15.7% (male
2,736,737/female 2,602,342)
15-64 years: 68.5% (male 11,776,611/female
11,517,972)
65 years and over: 15.9% (male
2,372,356/female 3,024,571) (2011 est.)

30. Canadian Stats
Estimated that by 2041- 23% population 65+
- Affects government spending (healthcare) &
immigration rates
Conclusions: Entering DTM Stage Four,
Stabalizing

31. P. Pyramids- Stable

32. So what
Some countries are overpopulated, while others
are depopulating. How does this happen?