Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It is most commonly caused by S. pyogenes and S. aureus.5 Bacteria may gain access to the dermis via a break in the skin barrier in healthy adults, whereas the hematogenous route is more common in immunocompromised patients.
The affected skin is usually erythematous, swollen, painful, and warm to the touch. Severe cellulitis can be complicated by bullae, pustules, or necrotic tissue. Damage to lymphatic vessels can lead to recurrent episodes of cellulitis.6 In areas of the world endemic for lymphatic filariasis, it is important to rule out this disease in cases of recurrent bouts of lower-extremity cellulitis and lymphangitis.
The document discusses various skin disorders in children. It covers layers of the skin, functions of skin, types of primary and secondary skin lesions, and classifications of skin infections including bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic. Specific conditions are described such as impetigo, cellulitis, warts, ringworm, scabies and their signs, causes, and management. Diagnostic evaluation involves medical history, physical examination, skin scrapings, cultures and treatment includes antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals and ointments.
The contents :
Skin over view
Types of skin lesions
Hypersensitivity reactions and the skin
Eczema over view
Approach to a Skin Rash
Atopic dermatitis
MCQ Questions
This document discusses several skin diseases and conditions:
- Alopecia (hair loss) can be caused by autoimmune disorders, stress, systemic diseases, medications, hair processing, male/female pattern baldness, and scarring.
- Acne rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease usually beginning in middle age, characterized by redness and papules/pustules on the face. Diet and psychological/menopausal factors may contribute.
- Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection involving deeper skin layers. It is commonly caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria and symptoms include swelling, redness, fever and lymph node swelling. Erysipelas is a form of
Dr Muhammad Raza's presentation provides information about atopic dermatitis (eczema), including its signs and symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management. The key points are that it is a chronic skin condition causing red, itchy, cracked skin that is common in children; has genetic and immunological factors; and is typically diagnosed clinically and managed through moisturizers, topical steroids, and other topical or systemic treatments depending on severity. The goal is for participants to understand the basic concepts, diagnosis, management, and appropriate referrals for atopic dermatitis.
The document discusses various disorders, conditions, and diseases that affect the integumentary system. It provides definitions and details on common skin issues like acne, psoriasis, eczema, contact dermatitis, athlete's foot, hives, rosacea, vitiligo, impetigo, boils, carbuncles, ringworm, warts, keloids, MRSA, gangrene, harlequin ichthyosis, scleroderma, alopecia areata, and burns. Treatment options are mentioned for some conditions. A wide range of both infectious and non-infectious skin problems are examined.
This group presented on various immune-mediated skin diseases including psoriasis, acute eczematous dermatitis, pemphigus, and bullous pemphigoid. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by an overactive immune system that results in rapid skin cell production. Acute eczematous dermatitis can be caused by allergic reactions, atopic dermatitis, drugs, sunlight, or irritants. Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease where antibodies destroy connections between skin cells causing blistering.
This document defines and describes common paediatric skin lesions. It discusses primary lesions such as macules, papules, vesicles and pustules. It also covers secondary lesions including scaling, lichenification and crusting. The document provides details on the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common paediatric skin conditions like acne, warts and scabies.
Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It is most commonly caused by S. pyogenes and S. aureus.5 Bacteria may gain access to the dermis via a break in the skin barrier in healthy adults, whereas the hematogenous route is more common in immunocompromised patients.
The affected skin is usually erythematous, swollen, painful, and warm to the touch. Severe cellulitis can be complicated by bullae, pustules, or necrotic tissue. Damage to lymphatic vessels can lead to recurrent episodes of cellulitis.6 In areas of the world endemic for lymphatic filariasis, it is important to rule out this disease in cases of recurrent bouts of lower-extremity cellulitis and lymphangitis.
The document discusses various skin disorders in children. It covers layers of the skin, functions of skin, types of primary and secondary skin lesions, and classifications of skin infections including bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic. Specific conditions are described such as impetigo, cellulitis, warts, ringworm, scabies and their signs, causes, and management. Diagnostic evaluation involves medical history, physical examination, skin scrapings, cultures and treatment includes antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals and ointments.
The contents :
Skin over view
Types of skin lesions
Hypersensitivity reactions and the skin
Eczema over view
Approach to a Skin Rash
Atopic dermatitis
MCQ Questions
This document discusses several skin diseases and conditions:
- Alopecia (hair loss) can be caused by autoimmune disorders, stress, systemic diseases, medications, hair processing, male/female pattern baldness, and scarring.
- Acne rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease usually beginning in middle age, characterized by redness and papules/pustules on the face. Diet and psychological/menopausal factors may contribute.
- Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection involving deeper skin layers. It is commonly caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria and symptoms include swelling, redness, fever and lymph node swelling. Erysipelas is a form of
Dr Muhammad Raza's presentation provides information about atopic dermatitis (eczema), including its signs and symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management. The key points are that it is a chronic skin condition causing red, itchy, cracked skin that is common in children; has genetic and immunological factors; and is typically diagnosed clinically and managed through moisturizers, topical steroids, and other topical or systemic treatments depending on severity. The goal is for participants to understand the basic concepts, diagnosis, management, and appropriate referrals for atopic dermatitis.
The document discusses various disorders, conditions, and diseases that affect the integumentary system. It provides definitions and details on common skin issues like acne, psoriasis, eczema, contact dermatitis, athlete's foot, hives, rosacea, vitiligo, impetigo, boils, carbuncles, ringworm, warts, keloids, MRSA, gangrene, harlequin ichthyosis, scleroderma, alopecia areata, and burns. Treatment options are mentioned for some conditions. A wide range of both infectious and non-infectious skin problems are examined.
This group presented on various immune-mediated skin diseases including psoriasis, acute eczematous dermatitis, pemphigus, and bullous pemphigoid. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by an overactive immune system that results in rapid skin cell production. Acute eczematous dermatitis can be caused by allergic reactions, atopic dermatitis, drugs, sunlight, or irritants. Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease where antibodies destroy connections between skin cells causing blistering.
This document defines and describes common paediatric skin lesions. It discusses primary lesions such as macules, papules, vesicles and pustules. It also covers secondary lesions including scaling, lichenification and crusting. The document provides details on the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common paediatric skin conditions like acne, warts and scabies.
Children's skin problems span nearly two decades from birth through adolescence. Several common pediatric skin conditions will be discussed including: diaper dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, warts, and acne.
follow me on my YouTube channel :- medic o mania
This document discusses the assessment and management of inflammatory and allergic skin conditions including dermatitis, allergic reactions, and psoriasis. It describes the main types of dermatitis such as atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, features such as rashes, itching, thickening of skin. It also discusses allergic reactions, triggers, and treatments including topical corticosteroids and antibiotics. Psoriasis is introduced as a chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting areas like the elbows and knees with thick, silvery scales and management includes slowing skin turnover and controlling the disease cycle.
This document provides information on several common pediatric skin disorders:
- Atopic eczema is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by an itchy red rash that favors skin creases. Its cause involves genetic and environmental factors.
- Seborrheic dermatitis causes flaky, greasy, red rashes in areas with many oil glands. Its cause may involve skin yeasts but it is not contagious.
- Psoriasis causes raised red patches and silvery scales, and has genetic and environmental triggers. It has several clinical forms that vary in appearance and location on the body.
This document provides information on common skin infections in children. It discusses bacterial infections like impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis, and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. It also covers fungal infections, viral infections, and parasitic infections. For accurate diagnosis, a thorough history and physical exam are important. Skin lesions should be classified based on characteristics like size, color, and morphology. Proper treatment depends on the specific infection and may involve topical antibiotics, oral antibiotics, or both.
Skin diseases discussed in the document include alopecia, acne, amyloid disease, cellulitis, eczema, psoriasis, scabies, pityriasis alba, urticaria, basal cell carcinoma, seborrheic dermatitis and more. For each condition, causes, locations, symptoms and treatments are described in detail providing an overview of common dermatological conditions.
What is eczema?
Eczema (Dermatitis)-
A particular type of inflammatory reaction of the skin in which there is erythema (reddening), edema (swelling), papules (bumps), and crusting of the skin followed, finally, by lichenification (thickening) and scaling of the skin.
Eczema characteristically causes itching and burning of the skin.
What Causes eczema?
Allergy- One of the commonest cause of Eczema. Triggers include Dust, detergents, rubber, nickel plated jewelry etc.
Environment- More likely in urban areas due to high pollution levels. Extremely dry or cold weather tends to make skin scratchy, resulting in eczema.
Obesity- Obese children are 3 times more likely to get eczema. Obesity results in inflammation of fat tissues that spills into other parts of the body. Excess fat also results in poor circulation and skin ailments.
Smoking- One of the leading causes, especially on the fingers that hold the cigarettes, as well as lips.
Stress- Physical or emotional stress has been known to cause enhanced sensitivity and inflammatory skin changes.
Diaper rash- In babies eczema occurs because of chemical effect of urine/faeces on sensitive skin.
Genetic influence- More likely in individuals with a family history of Eczema or other allergic conditions like Asthma, Hay fever, etc.
Pyoderma and bacterial skin infections can take several forms including impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis, boils, and carbuncles. Impetigo is a superficial infection caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus that presents as crusty lesions that are contagious. Cellulitis is a deep bacterial skin infection commonly caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus that presents as swollen, warm, painful skin with red streaks and fever. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome causes skin reddening and blistering that gives the skin a burned appearance and is usually not life-threatening in children.
Skin is the largest organ and protects the body from infection. Skin infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites and symptoms range from mild to serious. Common bacterial infections include impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles which present with pustules, blisters or crusts and are treated with antibiotics, antiseptics or drainage. Viral infections like warts and herpes simplex cause growths or blisters and can be treated with cryotherapy, creams or antivirals. Fungal infections also occur on the skin. Proper diagnosis and treatment is needed for skin infections.
Eczema is a non-contagious skin condition that causes itching, inflammation, and sometimes pain. It has no cure but can be effectively treated. The main types of eczema are contact dermatitis, atopic eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and napkin dermatitis. Treatment depends on the type and severity of eczema, and involves moisturizers, topical corticosteroids or immunomodulators, oral medications in severe cases, and managing triggers. The goal is to relieve symptoms and prevent complications like infection.
This document discusses the integumentary system and common dermatologic terms and skin lesions. It provides descriptions of primary and secondary skin lesions, how to assess the skin, common disorders of the skin including inflammatory, bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Specific conditions discussed in detail include eczema, acne, psoriasis and their signs and symptoms.
1. Acne is a common skin condition affecting hair follicles, most often on the face and upper body, caused by changes in hormones, stress, and bacteria. Eczema is a skin inflammation caused by genetic and environmental factors like allergens that results in rashes, itching, and dry skin. Pemphigus is a rare autoimmune blistering disease where the immune system attacks the skin and mucous membranes, causing fluid-filled blisters.
2. Nursing management for these conditions focuses on preventing infection by promoting gentle skin care, avoiding irritants, managing itching and pain, and ensuring adherence to medication regimens which can include topical corticosteroids and oral antibiotics or
The document discusses various types of skin infections including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. It provides details on common bacterial infections like impetigo, folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncles and cellulitis. The symptoms, causes and treatment options for each of these infections are summarized. Viral infections like warts caused by HPV virus are also discussed along with their different types. Skin infections can range from mild to serious and their diagnosis involves identifying the causative organism through testing of lesion drainage or blood samples.
The skin is not only the largest organ of the body, but it also forms a living biological barrier with several functions.
Pyodermas are any pyogenic skin disease (has pus). Skin infections can be caused by bacteria (often Staphylococcal or Streptococcal) either invading normal skin, or affecting a compromised skin barrier
Some bacterial skin infections resolve without serious morbidity. However, skin infections can be severe and result in sepsis or death, particularly in vulnerable patient groups.
This document provides information about common skin conditions and diseases. It begins with an overview of the structure and function of skin, including its two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. It then discusses six common skin conditions in adults: acne, cellulitis, psoriasis, shingles, skin cancers, and vasculitis. Treatment options are provided for each condition. The document also summarizes six common skin conditions in children: chickenpox, eczema, Henoch–Schönlein purpura, impetigo, impetiginized eczema, and miliaria.
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
This document discusses various skin infections, including parasitic, bacterial, and fungal infections. It focuses on scabies, impetigo, and cellulitis. Scabies is caused by mites burrowing under the skin and can be transmitted through direct contact. Symptoms include intense itching and rashes. Impetigo is a bacterial infection common in children that causes sores or blisters. Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection that causes swelling and redness, often on the lower legs. Both impetigo and cellulitis are usually treated with oral antibiotics.
Ichthyosis is a skin disorder characterized by excessive dry scales on the skin. It is caused by abnormal skin cell development or metabolism. Symptoms include severe dryness, thickened skin, and flaking which can cover large or small areas of the body. The condition is usually present at birth or appears in early childhood. It is lifelong and symptoms may worsen in dry, cold weather. Treatment focuses on moisturizing the skin and facilitating skin cell shedding through creams, lotions and medications in severe cases. The cause can be genetic mutations or acquired through other medical conditions.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Children's skin problems span nearly two decades from birth through adolescence. Several common pediatric skin conditions will be discussed including: diaper dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, warts, and acne.
follow me on my YouTube channel :- medic o mania
This document discusses the assessment and management of inflammatory and allergic skin conditions including dermatitis, allergic reactions, and psoriasis. It describes the main types of dermatitis such as atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, features such as rashes, itching, thickening of skin. It also discusses allergic reactions, triggers, and treatments including topical corticosteroids and antibiotics. Psoriasis is introduced as a chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting areas like the elbows and knees with thick, silvery scales and management includes slowing skin turnover and controlling the disease cycle.
This document provides information on several common pediatric skin disorders:
- Atopic eczema is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by an itchy red rash that favors skin creases. Its cause involves genetic and environmental factors.
- Seborrheic dermatitis causes flaky, greasy, red rashes in areas with many oil glands. Its cause may involve skin yeasts but it is not contagious.
- Psoriasis causes raised red patches and silvery scales, and has genetic and environmental triggers. It has several clinical forms that vary in appearance and location on the body.
This document provides information on common skin infections in children. It discusses bacterial infections like impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis, and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. It also covers fungal infections, viral infections, and parasitic infections. For accurate diagnosis, a thorough history and physical exam are important. Skin lesions should be classified based on characteristics like size, color, and morphology. Proper treatment depends on the specific infection and may involve topical antibiotics, oral antibiotics, or both.
Skin diseases discussed in the document include alopecia, acne, amyloid disease, cellulitis, eczema, psoriasis, scabies, pityriasis alba, urticaria, basal cell carcinoma, seborrheic dermatitis and more. For each condition, causes, locations, symptoms and treatments are described in detail providing an overview of common dermatological conditions.
What is eczema?
Eczema (Dermatitis)-
A particular type of inflammatory reaction of the skin in which there is erythema (reddening), edema (swelling), papules (bumps), and crusting of the skin followed, finally, by lichenification (thickening) and scaling of the skin.
Eczema characteristically causes itching and burning of the skin.
What Causes eczema?
Allergy- One of the commonest cause of Eczema. Triggers include Dust, detergents, rubber, nickel plated jewelry etc.
Environment- More likely in urban areas due to high pollution levels. Extremely dry or cold weather tends to make skin scratchy, resulting in eczema.
Obesity- Obese children are 3 times more likely to get eczema. Obesity results in inflammation of fat tissues that spills into other parts of the body. Excess fat also results in poor circulation and skin ailments.
Smoking- One of the leading causes, especially on the fingers that hold the cigarettes, as well as lips.
Stress- Physical or emotional stress has been known to cause enhanced sensitivity and inflammatory skin changes.
Diaper rash- In babies eczema occurs because of chemical effect of urine/faeces on sensitive skin.
Genetic influence- More likely in individuals with a family history of Eczema or other allergic conditions like Asthma, Hay fever, etc.
Pyoderma and bacterial skin infections can take several forms including impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis, boils, and carbuncles. Impetigo is a superficial infection caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus that presents as crusty lesions that are contagious. Cellulitis is a deep bacterial skin infection commonly caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus that presents as swollen, warm, painful skin with red streaks and fever. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome causes skin reddening and blistering that gives the skin a burned appearance and is usually not life-threatening in children.
Skin is the largest organ and protects the body from infection. Skin infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites and symptoms range from mild to serious. Common bacterial infections include impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles which present with pustules, blisters or crusts and are treated with antibiotics, antiseptics or drainage. Viral infections like warts and herpes simplex cause growths or blisters and can be treated with cryotherapy, creams or antivirals. Fungal infections also occur on the skin. Proper diagnosis and treatment is needed for skin infections.
Eczema is a non-contagious skin condition that causes itching, inflammation, and sometimes pain. It has no cure but can be effectively treated. The main types of eczema are contact dermatitis, atopic eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and napkin dermatitis. Treatment depends on the type and severity of eczema, and involves moisturizers, topical corticosteroids or immunomodulators, oral medications in severe cases, and managing triggers. The goal is to relieve symptoms and prevent complications like infection.
This document discusses the integumentary system and common dermatologic terms and skin lesions. It provides descriptions of primary and secondary skin lesions, how to assess the skin, common disorders of the skin including inflammatory, bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Specific conditions discussed in detail include eczema, acne, psoriasis and their signs and symptoms.
1. Acne is a common skin condition affecting hair follicles, most often on the face and upper body, caused by changes in hormones, stress, and bacteria. Eczema is a skin inflammation caused by genetic and environmental factors like allergens that results in rashes, itching, and dry skin. Pemphigus is a rare autoimmune blistering disease where the immune system attacks the skin and mucous membranes, causing fluid-filled blisters.
2. Nursing management for these conditions focuses on preventing infection by promoting gentle skin care, avoiding irritants, managing itching and pain, and ensuring adherence to medication regimens which can include topical corticosteroids and oral antibiotics or
The document discusses various types of skin infections including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. It provides details on common bacterial infections like impetigo, folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncles and cellulitis. The symptoms, causes and treatment options for each of these infections are summarized. Viral infections like warts caused by HPV virus are also discussed along with their different types. Skin infections can range from mild to serious and their diagnosis involves identifying the causative organism through testing of lesion drainage or blood samples.
The skin is not only the largest organ of the body, but it also forms a living biological barrier with several functions.
Pyodermas are any pyogenic skin disease (has pus). Skin infections can be caused by bacteria (often Staphylococcal or Streptococcal) either invading normal skin, or affecting a compromised skin barrier
Some bacterial skin infections resolve without serious morbidity. However, skin infections can be severe and result in sepsis or death, particularly in vulnerable patient groups.
This document provides information about common skin conditions and diseases. It begins with an overview of the structure and function of skin, including its two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. It then discusses six common skin conditions in adults: acne, cellulitis, psoriasis, shingles, skin cancers, and vasculitis. Treatment options are provided for each condition. The document also summarizes six common skin conditions in children: chickenpox, eczema, Henoch–Schönlein purpura, impetigo, impetiginized eczema, and miliaria.
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
This document discusses various skin infections, including parasitic, bacterial, and fungal infections. It focuses on scabies, impetigo, and cellulitis. Scabies is caused by mites burrowing under the skin and can be transmitted through direct contact. Symptoms include intense itching and rashes. Impetigo is a bacterial infection common in children that causes sores or blisters. Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection that causes swelling and redness, often on the lower legs. Both impetigo and cellulitis are usually treated with oral antibiotics.
Ichthyosis is a skin disorder characterized by excessive dry scales on the skin. It is caused by abnormal skin cell development or metabolism. Symptoms include severe dryness, thickened skin, and flaking which can cover large or small areas of the body. The condition is usually present at birth or appears in early childhood. It is lifelong and symptoms may worsen in dry, cold weather. Treatment focuses on moisturizing the skin and facilitating skin cell shedding through creams, lotions and medications in severe cases. The cause can be genetic mutations or acquired through other medical conditions.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
2. Skin Lesions
• Approximately one in every four people who consult a physician has a
skin disorder
• Lesions of the skin or skin manifestations of systemic disorders can be
classified as primary or secondary lesions.
• The primary lesion is the first lesion to appear on the skin and has a
visually recognizable structure (e.g., macule, papule, plaque, nodule,
tumor, wheal, vesicle, pustule).
• When changes occur in the primary lesion, it becomes a secondary
lesion (e.g., scale, crust, thickening, erosion, ulcer, scar, excoriation,
fissure, atrophy).
• These changes may result from many factors, including scratching,
rubbing, medication, natural disease progression, or processes of
healing
5. Pruritus & Xerosis:
Pruritus (itching) is one of the most common manifestations of
dermatologic disease and can be a symptom of underlying systemic
disease in people with generalized itching, especially among the
chronically ill and older populations.
Xerosis is the most common cause of pruritus. It can lead to damage if
scratching injures the skin’s protective barrier, possibly resulting in
increased inflammation, infection, and scarring. Many systemic
disorders may cause pruritus, most commonly diabetes mellitus, drug
hypersensitivity, and hyperthyroidism
6. Urticaria:
• Urticaria, more commonly known as hives, is a vascular reaction of
the skin marked by the appearance of smooth, slightly elevated
patches
• Rash is a generalized term for an eruption on the skin, most often on
the face, trunk, axilla, and groin, and is often accompanied by itching
• Rashes typically occur as a secondary response to some primary
agent, such as exposure to the sun, allergens, irritants, or medications
or in association with systemic disease.
7. Blisters:
• Blisters (vesicle or bulla) are fluid-containing elevated lesions of the
skin with clear watery or bloody contents. They can occur as a
manifestation of a wide variety of diseases. Blisters may be primarily
associated with diseases of a genetic or autoimmune origin or may be
secondary to viral or bacterial infections of the skin
8. Aging and the Integumentary System
• The skin undergoes numerous changes that can be seen and felt
throughout the life span.
• The most obvious change occur first during puberty and again during
older adulthood.
• Hormone changes during puberty stimulate the maturation of hair
follicles, sebaceous glands, and apocrine and eccrine units in certain
body areas.
• Mild acne, perspiration and body odor, freckles (promoted by sun
exposure), and pigmented nevi (moles) are common occurrences.
9. • The skin exhibits changes that denote the onset of senescence (the process
or condition of growing old).
• These changes may be due to the aging process itself (intrinsic aging), to
the cumulative effects of exposure to sunlight (photoaging), or to
environmental factors (extrinsic aging).
• Other common age-related integumentary changes include lax skin,
vascular changes (e.g., decreased elasticity of blood vessel walls; a
• Many other benign changes may occur, including seborrheic keratoses
(brown or black, wart-like growths), lentigines (liver spots, unrelated to the
liver but rather secondary to sun exposure), and skin tags (small, flesh-
colored papules).ngiomas) , dermal or epidermal degenerative changes,
and wrinkling
10. Common Skin Disorders
Atopic Dermatitis
• Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic
inflammatory skin disease. It is the most
common type of eczema
• The word atopic (from atopy) refers to a
group of three associated allergic
disorders: asthma, allergic rhinitis (hay
fever), and AD.
• There is usually a personal or family
history of allergic disorders present, and
AD is often associated with food allergies
as well.
11. Etiologic and Risk Factors and Pathogenesis
• The exact cause of AD is unknown, but it is thought to be a result of
dry, irritable skin with a malfunction of the body’s immune system.
• Genetics may play a part, but this has not been proved.
• Stress and emotional problems can worsen AD but do not cause it.
• AD is often associated with increased levels of serum immunoglobulin
E and with sensitization to food allergens
• Compared with normal skin, the dry skin of AD has a reduced water-
binding capacity, a higher trans epidermal water loss, and a decreased
water content.
• Rubbing and scratching of itchy skin are responsible for many of the
clinical changes seen in the skin.
12. Clinical Manifestations
• AD begins in many people during infancy in the form of a red, oozing,
crusting rash classified as acute dermatitis
• It is found mainly on flexor surfaces such as the elbows and knees,
neck, sides of the face, eyelids, and the backs of hands and feet.
• Xerosis and pruritus are the major symptoms of AD and cause the
greatest morbidity with severely excoriated lesions, infection, and
scarring. Viral, bacterial, and fungal secondary skin infections may
cause further changes in the skin
13. Treatment
• Personal hygiene, moisturizing the skin, avoidance of irritants, topical
pharmacology, and systemic medications (e.g., antibiotics,
antihistamines, and rarely, systemic corticosteroids) are treatment
techniques currently available
• Dietary recommendations should be specific and given only in
diagnosed individual food allergy
14. Eczema and Dermatitis
Eczema or dermatitis is a superficial inflammation of the skin caused by irritant
exposure, allergic sensitization or genetically determined idiopathic factors.
Eczema or dermatitis has three primary stages. This condition can manifest in
any one of the three stages, or the three stages may coexist.
Acute dermatitis is characterized by extensive erosions with serous exudate or
by intensely pruritic, erythematous papules and vesicles on a background of
erythema.
Subacute dermatitis is characterized by erythematous, excoriated (scratched or
abraded), scaling papules or plaques that are either grouped or scattered over
erythematous skin. Often the scaling is so fine and diffuse the skin acquires a
silvery sheen.
Chronic dermatitis is characterized by thickened skin and increased skin
marking (called lichenification) secondary to rubbing and scratching;
excoriated papules, fibrotic papules, and nodules (prurigo nodularis); and
postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation.
15.
16. clinical manifestations
• The clinical manifestations include itching, a feeling of heaviness in
the legs, brown-stained skin, and open shallow lesions
• The lesions are very slow to heal because of a lack of oxygenated
blood.
• Gait training is an important part of compression, the gold standard,
in the treatment of stasis dermatitis
17. Skin Infections
• Impetigo (Bisno 2009)
• Definition and Overview.
• Impetigo is a superficial skin infection commonly caused by
staphylococci or streptococci.
• It is most commonly found in infants, young children 2 to 5 years of
age, older people, and occurs most often during hot, humid weather.
18. Clinical Manifestations.
• Small macules (flat spots) rapidly develop into vesicles (small blisters)
that become pustular (pus-filled).
• When the vesicle breaks, a thick yellow crust forms from the exudate,
causing pain, surrounding erythema, regional adenitis (inflammation
of gland), cellulitis (inflammation of tissue), and itching.
19. Viral Infections
• Warts (Verrucae)
• Warts are common, benign viral infections of the skin and adjacent
mucous membranes caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs).
• Transmission is probably through direct contact, but autoinoculation
is possible.
• The most common wart (verruca vulgaris) is referred to as such and
appears as a rough, elevated, round surface most frequently on the
extremities, especially the hands and fingers.
• Plantar warts are slightly elevated or flat,
20. Fungal Infections (Dermatophytoses)
• Fungal infections such as ringworm are caused by a group of fungi that
invade the stratum corneum, hair, and nails
• Ringworm (Tinea Corporis)
• Tinea corporis, or ringworm, has no association with worms but rather
is marked by the formation of ring-shaped pigmented patches covered
with vesicles or scales that often become itchy
• Transmissioncan occur directly through contact with infected lesions
• Diagnosis can be made through laboratory examination of the affected
skin
• Treatment with the drug griseofulvin may take weeks to months
21. Athlete’s Foot (Tinea Pedis)
• Tinea pedis, or athlete’s foot, causes erythema, skin peeling, and
pruritus between the toes that may spread from the interdigital
spaces to the plantar surface of the foot.
• Severe infection may result in inflammation, with severe itching and
pain on walking. Some individuals develop a strong foot odor as well.
• Clean, dry socks and adequate footwear (well-ventilated, properly
fitting) are important. After washing the feet and drying thoroughly
between the toes, antifungal cream or powder (the latter to absorb
perspiration and prevent excoriation) can be applied.
22. Other Parasitic Infections
• Scabies
• Definition. Scabies (mites) is a highly contagious skin eruption caused
by a mite, Sarcoptes scabiei
• The female mite burrows into the skin and deposits eggs that hatch
into larvae in a few days.
• Scabies is easily transmitted by skin-to-skin contact or by contact with
contaminated objects, such as linens or shared inanimate objects.
23. • The symptoms include
• intense pruritus (worse at night),
• The mite is usually found in the burrow, commonly in the interdigital
web spaces, flexor aspects of the wrist (volar surface), axillae,
waistline, genitalia in males, and the umbilicus.
• Intense scratching can lead to severe excoriation and secondary
bacterial infection
24. Skin Disorders Associated With Immune Dysfunction
• Psoriasis
• Psoriasis is a chronic, inherited, recurrent inflammatory but noninfectious
dermatosis characterized by welldefined erythematous plaques covered
with a silvery scale
• There are several types of psoriasis, including plaque, guttate,
erythrodermic, and pustular psoriasis
• Etiologic and Risk Factors
• The cause of psoriasis is unknown, but it appears to be hereditary; that is,
the tendency to develop psoriasis is genetically determined
• Although psoriasis is thought to be genetically linked, it may be triggered
by mechanical, UV, and chemical injury; various infections (especially by β-
hemolytic streptococci); prescription drug use; psychologic stress; smoking;
and pregnancy and other endocrine changes
25. Pathogenesis
• The underlying abnormality in psoriasis has not been definitively
identified. It is a disorder of the keratinocytes, which form in the
lower epidermis, flatten with age, and move toward the surface as
new cells
• A second component in the pathogenesis of psoriasis is the immune
system reaction, because T cells appear at the sites of heightened
keratinocyte activity
26. Clinical Manifestations
• Psoriasis appears as erythematous papules and plaques covered with
silvery scales.
• The lesions in ordinary cases have a predilection for the scalp, chest,
nails, elbows, knees, groin, skin folds, lower back, and buttocks
• The most common subjective complaint is itching and,occasionally,
pain from dry, cracked, encrusted lesions.
• In approximately 30% of cases, psoriasis spreads to the fingernails,
producing small indentations and yellow or brown discoloration. In
severe cases, the accumulation of thick, crumbly debris under the nail
causes it to separate from the nail bed (nail dystrophy).
• Approximately 10% of people with psoriasis (usually moderate to
severe) develop arthritic symptoms referred to as psoriatic arthritis
27. Lupus Erythematosus
• Lupus erythematosus is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the
connective tissues.
• It appears in several forms, including cutaneous lupus erythematosus
primarily affecting the skin and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),
which affects multiple organ systems (including the skin) with
considerably more morbidity and associated mortality
28. • Clinical Manifestations.
• Discoid lesions (chronic cutaneous LE) can develop from the rash
typically seen in lupus and become raised, red, smooth plaques with
follicular plugging and central atrophy. The raised edges and sunken
centers give them a coin-like appearance
• Hair tends to become brittle, and scalp lesions can cause localized
alopecia
• The most recognized skin manifestation of SLE (acute cutaneous LE) is
the classic butterfly rash over the nose, cheeks, and forehead
29. Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis
• Polymyositis and dermatomyositis are the two most common
idiopathic inflammatory diseases of muscle
• They are diffuse, inflammatory myopathies that produce symmetric
weakness of striated muscle, primarily the proximal muscles of the
shoulder and pelvic girdles, neck, and pharynx.
• These related illnesses belong to the family of rheumatic diseases.
• These diseases often progress slowly, with frequent exacerbations
and remissions.
30. • Clinical Manifestations
• Symmetric proximal muscle weakness is the dominant feature of these
diseases, although it is variable in its onset, progression, and severity. In
some people, symptoms appear suddenly, progress rapidly, and quickly
result in a bedridden state, sometimes requiring ventilator assistance and
tube feeding.
• Cardiac involvement is not uncommon and contributes significantly to
mortality
• Pulmonary disease (progressive pulmonary fibrosis) can result from
weakness of the respiratory muscles, intrinsic lung pathologic conditions,
or aspiration. Swallowing difficulties, And reflux are common, especially in
severe cases.
31. Thermal Injuries
• Cold Injuries
• Cold injuries result from overexposure to cold air or water and occur
in two major forms: localized injuries (e.g., frostbite) and systemic
injuries (e.g., hypothermia).
• Untreated or improperly treated frostbite can lead to gangrene and
may necessitate amputation requiring therapy and rehabilitation.
32. Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
• Cold-induced injuries can be local or systemic. Severe cold affects all
organ systems and especially the central nervous and cardiovascular
systems.
• Many biologic reactions and pathways become distorted or slowed at
low body core temperatures.
• Low body shell temperature can interfere with athletic ability by
weakening and slowing muscle contractions, by delaying nerve
conduction time, and by facilitating injury.
• Frostbite may be deep or superficial. Superficial frostbite affects the
skin and subcutaneous tissue, especially of the face, ears, extremities,
and other exposed body areas.
• Deep frostbite extends beyond subcutaneous tissue and usually
affects the hands or feet.
33. Miscellaneous Integumentary Disorders.
• Integumentary Ulcers
• Integumentary ulcers can be caused by a variety of underlying
disorders, including neuropathy, vascular insufficiency, radiation, SSc,
vasculitis, and prolonged pressure.
34. Pressure Ulcers
• A pressure ulcer (formerly called bed sore, decubitus ulcer) is a lesion
caused by unrelieved pressure resulting in damage to underlying
tissue. Pressure ulcers usually occur over bony prominences, such as
the heels, sacrum, ischial tuberosities, greater trochanters, elbows,
and scapula, and are staged to classify the degree of tissue damage
observed
35. Pathogenesis
• Pressure is the external factor causing ischemia and tissue necrosis.
Continuous pressure on soft tissues between bony prominences and hard
or unyielding surfaces compresses capillaries and occludes blood flow.
• Normal capillary blood pressure at the arterial end of the vascular bed
averages 32 mm Hg.
• When tissues are externally compressed, that pressure may be exceeded,
reducing blood supply to, and lymphatic drainage of, the affected area.
Shearing
• when the skin layers move in opposite directions) is the intrinsic factor that
contributes to ripping or tearing of blood vessels, further damaging the
integument.
36. Clinical Manifestations
• Irregular patterns indicate additional shearing forces or other
contributing factors.
• Sacral ulcers are often large, undermined, and deep to the bone
because the tissue mass over the sacrum is thin and erodes easily to
the deep tissues.
• Trauma to the tissues produces an acute inflammatory response with
hyperemia, fever, and increased white blood cell count
37. • TREATMENT. Prevention and removing the causative factor are the
first step in the treatment intervention for pressure ulcers
• Topical antimicrobials (e.g., Iodosorb, Iodoflex, silver dressings) can
be effective on local infections without systemic involvement to
control bacterial concentration,
38. Pigmentary Disorders
• Definition and Overview
• Skin color or pigmentation is determined by the deposition of
melanin, a dark polymer found in the skin, as well as in the hair, ciliary
body, choroid of the eye, pigment layer of the retina, and certain
nerve cells.
• Pigmentary disorders (either hyperpigmentation or
hypopigmentation) may be primary or secondary. Secondary
pigmentary changes occur as a result of damage to the skin, such as
irritation, allergy, infection, excoriation, burns, or dermatologic
therapy, such as curettage, dermabrasion, chemical peels, or freezing
with liquid nitrogen.
40. Blistering Diseases
• Blisters occur on skin and mucous membranes in a condition called
pemphigus, which is an uncommon intraepidermal blistering disease
in which the epidermal cells separate from one another.
• This disease occurs almost exclusively in middle-aged or older adults
of all races and ethnic groups.
41. Clinical Manifestations
• Blistering diseases are characterized by the formation of flaccid
bullae, or blisters.
• These bullae appear spontaneously, often on the oral mucous
membranes or scalp, and are relatively asymptomatic.
• Erosions and crusts may develop over the blisters, causing toxemia
and a mousy odor
• Disturbances of electrolyte balance are also common because of fluid
losses through the involved skin in severe cases.