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1. DRUGS IN
SPORTS

3. DRUGS IN SPORTS
 are various substances providing
advantage in athletic performance
enlarging muscles
 increasing the blood's oxygen-carrying
capacity.
the use of such drugs is competitively
unethical and medically dangerous.
outlawed by organizations that govern
major amateur and professional sports."
Oct. 20, 2008 - MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia

5. Why do athletes use drugs?
• enhances performance
• ease of availability
• physical and psychological dependence
• to cope and manage stress
• culture of the sport
• lack of confidence
• pressure to win
• prestige and fame
• national pride and unrealistic expectations

7. Stimulants (amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine,
other sympathomimetic drugs).
Steroids (synthetic derivatives of the male sex
hormone testosterone).
Human growth hormone (HGH)
Blood Doping and Erythropoietin.

8. 1. Stimulants
 act directly on the central nervous
system
 speed up parts of the brain and body.
 Adrenaline is an example of a naturally
occurring stimulant in the body.
 increase alertness and fierceness
 even decrease the exhaustion of athletes.
Stimulants historically were used
 can suppress appetite
to treat asthma and other
 reduce fatigue respiratory problems, obesity,
 increasing your heart rate, blood neurological disorders, and a
pressure, body temperature and variety of other ailments
 metabolism.
The most common stimulants include caffeine and amphetamines (Dexedrine,
The most common stimulants include caffeine and amphetamines (Dexedrine,
Benzedrine).
Benzedrine).
 Cold remedies often contain the stimulants ephedrine, pseudoephedrine
Cold remedies often contain the stimulants ephedrine, pseudoephedrine
hydrochloride (Sudafed) and phenylpropanolamine (Acutrim).
hydrochloride (Sudafed) and phenylpropanolamine (Acutrim).
 Street drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine also belong to this group.
Street drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine also belong to this group.

9. Potential short-term side effects Stimulants can be taken orally in pill form,
Stimulants can be taken orally in pill form,
• headaches inhaled nasally, smoked, or injected
inhaled nasally, smoked, or injected
• increased blood pressure
• increased heart rate
• insomnia
• weight loss
• hallucinations
• convulsions
• heart rhythm abnormalities
• heart attack
Long-term use
• uncontrollable movements of the face
• paranoid delusions
• nerve damage
• irritability
• insomnia
• confusion
• tremors
• anxiety
• irregular heartbeat
• dizziness
• hypertension

10. 1. Anabolic steroids or Lean
mass builders
• increase growth of muscles, bone
growth, speed and appetite.
• help reduce body fat.
• leads to severe health problems,
including “steroid rage” (the
development of male features in
female athletes, heart attacks, and
seriously reduced life expectancy.)
•synthetic derivatives of testosterone, a
natural male hormone.
•chemically manufactured.
•can be administered by injection, or can be
taken orally.
• Injectable steroids are longer lasting in the
body and can be detected in the body for a
longer period of time.
These are commonly used by cancer and AIDS patients and body
These are commonly used by cancer and AIDS patients and body
builders
builders

11. From the 1930's to the 1960's scientists modified the structure of the testosterone molecule to
From the 1930's to the 1960's scientists modified the structure of the testosterone molecule to
produce anabolic steroids to increase muscle and body protein metabolism at dose levels which
produce anabolic steroids to increase muscle and body protein metabolism at dose levels which
tend not to increase other secondary sexual characteristics
tend not to increase other secondary sexual characteristics

13. 3. Blood Doping and Erythropoietin
 'blood doping' -increasing the
'blood doping
number of red blood cells
(RBCs) in one's circulatory
system
 enhance the delivery of
oxygen to one's muscles.
 Improved oxygen delivery, in
turn, might help the muscles
perform better.

14. Two Types of Blood Doping
 Autologous blood doping – the
athletes own RBC’s are harvested
well in advance opf the competition
 Homologous blood doping - the
RBC’s from a compatible donor
are harvested.

15. Effects on Performance
•Most commonly used by endurance
athletes such as distance runners,
skiers, and cyclists
•Extra red blood cells wouuld carry
more oxygen to the muscles where
it can be used for aerobic respiration

16. Side Effects of Blood Doping
•Increased blood viscosity
•Myocardial infarction
•Pulmonary embolism
•Cerebral embolism
•Cerebrovascular accident
•Infections

17. Erythropoietin
(EPO) a glycoprotein hormone
that controls erythropoiesis or
red blood cell production
 stimulates bone marrow to
produce more red blood cells and
therefore hemoglobin

18. Is Erythropoietin (EPO) Dangerous?
•EPO injections thicken the blood, which
increases the strain on the heart. This is
particularly dangerous when the heart rate slows
down, such as during sleep.
•increased thickness, or viscosity, of the blood
increases the risk of blood clots, heart attacks,
and strokes.
•EPO is on the banned substances list in
professional cycling, and riders.

19. Side effects of Erythropoietin
•Increased viscosity of the blood
•Fever
•Seizures
•Nausea
•Headache
•Anxiety

20. Detection of Blood Doping And
Erythropoietin
•Random and often-repeated search
of athletes’ homes and tem
facilities
•Blood and urine testing
•Detection of unnatural number
population of RBC’s
•Comparisson of the numbers of
mature and immature RBC’s

21. 4.Human growth hormone (HGH)
• Human growth hormone (HGH), or
somatotropin- glycoprotein hormone
synthesised and secreted by cells in
anterior pituitary gland.
• cellular metabolism and is also necessary
for skeletal growth in humans.
• The major role in body growth is to
stimulate the liver and other tissues to
secrete insulin.
• Injection form only
• is a prohibited substance both in and
out of competition under the World
Anti-Doping Code 2008 Prohibited List."

22. The side effects of HGH are serious.
•Diabetes
• swelling
•high blood pressure
•even heart failure.
•Inflammation can also occur, causing joint pain and carpel
tunnel syndrome.
•increased risk of cancer in children using HGH
supplementation and a possible increase risk of cancer in
adults (though no long-term studies have been done to
prove or disprove the cancer risk of HGH).

23. Drug Tests Used in Sports
Drug Tests in Use (as of Dec. 22, 2008) Test Type Test For
Multiple illegal
1.Liquid Chromatography Hair
substances
Multiple illegal
2.Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Urine
substances
3.Testosterone/Epitestosterone Ratio Urine Testosterone
4.Carbon Isotope Ratio Urine Testosterone
5.Human Growth Hormone (HGH/rHGH) Blood HGH/rHgH
6.Isoelectric Erythropoietin (EPO) Focusing Urine Erythropoietin (EPO)
7.
Blood CERA EPO
Continuous Erythropoiesis Receptor Activator (CERA)
8. Hydropyrolysis Urine Steroids
9. Nanotrap Urine HGH/rHgH
10. Testosterone masking
Blood
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) agent
11. Myostatin InhibitorAA Blood Gene manipulation
12. Gene Doping Blood/Tissue/Urine Gener manipulation

24. Methods of Cheating In Drug
Tests

26. The PROS and CONS statements below give a five minute introduction
to the debate over performance enhancing drugs in sports.
1.Health Risk 6.Legalizing Performance
2.Seeking an "Unfair" Advantage Enhancing Drugs
3.Drugs vs. Technology 7.Sportsmanship
4.Coercion 8.Athletes as Role Models
5.Effectiveness of Drug 9.Sports Fans
Testing 10.Hall of Fame Induction

27. Forms of Performance Enhancing Drugs
•Oral (pills,tablets)
•Injectables

28. Oral (pills,tablets)
• Used because some drugs
are only effective in solid
form such as insulin.

29. Injectables
• it may be impossible for
certain patients to take
tablets. These include
patients who are vomiting,
unconscious or for one
reason or another are not
able to take anything by
mouth.

30. Additional comments
1. Use bullets in your slides, limiting these to 3-5 words each
2. Provide pictures for each drug if there are any; explain how are these taken
(i.e., pill, IV, cream, etc.)
3. Include the word format of your document when you submit this to me (soft
copy)
4. Please indicate your references
Prof. J. Inovero
AP3
8/12/2010