This document discusses three diseases of the epithelium - eczema, psoriasis, and vitiligo. Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition causing redness, itching, and scaling. Psoriasis causes skin cells to build up rapidly forming thick silvery scales and red patches. Vitiligo occurs when melanin-producing cells die, causing white patches on the skin. All three diseases affect the skin epithelium and have characteristic signs, patterns, diagnostic tests, and treatments including topical medications and light/laser therapies. Famous people like Princess Kate, Kim Kardashian, and Michael Jackson have suffered from these conditions.

1. DISEASES
OF THE
EPITHELIUM
DONE BY: ASLAM, SHUMAYLA

2. General Features of
Epithelium
1. Closely packed cells with little
extracellular material between them
arranged in sheets
2. Surfaces:
◦ Apical Surface – exposed to a body
cavity, the outside of the body or lining an
internal organ
◦ Lateral Surface – Face adjacent cells
◦ Basal Surface – bottom layer attached to a
basement membrane
3. Avascular – no blood vessels. Epithelial
cells must get their nutrients from
underlying connective tissue through
diffusion
4. Innervated (have a nerve supply)
5. High mitotic rate – high capacity for cell

3. 
2 types:
◦ Covering and Lining Epithelium
 Forms the outer covering of the skin and some
internal organs. It also lines body
cavities, blood vessels, ducts, and the interiors
of many of the body systems.
◦ Glandular Epithelium
 Makes the secreting portion of glands

5. DISEASES OF THE
EPITHELIUM

6. 1. ECZEMA (Atopic
dermatitis)
a form of chronic, itchy
inflammation of the skin
 most often begins in
childhood before age 5 and
may persist into adulthood.
 Non contagious
CAUSE:
 The cause is unknown, but
it may result from a
combination of inherited
tendencies for sensitive
skin and malfunction in the
body's immune system.


7. Areas affected

Most commonly
affects:
◦ hands and feet,
◦ in the front of the
bend of the elbow,
◦ Behind the knees,
◦ Ankles
◦ Wrists
◦ Face,
◦ Neck
◦ Upper chest.

8. Signs and symptoms
include:
 Red to brownish-gray
colored patches
 Itching, which may be
severe, especially at night
 Small, raised
bumps, which may leak
fluid and crust over when
scratched
 Thickened, cracked or
scaly skin
 Raw, sensitive skin from
scratching

9. Tests and diagnosis

There is no test to definitively
diagnose atopic dermatitis (eczema).
Instead, it's typically diagnosed based
on an examination of your skin and a
review of your medical history.

10. Treatments and drugs

Medications:
◦ Corticosteroid creams or ointments.
◦ Antibiotics.
◦ Oral antihistamines
 Diphenhydramine
◦ Oral or injected corticosteroids.
◦ Immunomodulators
 tacrolimus (Protopic)
◦ Moisturizers

Light therapy (phototherapy)
◦ use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or
ultraviolet B (UVB)

11. 
Princess Kate Middleton of great Britain
suffered from eczema (atopic dermatitis)

12. 2. PSORIASIS
is a common skin disease
that affects the life cycle of
skin cells.
 is a persistent, long-lasting
(chronic) disease.
 causes cells to build up
rapidly on the surface of the
skin, forming thick silvery
scales and itchy, dry, red
patches
 Non contagious
CAUSE:
 The cause of psoriasis isn’t
fully known, but it's thought to
be related to the immune
system and its interaction with
the environment in people


13. Factors that may trigger
psoriasis include:







Infections, such as strep throat or oral thrush
Injury to the skin, such as a cut or
scrape, bug bite, or a severe sunburn
Stress
Cold weather
Smoking
Heavy alcohol consumption
Certain medications — including
lithium, which is prescribed for bipolar
disorder; high blood pressure medications
such as beta blockers; antimalarial drugs;
and iodides

14. Signs and Symptoms

can vary from person to
person but may include one
or more of the following:
◦ Red patches of skin covered
with silvery scales
◦ Small scaling spots
(commonly seen in children)
◦ Dry, cracked skin that may
bleed
◦ Itching, burning or soreness
◦ Thickened, pitted or ridged
nails

15. Tests and diagnosis
diagnosis of psoriasis
is fairly straightforward.
 Physical exam and
medical history
 Skin biopsy


16. Treatments and drugs
Psoriasis treatments can be divided into three main
types:
 topical treatments








Topical corticosteroids
Vitamin D analogues.
Anthralin
Topical retinoids.
Salicylic acid
Moisturizers
light therapy
 use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light
 Photochemotherapy, or psoralen plus ultraviolet A
(PUVA).
 Excimer laser

systemic medications
 Retinoids, Methotrexate, Immunomodulator drugs (biologics)

17. 
Kim kardashian, a famous celebrity suffered
from psoriasis

18. 3. VITILIGO
is a condition in which
skin loses melanin,
 occurs when the cells that
produce melanin die or
no longer form
melanin, causing slowly
enlarging white patches
of irregular shapes to
appear on skin.
 Vitiligo affects all
races, but may be more
noticeable in people with
darker skin.
 There is no cure for


19. Signs

The main sign of vitiligo is:
◦ Pigment loss that produces milkywhite patches (depigmentation) on
skin

Other less common signs may
include:
◦ Premature whitening or graying of
the hair on
scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows or
beard
◦ Loss of color in the tissues that
line the inside of mouth (mucous
membranes)
◦ Loss of or change in color of the
inner layer of eye (retina)

20. Patterns
Vitiligo generally appears in one of three
patterns:
 Generalized.

◦ this most common subtype,
◦ pigment loss is widespread across many parts of
body, often symmetrically.

Segmental.
◦ Loss of skin color occurs on only one side of
body.
◦ This type tends to occur at a younger
age, progress for a year or two, then stop.

Focal.
◦ Depigmentation is limited to one or a few areas
of your body.

21. Tests and diagnosis
A family history of vitiligo or an autoimmune
disease
 A personal history of sun sensitivity or other
skin conditions
 A rash, sunburn or other skin trauma within
two to three months of the start of pigment
loss
 A history of melanoma or multiple, atypical
moles
 Premature graying of the hair (before age 35)
 Stress or physical illness
May suggest the diagnosis of vitiligo.
Skin biopsy


22. Treatments and drugs
Treatment for vitiligo may take as long as six
to 18 months
 Treatment is given to limit the spread the
disease
 In some cases treatment may not be
necessary
 Medical therapies

 Topical corticosteroid therapy
 Topical psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA)
 Excimer laser

Surgical therapies
 Autologous skin grafts.
 Blister grafting
 Tattooing (micropigmentation)

23. Cosmetic treatment

24. 
Michael Jackson suffered from vitiligo

25. Thank you