Vitiligo is a skin condition characterized by loss of pigment cells called melanocytes, resulting in white patches of skin. It affects around 1% of the world's population and can appear at any age, though most commonly between 20-30 years old. The cause is unknown but may involve an autoimmune response or oxidative stress damaging melanocytes. Vitiligo is classified based on distribution of the white patches and can be localized, generalized, or total body coverage. While there is no cure, treatments can help repigmentation and protection from sun damage is important to prevent complications.
Explanation of what splenomegaly is in relation to its dimension deviation from normal spleen.Classification of splenomegaly according to it's size in adult and pediatric. The causes of splenomegaly along with the symptom that would manifest as a result of this anomaly. Lastly, diagnosis of splenomegaly
This presentation contains the Definition of Eczema, Histology ,Classification ,Clinical manifestation, Differential Diagnosis, Complication, Investigation ,Treatment. it covers briefly the topic related with eczema so the reader will be able to study all aspects related with eczema
Scabies is a superficial epidermal infestation by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis.
Etiologic Agent:
S. scabiei var. hominis. Thrive and multiply only on human skin, i.e., obligate human parasite.
Transmission
Skin-to-skin contact
Fomites: Mites can remain alive for >2 days on clothing or in bedding; hence, scabies can be acquired without skin-to-skin contact.
intimate personal contact, such as having sexual intercourse
Scabietic (Scabious) Nodule:Inflammatory papule or nodule ;burrow sometimes seen on the surface of a very early lesion.• Distribution : Areola, axillae, scrotum, penis.
dermatological disease caused by bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyrogen) contagious disease but it is easy to cure by taking oral antibiotics and topical antibiotic cream
Alopecia Areata, Dermatology Block 5.5
College of Medicine, King Faisal University, AL Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Alopecia Areata is A localized loss of hair in round or oval areas with no apparent inflammation of the skin
Prognosis: good for limited involvement. Poor for extensive hair loss.
Management: intralesional triamcinolone effective for limited number of lesions
Erythroderma is defined as the scaling erythematous dermatitis involving 90% or more of the cutaneous surface.
Also known as exfoliative dermatitis
Idiopathic exfoliative dermatitis – also known as the “red man syndrome”, is characterized by marked palmoplantar keratoderma, dermatopathic lymphadenopathy,increased IgE.
Increased skin perfusion leads to
Temperature dysregulation >
Resulting in skin loss and hypothermia >
High output state >
Cardiac failure
BMR raises to compensate for heat loss
Increased dehydration due to transpiration (similar to burns)
All lead to negative nitrogen balance and characterized by edema, hypoalbuminemia, loss of muscle mass.
Get Rid Of White Patches On Skin - Vitilito Frequently Asked QuestionsBernardo Valdes
Get Rid Of White Patches On Skin - Vitiligo Frequently Asked Questions. In This Slide Presentation. We Answer Questions Like. What Causes Vitiligo. What Are The Treatment Options. We Give You A Treatment Solution For Vitiligo.
Explanation of what splenomegaly is in relation to its dimension deviation from normal spleen.Classification of splenomegaly according to it's size in adult and pediatric. The causes of splenomegaly along with the symptom that would manifest as a result of this anomaly. Lastly, diagnosis of splenomegaly
This presentation contains the Definition of Eczema, Histology ,Classification ,Clinical manifestation, Differential Diagnosis, Complication, Investigation ,Treatment. it covers briefly the topic related with eczema so the reader will be able to study all aspects related with eczema
Scabies is a superficial epidermal infestation by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis.
Etiologic Agent:
S. scabiei var. hominis. Thrive and multiply only on human skin, i.e., obligate human parasite.
Transmission
Skin-to-skin contact
Fomites: Mites can remain alive for >2 days on clothing or in bedding; hence, scabies can be acquired without skin-to-skin contact.
intimate personal contact, such as having sexual intercourse
Scabietic (Scabious) Nodule:Inflammatory papule or nodule ;burrow sometimes seen on the surface of a very early lesion.• Distribution : Areola, axillae, scrotum, penis.
dermatological disease caused by bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyrogen) contagious disease but it is easy to cure by taking oral antibiotics and topical antibiotic cream
Alopecia Areata, Dermatology Block 5.5
College of Medicine, King Faisal University, AL Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Alopecia Areata is A localized loss of hair in round or oval areas with no apparent inflammation of the skin
Prognosis: good for limited involvement. Poor for extensive hair loss.
Management: intralesional triamcinolone effective for limited number of lesions
Erythroderma is defined as the scaling erythematous dermatitis involving 90% or more of the cutaneous surface.
Also known as exfoliative dermatitis
Idiopathic exfoliative dermatitis – also known as the “red man syndrome”, is characterized by marked palmoplantar keratoderma, dermatopathic lymphadenopathy,increased IgE.
Increased skin perfusion leads to
Temperature dysregulation >
Resulting in skin loss and hypothermia >
High output state >
Cardiac failure
BMR raises to compensate for heat loss
Increased dehydration due to transpiration (similar to burns)
All lead to negative nitrogen balance and characterized by edema, hypoalbuminemia, loss of muscle mass.
Get Rid Of White Patches On Skin - Vitilito Frequently Asked QuestionsBernardo Valdes
Get Rid Of White Patches On Skin - Vitiligo Frequently Asked Questions. In This Slide Presentation. We Answer Questions Like. What Causes Vitiligo. What Are The Treatment Options. We Give You A Treatment Solution For Vitiligo.
Noble Vitiligo Clinic is one of the best skin care clinic in Bangalore, India and provides best skin care treatments for vitiligo or leucoderma at an affordable
vitiligo is the chronic skin disease . people get confusion about leprosy and vitiligo so in this slide describe about both the disease through the picture
Vitiligo, a commonde pigmenting skin condition, has an estimated prevalence of 0.5–2 of the population worldwide. The disease is marked by the selective loss of melanocytes which results in typical nonscaly, chalky white macules. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the aetiology of vitiligo which is now clearly characterised as an autoimmune disease. Vitiligo is typically overlooked as a cosmetic disease, although its effects can be mentally devastating, often with a major bur den on everyday living. In 2011, a worldwide consensus classified segmental vitiligo separately from all other forms of vitiligo, and the term vitiligo was defined to designate all kinds of nonsegmental vitiligo. This review highlights the existing knowledge on vitiligo and strives to give an overview of vitiligo. Miss. Pranjali D Thakare | Mr. Sharukh A Khan | Mr. Ram G. Kale | Mr. Sachin S. Pawar "Vitiligo: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61317.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/61317/vitiligo-a-review/miss-pranjali-d-thakare
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
3. Introduction
To understand Vitiligo one must know about
the following terms;
Melanocytes
These are one of the skin cells found at the bottom
layer (stratum basale) of the skin epidermis,
middle layer of the eye (uvea), inner ear and
vaginal epithelium which functions in the
production of Melanin.
4. Melanin
Is a dark pigment of the skin primarily
responsible for skin coloration. It also
acts in the protection of skin cells from
DNA(1)- (antagonist) which can lead to
skin cancer
Vitiligo (simple definition)
corruption and murdering of melanocytes
6. VITILIGO
Definition
Is a skin disease in which pigment cells of the
body (melanocytes) are destroyed in certain
areas of the body
• Its present by white skin patches (macules) in
any location of the body due to
depigmentation
• Vitiligo effects is also seen in hairs since they
also contain melanin
7. ALBINISM VITILIGO
Presents itself at birth Develops overtime or at anytime after birth
Genetic inheritance of faulty melanocytes
(melanocytes do not produce melanin)
melanocytes lose function, destroyed or
decreased
Covers whole skin including hairs. eyes and
skin
Covers only some points in the skin
Skin and eyes are directly affected due to
large coverage
only some white patches in skin than does
not affect the skin and eyes directly
Differences between Vitiligo and albinism
8. EPIDERMIOLOGY
As long as every human being has got
skin, the it can affects all races though
its more noticeable to people with dark
skin.
Estimated to affect 1% of the worlds
population
May appear at any age but mostly
affects the age between 20 and 30
years
10. ETIOLOGY
The cause of Vitiligo is yet unknown
though some theories suggests the
defects in melanocytes functioning due
to auto immunity
Its also possible due to history of family
members with Vitiligo
11. Classification of Vitiligo
Classification of Vitiligo
is based on its nature
of spread which
includes
I. Localized
(segmental)
II. Generalized (non
segmental)
III. universalis
12. I. Localized (segmental) Vitiligo
It’s a type that occurs at one or few areas of the skin its
divided in three types
Focal Vitiligo:
Its Limited to one or few areas and there is no
progression. Its also not in a clear segmental distribution
Segmental Vitiligo:
There is a unilateral and asymmetric in distribution of
patches. Thus only one side of the body is affected and
more common in children
Mucosal Vitiligo:
Mucous membranes are affected including the
membranes of lips, mouth, lining of genitals (urethra and
vaginal) and the conjuctiva membranes of the eye
13. II. Generalized (non segmental)
Vitiligo
It’s the type of Vitiligo that occurs a large part of
the body. Its also contains three types
I. Vulgaris
Involves the presence of scattered stains
extensively disseminated
II. Acrofacialis
Contains patches that are localized on distal
extremities (hands and feet)
III. Mixed
Coexistence of both Acrofacialis and Vulgaris
14. III. Universalis Vitiligo
This is the uncommon and
the most severe non
segment Vitiligo whereas
the depigmented lesions
completely or almost
completely (≥ 80% of body
surface area) cover the skin.
15.
16. PATHOGENESIS
Vitiligo is a multifactorial polygenic disorder
with a complex pathogenesis. It is related to
both genetic and non genetic factors.
Although several theories have been
proposed about the pathogenesis of vitiligo,
the precise cause remains unknown.
These theories includes;
Autoimmune and cytotoxicity theory
Intrinsic defect of melanocytes
Neural hypothesis
Oxidant –antioxidant mechanism
17. Autoimmune and cytotoxicity
theory
Autoimmune theory proposes that there is
alteration in humoral and cellular immunity in
destruction of melanocytes. A theory gives
relevance to non segmental Vitiligo is more
frequently associated with autoimmune
conditions than in segmental
It is due to circulating antibodies against
melanocytes proteins in patients with Vitiligo.
Its destruction may also be mediated by
CD8+T cells (cellular immunity). Thus
activated CD8+T cells have been seen in
perilesional Vitiligo skin.
18. INTRINSIC DEFECT OF MELANOCYTES
Melanocytes have an inherent abnormality
that impedes their growth and
differentiation in conditions that support
normal melanocytes
NEURAL HYPOTHESIS
A neurochemical mediator destroys
melanocytes or inhibits melanin production.
OXIDANT-ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISM
An intermediate or metabolic product of
melanin synthesis causes melanocyte
destruction
19. Clinical presentation
There is no history of preceding
inflammation.
Patients are very susceptible to sunburn.
Lesions are often symmetrical and
frequently involve the face, hands and
genitalia.
Trauma may induce new lesions.
Spontaneous repigmentation can occur and
often starts around hair follicles, giving a
speckled appearance
20. Clinical presentation…………
White patches of skin
Whitening or graying of the hair on your
scalp,
eyelashes, eyebrows or beard
(leukotichia – seen insegmental)
Loss of color in the tissues that line the
inside of your mouth
• Loss or change in color of the inner
layer
21. Investigations
Proper history taking and physical
examinations lead to diagnosis of Vitiligo.
Examine and rule out other medical
problems such as dermatitis or psoriasis.
Skin biopsy of the affected skin for cytology
Wood lamp examination
TSH levels [Thyroid disease].
• CBC [Pernicious anemia].
• Evaluation about Diabetes Mellitus.
• Ophthalmological examination
22. Differential diagnosis
Cutaneous melanoma
Dermatologic manifestation of leprosy
Idiopathic Guttate hypomelanosis
Mycosis fungoides
Pityriasis Alba
Tinea versicolor
Dermatologic aspects of Addison
Disease
23. Treatment
There is no cure for vitiligo, but there are
number of treatments that can improve the
condition.
Sun blocks should be used to prevent
burning. Potent topical steroids or
phototherapy help some individuals.
Betamethasone valerate 0.1% 12 hourly for
2-4 months
Finally, referral to a specialist camouflage
clinic is often the most helpful 'treatment'
24. Complications
Social and psychological stress
Sunburn and skin cancer
Eye problems such as inflammation of
iris (iritis)
Hearing loss.